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MTG Lightning Imager Proxy Data
Zagreb, Croatia9 April 2014
Jochen Grandell
Presentation to the Convection Working
Group
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Topics
• Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context
• MTG LI status update
• MTG LI products• Heritage products from LEO experiences• Accumulated products
• Proxy data basics
• LINET-based proxy data
• L2 Prototype processor
• L2 accumulated (proxy) product examples
• Summary
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
• The LI activities have been supported by the Lightning Imager Science Team (LIST) in 2009-2013
• Due to program evolution, a new team (Mission Advisory Group) has been set up in early 2014.
• First meeting took place on 18-19 Feb 2014
Slide: 3
Lightning Imager Science Team & Mission Advisory Group
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Topics
• Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context
• MTG LI status update
• MTG LI products• Heritage products from LEO experiences• Accumulated products
• Proxy data basics
• LINET-based proxy data
• L2 Prototype processor
• L2 accumulated (proxy) product examples
• Summary
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
MSGMOP/MTP
Observation mission:- MVIRI: 3 channels
Spinning satelliteClass 800 kg
Observation missions:- SEVIRI: 12 channels- GERB
Spinning satellite Class 2-ton
1977 2018/2019 and 20212002
Atmospheric Chemistry Mission (UVN-S4):via GMES Sentinel 4(Ultraviolet Visible Near-infrared spectrometer)
Implementation of the EUMETSAT Mandate
for the Geostationary Programme
MTG to Secure Continuity and Evolution of EUMETSAT Services
MOP/MTP MSG
MTG-I and MTG-S
Observation missions: - Flex.Comb. Imager: 16 channels - Infra-Red Sounder - Lightning Imager - UVN3-axis stabilised satellites Twin Sat configuration Class 3.6-ton
Slide: 5
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO
OTD (1995-2000)
LIS (1997-present)
Feasibility of lightning detection from space by optical sensors has been proven by NASA instruments since 1995 on low earth
orbits (LEO)
Results from LIS/OTD: Global lightning distribution
Annual flash density
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
The LI on MTG measures Total Lightning: Cloud-to-Cloud Lightning (IC) and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning (CG)
Geostationary lightning imaging – objectives and benefits
Main objectives are to detect, monitor, track and extrapolate in time:• Development of active
convective areas and storm lifecycle
• Lightning climatology• Chemistry (NOx production)
Main benefit from GEO observations:
homogeneous and continuous observations delivering
information on location and strength of lightning flashes to the users with a timeliness
of 30 seconds
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Lightning Detection from Space – from LEO to GEO
Geostationary Lightning Imager
(GLI) on FY-4 (China)
Lightning Imager (LI) on MTG
(Europe)
GEO lightning missions in preparation by several agencies (in USA, Europe, China) for this decade...
...all of these are building on LIS/OTD heritage
Geostationary Lightning Mapper
(GLM) on GOES-R (USA)
2015 2018 2015/2016
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Topics
• Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context
• MTG LI status update
• MTG LI products• Heritage products from LEO experiences• Accumulated products
• Proxy data basics
• LINET-based proxy data
• L2 Prototype processor
• L2 accumulated (proxy) product examples
• Summary
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Lightning Imager (LI) main characteristics
Slide: 10
CMOS Back-thinned backside illuminated detectors with
integrated ADCs
The baseline for the LI is a 4-camera solution
1170 x 1000 pixels per camera.
Coverage close to visible disc
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Lightning Imager (LI) Status Update
• LI instrument and mission prime contractor is Selex ES from Italy, which includes the:
• Development of the LI instrument• ...and also the L0-L1b data processing software
• MTG LI Phase B2 has been kicked off in 2012
• SRR (System Requirements Review) done in two parts, finished in spring 2013
• PDR (Preliminary Design Review) started towards end of 2013 at instrument level – Mission level PDR in late spring 2014.
Slide: 11
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Lightning Imager (LI) main characteristics
• LI main characteristics:• Measurements at 777.4 nm
• Coverage close to visible disc
• Continuous measurements of (lightning) triggered events – in addition, background images typically once every minute
• Ground sample distance at SSP ~4.5 km => 4.7 million pixels
• Integration time per frame 1 ms (parameterised)
• Background subtraction and event detection in on-board electronics
• Data rate <30 Mbps; Mass < 110Kg; Power < 320W
Slide: 12
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Topics
• Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context
• MTG LI status update
• MTG LI products• Heritage products from LEO experiences• Accumulated products
• Proxy data basics
• LINET-based proxy data
• L2 Prototype processor
• L2 accumulated (proxy) product examples
• Summary
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
L2 Flashes/Groups/Events
• Product Terminology:
• Events: what the instrument measures, a triggered pixel in the detector grid
• Groups: collection of neighbouring triggered events in the same integration
period (1-2 ms), representing roughly a lightning stroke in nature
• Flashes: a collection of groups in temporal and spatial vicinity (XX km, YY ms),
representing a “geophysical” flash.
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
L2 Flashes/Groups/Events
Triggered event #1
Triggered event #2
Triggered event #3
Triggered event #4
Triggered event #5
Triggered event #6
Group #1.1
Group #1.2
Flash A
The “Flash tree” combining the events and the groups into one flash
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Example/Conceptual representation of a L2 processing sequence:
“Flashes”“Groups”
Groups and Flashes – LIS approach followed
“Events”
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Topics
• Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context
• MTG LI status update
• MTG LI products• Heritage products from LEO experiences• Accumulated products
• Proxy data basics
• LINET-based proxy data
• L2 Prototype processor
• L2 accumulated (proxy) product examples
• Summary
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
L2 Accumulated Products
• Accumulated products: • Collecting samples from a 30 second buffer• Resampled to the 2-km FCI-IR grid for simple visualising with FCI
data• Events define the extent in the products• Flashes define the values in the products• For a longer temporal accumulation, the 30 second products can
be stacked
• Three products in all:• Accumulated flashes• Accumulated flash index• Accumulated flash radiance
Slide: 18
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Topics
• Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context
• MTG LI status update
• MTG LI products• Heritage products from LEO experiences• Accumulated products
• Proxy data basics
• LINET-based proxy data
• L2 Prototype processor
• L2 accumulated (proxy) product examples
• Summary
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Proxy data basics (1)
• MTG LI is without heritage in GEO orbit, and the closest comparison is the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) on TRMM – currently still in operation
• However, LIS flying on LEO orbit can only monitor storms for less than 2 minutes at a time
• In addition, coverage is limited to +/- 35 deg Lat => Europe is excluded
• Use of ground-based Lightning Location System (LLS) networks as a source of proxy data is not straightforward, as they are based on RF observations of lightning and are sensitive to different parts of the lightning process
• “apples and oranges”
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Proxy data basics (2)
• The best compromise is to use ground-based lightning data, but converted to optical pulses based on case study comparisons with LIS data.
• One of the networks in operation in Europe (LINET) is currently the main source of such proxy data for the LI activities.
• LINET data has been compared in measurement campaigns to other ground-based systems and to LIS
• As an outcome, a model for transforming the LINET stroke data into optical emission (“pulses”) has been created
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Thunderstorm ElectrificationLightning and its Emissions
• VHF – Very High Frequency, (V)LF – (Very) Low Frequency
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Topics
• Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context
• MTG LI status update
• MTG LI products• Heritage products from LEO experiences• Accumulated products
• Proxy data basics
• LINET-based proxy data
• L2 Prototype processor
• L2 accumulated (proxy) product examples
• Summary
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
LINET network coverage
Central Europe well covered (2008 data)
Sensor baselines
highly varying across the
network (= distance
between sensors)
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Slide 25 > Eumetsat, Vienna, September 2013 > Hartmut Höller
Modeling of MTG-LI Optical SignalsStrategy for Proxy Data Generation
Transformation of LINET RF stroke data into optical groups by modeling of cloud top optical emission:
• Simulation of the number of optical groups per stroke (depending on LINET detection efficiency, i.e. sensor baseline, in the area)
If this number is ≥ 1:• Generation of one direct coincident optical group per LINET stroke• Random generation of additional optical groups per LINET stroke
according to a log-normal model for radiance, footprint and time
Generation of optical events from RF stroke data
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Topics
• Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context
• MTG LI status update
• MTG LI products• Heritage products from LEO experiences• Accumulated products
• Proxy data basics
• LINET-based proxy data
• L2 Prototype processor
• L2 accumulated (proxy) product examples
• Summary
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
L2 prototype processor
Flash/group clustering
parameters easily set for each
individual run
A prototype L2 processor in Matlab The main objectives of the prototype processor are:
Implementation, testing and verification of the L2 algorithms.
Verification and validation of the proxy data
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Topics
• Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context
• MTG LI status update
• MTG LI products• Heritage products from LEO experiences• Accumulated products
• Proxy data basics
• LINET-based proxy data
• L2 Prototype processor
• L2 accumulated (proxy) product examples
• Summary
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
L2 Accumulated products => Proxy data examples
• Example animations shown for the Accumulated flash index product
• Proxy data pulses
LI proxy events Þ L2 processor
Þ L2 flashes + Accumulated products
• The original 30 sec product stacked into several longer periods for demonstration purposes:
• 15 min (= SEVIRI Full Disk Service today)• 10 min (= FCI Full Disk Scanning Service FDC)• 5 min (= FCI Rapid Scanning Service FDC/2)• 2.5 min (= FCI Rapid Scanning Service FDC/4)
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Preparing for a user readiness study
• Because of no heritage in orbit or business-as-usual products, feedback and comments regarding the data usage and upcoming end-products delivered by EUMETSAT are needed.
• Charting the readiness of the main data users (i.e., National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, NMHS).
• Ensuring that the users are able to give valuable input already before the instrument is launched.
• End-users getting a first glimpse on the data before the LI instrument itself is operational.
• In addition to LINET as input data, an extension of the method is in development to have a similar approach applicable to the NORDLIS/EUCLID network as well (work in progress).
Slide: 30
EUM/KOEEEEIssue <No.><Date>
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
L2 Accumulated products
• Animations:All for 20 June 2013, different accumulation times
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Full Domain: 150 s Accumulation Time
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Zoom: 150 s Accumulation Time
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Full Domain: 300 s Accumulation Time
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Zoom: 300 s Accumulation Time
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Full Domain: 600 s Accumulation Time
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Zoom: 600 s Accumulation Time
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Full Domain: 900 s Accumulation Time
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Zoom: 900 s Accumulation Time
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Topics
• Putting the MTG Lightning Imager (LI) into context
• MTG LI status update
• MTG LI products• Heritage products from LEO experiences• Accumulated products
• Proxy data basics
• LINET-based proxy data
• L2 Prototype processor
• L2 accumulated (proxy) product examples
• Summary
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Summary
• Proxy data needed for product/algorithm development, system level testing, and user readiness preparation
• For the Lightning Imager, being without heritage, the creation of representative proxy data has been a top priority
• LINET, a ground-based system covering much of Europe has been used as a vehicle for developing the proxy data
• Based on LIS-LINET comparisons, as well as comparison to other networks’ data (CHUVA campaign)
• LIST activity started in 2009 and continued since through various activities
• The accumulated flash product demonstration presented
• User readiness study employing the proxy data in preparation
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Back-up slides
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Accumulated flashes, status at t = 10s
Slide: 43
EUM/Issue <No.><Date>
Event count in the 30 sec buffer (still in LI grid)
Flash count in the 30 sec buffer (still in LI grid)
2
11 1
3 12
1
11 1
1 11
= Events in Flash #1
Conceptual illustration
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Accumulated flashes, status at t = 20s
Slide: 44
EUM/Issue <No.><Date>
Event count in the 30 sec buffer (still in LI grid)
Flash count in the 30 sec buffer (still in LI grid)
2
11 1
4 22
1
11 1
2 21
1
1
12
1
1
11
= Events in Flash #1
= Events in Flash #2
Conceptual illustration
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Accumulated flashes, status at t = 29s
Slide: 45
EUM/Issue <No.><Date>
Event count in the 30 sec buffer (still in LI grid)
Flash count in the 30 sec buffer (still in LI grid)
= Events in Flash #1
= Events in Flash #2
= Events in Flash #3
2
11 1
6 23
1
11 1
3 22
1
1
12
1
1
11
2
1 1
1
1 1
Conceptual illustration
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Slide: 46
Detection of a Lightning Optical Signal
• Lightning with a background signal changing with time:
• Lightning on top of a bright background is not recognised by its bright radiance, but by its transient short pulse character
• For detection of lightning, a variable adapting threshold has to be used for each pixel which takes into account the change in the background radiance
• (in LIS: background calculated as a moving average)
Lightning signal
Background
Time
Radiationenergy
NightDay
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
• Detection of events in a nutshell:
From a Lightning Optical Signal to MTG LI Events
Background scene tracking and removal
ThresholdingEvent
detection
False event filtering needed in L0-L1 processing
• True lightning events (triggered by a lightning optical signal)
• False events (not related to lightning)
From a Lightning Optical Signal to MTG LI Events
This is taking place in every 1 ms frame (1 kHz):
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
Use of proxy data within the MTG program activities
• Data is being and will be used in: • Algorithm development & testing• System level testing• User readiness activities
• Proxy data also shared with other agencies • NOAA GOES-R GLM team – Steve Goodman• In talks to cooperate also with CMA on proxy
data
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
LINET operating principle
• LINET operating at the VLF/LF frequency range
Slide 49 > Eumetsat, Vienna, September 2013 > Hartmut Höller
Lightning Detection Network LINET observes sferics at VLF/LF from larger dischargesLightning Mapping Array LMA observes VHF pulses from small-scale breakdown
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
L2 prototype processor (2)
Screenshot of the prototype processor
Matlab GUI
-
Flash/group clustering
parameters easily set for each
individual run
Convection Workingf Group9 April 2014
L2 prototype processor (1)
• A prototype L2 processor has been developed in the EUMETSAT TCE environment using the Matlab language.
• The main objectives of the prototype processor are:
• Implementation, testing and verification of the L2 algorithms.
• Verification and validation of the various proxy data used for L2 (and L0-L1) processor development.