M.Tech. Programme in THERMAL ENGINEERING Engg-19-20.pdf · Jet and Rocket Propulsion 3. Two Phase Flow and Heat Transfer 3 0 3 Open Elective 19CH21P1 19ME21P1 ... relation – Mach

M.Tech. Programme in

THERMAL ENGINEERING

2019 Regulations

GAYATRI VIDYA PARISHAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(AUTONOMOUS)

AFFILIATED TO JNTU- KAKINADA

MADHURAWADA, VISAKHAPATNAM

M.Tech. in Thermal Engineering

1

Gayatri Vidhya Parishad College of Engineering (A)

Course Structure for M.Tech. Program

(From the academic year, 2019-2020)

M.Tech. Thermal Engineering

Semester I:

Course

Category

Course

Code

Theory / Lab L P C

Professional

Core

19ME2201 Advanced Fluid Dynamics 3 0 3

Professional

Core

19ME2202 Advanced Thermodynamics 3 0 3

Professional

Core

19ME2203 Advanced Heat Transfer 3 0 3

Professional

Elective I

19ME2250

19ME2251

19ME2252

1. Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning

2. Hybrid Power Plant Engineering

3. Alternative Fuels and Emissions

3

0

3

Professional

Elective II

19BM2250

19ME2253

19ME2254

1. Advanced Computational Methods

2. Advanced I.C. Engines

3. Nuclear Engineering

3

0

3

19HM2101 Research Methodology & IPR 2 0 2

Core Lab I 19ME2204 Thermal Engineering Lab 0 3 1.5

Lab Elective

I

19ME22M1

19ME22M2

1. Virtual lab on Fluid and Thermal Sciences

2. Virtual lab on Automotive Systems

0

3

1.5

TOTAL 17 6 20

Semester II

Course

Category

Course Code Theory / Lab L P C

Professional

Core

19ME2205 Experimental Methods in Thermal Engineering 3 0 3

Professional

Core

19ME2206 Thermal Turbo Machines 3 0 3

Professional

Core

19ME2207 Computational Fluid Dynamics 3 0 3


2

Professional

Elective III

19ME2150

19ME2255

19ME2256

1. Optimization Methods in Engineering

2. Design of Heat Exchangers

3. Fuels and Combustion

3

0

3

Professional

Elective IV

19ME2257

19ME2258

19ME2259

1. Solar Energy Utilization

2. Jet and Rocket Propulsion

3. Two Phase Flow and Heat Transfer

3

0

3

Open

Elective

19CH21P1

19ME21P1

19ME21P2

1. Waste as a source of energy

2. Operations Research

3. Composite materials

2 0 2

Core Lab II 19ME2208 Computational Fluid Dynamics Lab 0 3 1.5

Lab Elective

II

19ME22M3

19ME2165

Virtual lab on Multi-Phase Flow

Computational Laboratory

0 3 1.5

TOTAL 17 6 20

Semester III

Course Category Course

Code

Theory / Lab L P C

Audit Course I 19HM21A1 Constitution of India 3 0 0

Audit Course II 19HE21A1 English for Research Paper Writing 3 0 0

Industrial

Training/Pedagogy

19ME22IT

19ME22PT

1. Industrial Training

2. Pedagogy Training

2 0 2

Minor Project 19ME22T1 Dissertation: Phase I 10 0 10

TOTAL 18 0 12

Semester IV

Course

Category

Course

Code

Theory / Lab L P C

Major

Project

19ME22T2 Dissertation: Phase II 16 0 16

TOTAL 16 0 16

Grand Total 68


3

ADVANCED FLUID DYNAMICS I-Semester

Course Code: 19ME2201 L P C

3 0 3

Prerequisites: Fluid Mechanics

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course the student shall be able to

CO1. Analyze and apply the concepts of turbulent flow to solve the fluid flow problems.

CO2. Explain the concepts of boundary layer.

CO3. Classify the compressible fluid flows and discuss stagnation properties.

CO4. Solve nozzle, diffuser and shock wave problems of compressible fluids.

CO5. Apply Prandtl, Rankine-Hugniot equations to solve oblique shock waves and discuss the Fanno

curves.

UNIT-I 10 Lectures

Characteristics of turbulent flow - Reynolds equations of motion - turbulence modelling –

Boussinesq Eddy viscosity concept – Prandtl‘s mixing length concept –Vonkaman similarity

concept – Prandtl‘s universal velocity distribution-Karman – Prandtl velocity distribution power

law for velocity in smooth pipes – Friction factor for smooth and rough pipes-Charts for friction

factor in pipe flow.

Learning outcomes: At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

1. Explain the concepts of Boussinesq’s eddy viscosity, Prandtl’s mixing length and Vonkarman

similarity concept. (L2)

2. Apply Prandtl’s universal distribution equation to solve turbulent flow problems in pipes. (L3)

3. Use friction factor charts in pipe flows. (L3)

UNIT-II 10 Lectures

Navier – Stokes Equations of motion – boundary layer over a flat plate – thickness of boundary

layer –Prandtl‘s boundary layer equation – Vonkarmann momentum equation – shear stress and

drag force – laminar boundary layer – turbulent boundary layer –pressure distribution in the

boundary layer –boundary layer separation – drag and lift force – lift on an airfoil.


1. Explain the concepts of boundary layer formation on a flat plate (L2)

2. Apply Von karman momentum equation to solve boundary layer problems (L3)

3. Discuss the methods of controlling boundary layer separation (L2)

UNIT-III 10 Lectures

Propagation of sound waves – Mach number – Mach angle – equation of sound wave. Energy

equation – energy equation for non-flow and flow processes – adiabatic energy equation –


4

stagnation enthalpy - stagnation temperature - stagnation pressure – stagnation velocity of sound

– reference velocities – Bernoulli‘s equation – effect of Mach number on compressibility.


1. Explain the propagation of sound waves in compressible fluid flow (L2)

2. Summarize the stagnation properties in compressible fluid flows(L2)

3. Discuss the effect of Mach number on compressibility (L2)

UNIT-I V 10 Lectures

Comparison of isentropic and adiabatic processes – Mach Number variation - expansion in nozzles –

compression in diffusers – stagnation and critical states – area ratio as a function of mach number – impulse

function - mass flow rate, flow through nozzles - convergent nozzles – convergent-divergent nozzles – flow

through diffusers. Development of a shock wave – rarefaction wave – governing equations, Prandtl-Meyer

relation – Mach number downstream of the shock wave – static pressure ratio across the shock - temperature

ratio across the shock – density ratio across the shock - stagnation pressure ratio across the shock


1. Explain the expansion or compression of fluid flow through nozzle and diffusers (L2)

2. Describe the conditions for the development of shock waves (L2)

3. Derive Prandtl- Meyer relation of shock waves (L6)

UNIT-V 10 Lectures

Nature of flow through oblique shock waves – fundamental relations - Prandtl‘s equation – Rankine-

Hugoniot equation. The Fanno curves – Fanno flow equations – variation of flow parameters.


1. Explain the formation of oblique shock waves (L2)

2. Derive Prandtl and Rankine Hugoniot equations for oblique shock waves (L6)

3. Illustrate the Fanno flow curves (L4)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. P. Balachandran, Engineering Fluid Mechanics, First Edition, PHI Learning Private Limited, New

Delhi, 2012.

2. S.M. Yahya, Fundamentals of Compressible Flow With Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion (SI UNITs),

Fifth Edition, New Age International Publishers, NewDelhi, 2016.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Yunus A. Cengel and John M. Cimbala, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, Second Edition, Tata

McGraw-Hill, 2010.

2. S.W. Yuan, Foundations of Fluid Mechanics, Prentice-Hall, 1970.

3. Patrick H. Oosthuizen and William E. Carscallen, Compressible Fluid Flow, First Edition, McGraw-

Hill Companies, Inc., New York, 1997.


5

ADVANCED THERMODYNAMICS I Semester


3 0 3

Prerequisites: Engineering Thermodynamics


CO1: Apply the concept of entropy and irreversibility to solve practical problems.

CO2: Explain P-V, T-S, P-T and h-s diagrams of pure substance and its significance.

CO3: Distinguish the equations of state for ideal and real gases and gas mixtures.

CO4: Develop TdS, Maxwell’s equations and power cycles.

CO5: Explain reactive system and its significance in combustion process.

UNIT-I: (10-Lectures)

Entropy: Clausius theorem - the property of entropy – the inequality of Clausius – entropy change in an

irreversible process – entropy principle – applications of entropy principle to the processes of transfer of

heat through a finite temperature difference, and mixing of two fluids maximum work obtainable from a

finite body and a thermal energy reservoir – entropy transfer with heat flow - entropy generation in a closed

system – entropy generation in an open system.

Learning Outcomes: At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

1. Illustrate the concept of entropy, principle of entropy and irreversibility (L2)

2. Describe the reversibility, irreversibility and impossibility of a thermodynamic cycle/process (L3)

3. Derive the maximum work obtained by a heat engine and to determine the entropy generation

(L5)

UNIT-II: (10-Lectures)

Available energy: Available energy referred to a cycle - available energy from a finite energy source –

maximum work in a reversible process – dead state – availability in a steady flow process – availability in

a non-flow process – availability in chemical reactions. P-V-T Relationships for pure substances: P-v

diagram for a pure substance, triple point line, critical point, saturated liquid and vapor lines, P-T diagram

for a pure substance - T-s diagram for a pure substance – h-s diagram (Mollier diagram) for a pure substance

– dryness fraction – problems using steam tables.


1. Illustrate the concept of available & unavailable energy refer to a cycle, process and determine

the maximum and useful work (L2)

2. Determine the irreversibility of a process by applying Gouy-Stodola theorem (L5)

3. Demonstrate the phase change process of a pure substance on PV/PT/PVT surfaces and to extract

its properties from Mollier diagram/steam tables (L1 & L2)


6

UNIT-III: (10-Lectures)

Properties of Gases: Equations of state – Vander Waal’s equation – law of corresponding states – Beattie-

Bridgeman equation, Redlich-Kwong equation. Gas Mixtures: Dalton’s law of partial pressures – enthalpy

and entropy of gas mixtures.


1. Develop the equation of state, distinguish real gas behavior from ideal gas with making use of

various real gas equations (L3)

2. Determine the energy interactions and entropy change associated with various thermodynamic

processes undergone by an ideal gas. (L5)

3. Calculate the properties of given gas and gas mixtures (L5)

UNIT-IV: (10-Lectures)

Thermodynamic Relations: Maxwell’s equations –TdS equations – difference in heat capacities – ratio of

heat capacities – Joule-Kelvin effect – Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Power Cycles: Brayton cycle –

comparison between Brayton cycle and Rankine cycle – effect of regeneration on Brayton cycle efficiency

– Brayton-Rankine combined cycle.


1. Develop Maxwell’s, TDS and Clapeyron equations (L3)

2. Develop general relations for Cv, Cp, du, dh, and ds that are valid for all pure substances and

discuss the Joule-Thomson coefficient (L5)

3. Demonstrate the working of Brayton and Rankine cycle and Explain various performance

improving methods of it (L2)

UNIT-V: (10-Lectures)

Reactive Systems: Degree of reaction – reaction equilibrium – law of mass action – heat of reaction –

temperature dependence of the heat of reaction – temperature dependence of the equilibrium constant –

change in Gibbs function – Fugacity and activity. Chemical Reactions: Combustion, Theoretical and actual

combustion processes – Enthalpy of formation – Enthalpy of Combustion – First Law analysis of Reacting

Systems – Adiabatic flame temperature – Entropy change of Reacting mixtures – Second Law analysis of

Reacting systems.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

1. Define degree of reaction, understand its limiting values (L1)

2. Define and evaluate the chemical equilibrium constant and to establish its relation with Gibbs

function change (L1 & L5)

3. Determine air-fuel ratio, enthalpy of reaction, enthalpy of combustion, heating values of fuels and

adiabatic flame temperature for reacting mixtures (L3)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. P.K. Nag, Engineering Thermodynamics, Sixth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private

Limited, 2017.


7

2. S.S. Thipse, Advanced Thermodynamics, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2013.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Y.A. Cengel and M.A. Boles, Thermodynamics – An Engineering Approach, Eighth Edition in SI

Units, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2017.

2. C. Borganakke and R.E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, Ninth Edition, Wiley India,

Delhi, 2017.


8

ADVANCED HEAT TRANSFER I Semester


3 0 3

Prerequisites: Heat Transfer


CO1: Explain heat conduction with heat source, fin heat transfer, 2-D and multi-dimensional heat

conduction, lumped capacity systems.

CO2: Discuss heat flow in a semi-infinite solid, Heisler chart solutions, heat transfer in laminar and

turbulent flow over a flat plate, and in cross flow.

CO3: Analyze developed laminar flow in a circular tube, high speed flow over a flat plate, pool boiling

and film condensation.

CO4: Discuss two-phase flow regimes, models and pressure drop, correlation equations for convective

boiling and condensation, and radiation shape factor.

CO5: Explain network method for radiation through transparent and absorbing media, and working

principle and properties of heat pipe.


Heat source systems: One dimensional steady heat conduction - plane wall with heat source – cylinder with

heat source.

Conduction-convection systems: Infinitely long rectangular fin – rectangular fin with insulated tip -

triangular fin – fin effectiveness and efficiency

Two-dimensional steady state heat conduction: Steady state two-dimensional heat conduction equation –

boundary conditions – numerical solution by finite difference method.

Multi-dimensional steady state heat conduction: Conduction shape factor – conduction shape factor for a

three-dimensional wall and for different other geometries - conduction shape factors for buried objects

Transient heat conduction systems with negligible internal resistance: Lumped heat capacity analysis.


1. Identify systems with heat source, and analyse different types of fins (L3)

2. Explain two dimensional heat conduction, and illustrate the use of conduction shape factors in

multi-dimensional heat conduction systems. (L2)

3. Analyse transient lumped heat capacity systems (L4)


Negligible surface resistance: Heat flow in a semi-infinite solid with temperature boundary conditions

Finite surface and internal resistance: Heisler chart solutions for heat flow across plane wall, radial flow in

a long cylinder and radial flow in a sphere

Laminar flow over a flat plate: Hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers in laminar flow on a flat plate

– exact solution by similarity method – approximate solution by von Karman integral method – momentum

and thermal boundary layers in laminar flow over a flat plate

Turbulent flow over a flat plate: Analogy between momentum and heat transfer - turbulent boundary layer

by integral method

Cross flow: Cross flow over cylinders and spheres – velocity profile and stagnation point – pressure drag

and skin friction drag – average heat transfer coefficient – flow across tube banks – inline and staggered

arrangements.



9

1. Distinguish between the cases of negligible surface resistance and finite surface and internal

resistance. (L4)

2. Illustrate aspects of laminar and turbulent flows over a flat plate. (L2)

3. Explain cross flow over cylinders, and across tube banks. (L2)


Laminar flow in a circular tube: Fully developed laminar flow in a circular tube – temperature profile for

the case of constant wall heat flux – Nusselt numbers for the cases of constant wall heat flux and

temperature. Heat transfer in flow of liquid metals in a tube

Heat transfer in high speed flow over a flat plate: Steady flow energy equation – evaluation of heat transfer

coefficient in laminar and turbulent flows

Boiling: Incipience of pool boiling – bubble dynamics – Rayleigh’s equation - Regimes of saturated pool

boiling – Rohsenow’s correlation

Condensation: Nusselt’s analysis for laminar film condensation on a vertical plate – condensate Reynolds

number – film condensation inside horizontal tubes.

Learning outcomes : At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

1. Categorize flow in a circular tube, heat transfer in liquid metals and high speed flow. (L4)

2. Summarize bubble dynamics and regimes of pool boiling. (L2)

3. Classify condensation of stationary vapor on a plate and flowing vapor in tubes. (L2)


Two-phase flow regimes: Definitions of adiabatic, diabatic two-phase flows, void fraction – Flow regimes

and flow pattern maps in vertical and horizontal flows

Two-phase flow models: Homogeneous flow, separated flow and drift flux models for two-phase flow

Two-phase flow pressure drop: Martinelli parameter – Lokhart-Martinelli correlation for two-phase flow

pressure drop

Correlation equations: Chen and Shah correlations for convective boiling - Chen and Shah correlations for

convective condensation

Radiation shape factor: Radiation heat exchange between black isothermal surfaces - radiation shape factor

– Hottel crossed string method for shape factor determination – reradiating black surface.


1. List various two-phase flow regimes and demonstrate different two-phase models. (L4)

2. Analyse pressure drop in two-phase flow and utilize correlation equations for convective boiling

and condensation. (L4)

3. Determine radiation shape factor for reradiating black surfaces. (L5)


10


Radiation network method: Gray surfaces - irradiation and radiosity – space resistance and surface

resistance - radiation network for two isolated gray surfaces – radiation network for two gray surfaces

connected by a reradiating surface – effect of radiation on temperature measurement

Radiation through absorbing media: Radiation exchange between two surfaces through an absorbing,

transmitting medium of gas - absorption in a gas layer - radiation network for an absorbing and transmitting

medium - Combined convection and radiation heat transfer

Heat pipe: Working principle – working fluid - wick structures – operating ranges - operating characteristics

of heat pipes – operating limits – capillary pressure – sonic limit – entrainment limit – capillary limit.


1. Construct radiation networks for heat transfer between gray surfaces. (L3)

2. Estimate radiation heat transfer through absorbing and transmitting media. (L6)

3. Explain the working principle of heat pipe and discuss its operating limits. (L2)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Holman, J.P., Heat Transfer, Tenth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New

Delhi, 2017.

2. Sachdeva, T.R., Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer, Fifth Edition, New

Age International, 2017. .

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Incropera, F.P., Dewitt, D.P., Bergman, T.L., Lavine, A.S., Seetharamu K.N. and Seetharam T.R.,

Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, First Edition, Wiley India, 2013.

2. Yunus A Cengel, Afshin J Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications, Fifth

Edition, McGraw Hill Education, 2017.

3. Bahman Zohuri, Heat Pipe Design and Technology, CRC Press, 2011.


11

REFRIGERATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING

(Professional Elective I) I Semester


3 0 3

Prerequisites: Engineering Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering


CO1: Explain different refrigeration systems, design steam jet and non-conventional refrigeration systems.

CO2: Analyze simple vapor compression refrigeration systems, select refrigerants, design multi- evaporator

systems.

CO3: Discuss and design low temperature systems and vapor absorption refrigeration systems, discuss

different defrosting methods.

CO4: Explain psychrometric properties and analyze different air conditioning systems.

CO5: Determine capacities and design air conditioning systems at different loads.


Air refrigeration: Bell-Coleman cycle and Brayton Cycle, aircraft refrigeration, simple, bootstrap,

regenerative and reduced ambient systems, problems based on different systems.

Steam jet refrigeration system: analysis, components of plant, advantages, limitations and applications,

performance.

Non-conventional refrigeration systems: thermoelectric refrigerator, Vortex tube or Hirsch tube.


1. Explain the working principles of air refrigeration systems. (L2)

2. Solve air refrigeration systems to calculate their Coefficient of Performance, COP. (L3)

3. Explain the working principles of steam jet and non-conventional refrigeration systems. (L2)


Vapor compression refrigeration (VCR): Performance of VCR, properties and selection of pure and

mixed refrigerants.

Multi-evaporator and compressors: methods of improving COP, sub-cooler heat exchanger, optimum

inter stage pressure for two-stage refrigeration system, single load systems, multi load systems with single

compressor, multiple evaporator and compressor system, dry ice system, cascade systems.


1. Explain the working principles of VCR systems with multi evaporators and compressors. (L2)

2. Discuss various methods to improve COP of VCR systems. (L6)

3. Solve various VCR systems to know their COP. (L3)


Vapor absorption system (VAR): simple absorption system, practical ammonia absorption system,

Electrolux Refrigerator, Domestic Electrolux Refrigerator, Lithium–Bromide VAR system, actual analysis

of ammonia absorption system.


12

Methods of Defrosting: automatic periodic defrosting, solid absorbent system, water defrosting, defrosting

by reversing cycle, automatic hot gas defrosting, thermos-bank defrosting, electric defrosting, electric air

switch defrosting system, two outdoor unit system, multiple evaporators defrosting system.


1. Explain the working of different types of VAR systems. (L2)

2. Identify and design an optimum method to reduce defrosting in a refrigeration unit. (L3, L6)

3. Solve VAR system to know its COP. (L3)


Air-conditioning: psychrometric properties & processes, summer air-conditioning systems, winter air

conditioning systems, year around air-conditioning, requirements of comfort air-conditioning,

thermodynamics of human body, comfort chart-design considerations, need for ventilation. Air-

conditioning systems: central station air-conditioning system, unitary air-conditioning system, self-

contained air-conditioning units.


1. Outline psychrometric properties and explain psychrometric processes used in air-conditioning

system design. (L2)

2. Classify different air-conditioning systems. (L2)

3. Choose and design an air conditioning system for different end applications. (L6)


Design of air-conditioning systems: cooling load calculations, different heat sources, bypass factor (BF),

effective sensible heat factor (ESHF), cooling coils and dehumidifying air washers.


1. Summarize different heat sources, which generally encounters in the design of an air-conditioning

system. (L2)

2. Apply basics of load calculations to design an air-conditioning system. (L3)

3. Classify different types of cooling coils and dehumidifying air washers. (L2)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. S.C. Arora and S. Domkundwar, A Course in Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Eighth Edition,

Dhanpat Rai & CO (P), 2012.

2. C.P. Arora, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Third Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2017.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Wilbert F. Stoecker and J.W. Jones, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2nd Edition, Tata

McGrawHill, 2014.

2. Roy J. Dossat, Principles of Refrigeration, 4th Edition, Pearson Education India, 2002.


13

HYBRID POWER PLANT ENGINEERING



3 0 3



CO1: Analyze advanced steam and gas turbine cycles.

CO2: Discuss binary and advanced power cycles.

CO3: Explain advances in nuclear and MHD power plants.

CO4: Explain how to combine different power plants and pollution caused by power plants.

CO5: Design for different loads and explain economic analysis of power plant.


Rankine Cycle – performance – thermodynamic analysis of cycles, cycle improvements, superheaters,

reheaters – condenser and feed water heaters – operation and performance – layouts.

Gas turbine cycles – optimization – thermodynamic analysis of cycles – cycle improvements – multi spool

arrangement. intercoolers, reheaters, regenerators – operation and performance – layouts.


1. Summarize various methods to improve efficiency of Rankine and Gas turbine cycles. (L2)

2. Examine the performance of a Rankine cycle based engine by applying thermodynamic principles

through an analysis. (L4)

3. Design a gas turbine cycle though a thermodynamic analysis done on it. (L6)


Binary and combined cycle – coupled cycles – comparative analysis of combined heat and power cycles –

IGCC – AFBC/PFBC cycles – thermionic steam power plant.


1. Demonstrate the working of binary and combined cycles. (L2)

2. Illustrate basic principle of working of a thermionic steam power plant. (L2)

3. Compare the thermal performance of combined heat and power cycles. (L4)


Overview of Nuclear power plants – radioactivity – fission process – reaction rates –diffusion theory, elastic

scattering and slowing down – criticality calculations – critical heat flux – power reactors – nuclear safety.

MHD and MHD – steam power plants.



14

1. Define various terms encountered with nuclear fission reaction. (L1)

2. Explain the working of different nuclear power reactors. (L2)

3. List merits and demerits of MHD power generation compared to steam power generation. (L4)


Advantages of combined working – load division between power stations – storage type hydro-electric

plant in combination with steam plant – run of river plant in combination with steam plant – pump storage

plant in combination with steam or nuclear power plant – coordination of hydro-electric and gas turbine

stations – coordination of hydro-electric and nuclear power station – coordination of different types of

power plants. Air and water pollution –acid rains – thermal pollution – radioactive pollution –

standardization – methods of control.


1. Summarize the coordination of different types of power plants. (L2)

2. List various methods to control air and water pollution. (L4)

3. Justify the merits of combined cycle power plants compared with conventional power plants. (L5)


Load curves–effects of variable load on power plant design and operation–peak load plant– requirements

of peak load plants–cost of electrical energy–selection of type of generation– selection of generating

equipment–performance and operating characteristics of power plants.


1. Identify the requirements of peak load power plants. (L3)

2. Select an optimum generation method and equipment for a proposed power plant. (L3)

3. Discuss performance and operating characteristics of power plants. (L6)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. P.K. Nag, Power Plant Engineering, Fourth Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd.,

NewDelhi, 2014.

2. Arora and Domkundwar, A course in power Plant Engineering, Sixth Edition, Dhanpat Rai and

CO, 2013.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. R.W. Haywood, Analysis of Engineering Cycles, Fourth Edition, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 2012.

2. Allen J. Wood, Bruce F. Wollenberg and Gerald B. Sheblé, Power Generation, Operation and

Control, Third Edition, Wiley, NewYork, 2013.

3. A.B. Gill, Power Plant Performance, Kindle Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2016.

4. J.R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, Third edition, Pearson, 2001.


15

ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND EMISSIONS



3 0 3



CO1: Interpret the suitable alternative fuels like CNG and LNG.

CO2: Explain the characteristics of alcohols in SI & CI engines.

CO3: Analyze the various gaseous alternative fuels for IC engine applications.

CO4: Determine various properties of bio fuels and their significance in IC engines.

CO5: Explain the concepts of Electrical vehicle, Fuel cell and solar cars.

UNIT-I : (10-Lectures)

Need for alternate fuel : Availability and properties of alternate fuels, general use of alcohol, LPG,

hydrogen, ammonia, CNG and LNG, vegetable oils and biogas, merits and demerits of various alternate

fuels, introduction to alternative energy sources. Like EV, hybrid, fuel cell and solar cars.


1. Explain the need for alternative fuels (L2)

2. List the properties of various alternative fuels (L1)

3. Interpret the viable alternative energy source (L2)

4. Demonstrate the working of EV, hybrid, fuel cell and solar cars (L2)


Alcohols: Properties as engine fuel, alcohol and gasoline blends, performance in SI engine, methanol and

gasoline blends, combustion characteristics in CI engines, emission characteristics, DME, DEE properties

performance analysis, performance in SI & CI Engines.

Learning outcomes : At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

1. Explain the importance of alcohol as an alternative fuel (L2)

2. Explain the performance of SI engines fueled with alcohols (L2)

3. Summarize the combustion and emission characteristics of SI and CI engines (L2)


Natural Gas, LPG, Hydrogen and Biogas: Availability of CNG, properties, modification required to use in

engines, performance and emission characteristics of CNG using LPG in SI & CI engines, performance

and emission of LPG. Hydrogen; storage and handling, performance and safety aspects.


1. Explain modifications required by the engine to utilize gaseous fuels (L2)


16

2. Illustrate the performance of SI & CI engines fueled with Gaseous fuels (L2)

3. List the various storage and handling techniques of gaseous fuels (L2)


Technical Background of Diesel/Biodiesel fuels-Oil feed stocks-Transesterification-Biodiesel production

from Vegetable oils and waste cooking oil-High blend levels of biodiesel-Testing, Biodiesel-Oxidation

stability-Performance in Engines, Properties of bio-fuels and their importance in the context of IC Engines.

Vegetable Oils: Various vegetable oils for engines, esterification, performance in engines, performance and

emission characteristics, biodiesel and its characteristics.


1. Explain the processes of preparation of Biodiesel. (L2)

2. List the properties required for the biodiesels used in IC engines (L1)

3. Illustrate the performance of biodiesels in IC engines (L2)


Electric, Hybrid, Fuel Cell and Solar Cars: Layout of an electric vehicle, advantages and limitations,

specifications, system components, electronic control system, high energy and power density batteries,

hybrid vehicle, fuel cell vehicles, solar powered vehicles.

Learning outcomes:At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

1. Illustrate the working of Electric, Hybrid, Fuel Cell and Solar vehicles. (L2)

2. List the advantages and limitations of electric vehicles (L1)

3. Explain the high energy and power density batteries (L2)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. S.S. Thipse, Alternate Fuels, Jaico Publishing house, India, 2010

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. G.R. Nagpal and S.C. Sharma, Power Plant Engineering, 16th Edition, Khanna Publishers, 1995.

2. Alcohols as motor fuels progress in technology, Series No. 19 – SAE Publication USE – 1980.


17

ADVANCED COMPUTATIONALMETHODS

(Professional Elective II)

Course Code: 19BM2250 L P C

3 0 3

Course Outcomes:

At the end of the Course, Student will be able to

CO1: Discuss several important methods with widespread application for solving large system of equations

CO2: Appraise the importance of Eigen value problems in engineering sciences.

CO3: Analyze experimental data by fitting a polynomial or estimating the derivative or finding the integrals

or performing Fourier analysis.

CO4: Prepare mathematical model for physical situations and numerically analyze the corresponding

ordinary linear/nonlinear, initial/boundary value differential equations.

CO5: Prepare mathematical model for physical situations and numerically analyze the corresponding

partial linear/nonlinear, initial value/ initial boundary value differential equations.


System of linear equations: Gauss elimination method, triangularization method, Cholesky method,

Partition method, Error Analysis for Direct Methods. Iteration Methods: Jacobi Iteration Method, Gauss

Seidel Iteration Method, SOR Method.


Eigen value and Eigen Vectors, Bounds on Eigen values, Jacobi Method for symmetric matrices, givens

method for symmetric matrices, householders method, power method.


Numerical differentiation: Introduction, methods based on undetermined coefficients, optimum choice of

step length, extrapolation methods, partial differentiation. Numerical Integration: Introduction, open type

integrationrules, methods based on undetermined coefficients: Gauss-Legendre ,Gauss-Chebyshev,

Romberg Integration. Double integration: Trapezoidal method.


Numerical Solutions of ordinary differential equations

(boundaryvalueproblem):introduction,shootingmethod:linearandnonlinea rsecondorder differential

equations.


Numerical solutions of partial differential equations: introduction, finite difference approximation to

derivatives. Laplace equation-Jacobi method, Gauss Seidel Iteration Method, SOR Method, Parabolic

Equations, iterative methods for parabolic equations, hyperbolic equations.


18

TEXTBOOKS:

1. M.K. Jain, S.R.K. Iyengar and R.K.Jain, ―Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering

Computation‖, New Age International(P) Limited, Publishers, 4th Edition,2003.

2. S.S.Sastry ,―IntroductoryMethods of Numerical Analysis‖, Prentice Hall India Pvt., Limited, 4th

Edition. REFERENCE: Samuel Daniel Conte, Carl W. De Boor,“ElementaryNumerical Analysis: An

Algorithmic Approach”, 3 thEdition,McGraw-Hill


19

ADVANCED IC ENGINES

(Professional Elective II) I Semester


3 0 3



CO1: Explain the design and operating parameters of an engine and analyze thermodynamic concepts of

fuel- air cycles.

CO2: Summarize the concepts of volumetric efficiency, turbo charging and supercharging.

CO3: Explain the concepts of types of charge motion within the cylinder and flow in intake manifold.

CO4: Analyze different stages of combustion in SI and CI engines and explain the formation of different

pollutants, their affect and their treatment.

CO5: Discuss the concepts of modern trends in IC engines.


Engine types and their operation, engine design and operating parameters, Characterization of flames, first

law of thermodynamics and combustion, second law of thermodynamics and combustion, Effects of

Fuel/Air Ration Non uniformity, Comparison with real engine cycles.

Learning outcomes:At the end of this unit, the student will be able to

1. Explain different types of engines, engine design and its operating parameters (L2)

2. Derive relation between the combustion and laws of thermodynamics (L6)

3. Discuss the real engine cycle and the effects of A/F non uniformity (L6)


Gas Exchange Processes - Volumetric efficiency, flow through valves, residual gas fraction, exhaust gas

flow rate and temperature variation, flow through ports, supercharging and turbo charging.


1. Explain the concepts of volumetric efficiency and the factors that effect it (L2)

2. Explain the role of residual gases effecting the volumetric efficiency (L2)

3. Apply the concepts of supercharging and turbocharging (L3)

\


Charge motion- Mean velocity and turbulence characteristics, swirl, squish, pre-chamber engine flows,

crevice flows and blowby. Fuel metering and manifold phenomenon-SI engine mixture requirements,

carburetors, Fuel injection systems.


1. Interpret different air motions in the cylinder (L2)


20

2. Discuss the mixture preparation in SI engines (L6)

3. Explain the fuel supply systems in both SI and CI engines (L2)


SI Engine combustion-Stages, Effect of engine variables on ignition lag, effect of engine variables on flame

propagation and abnormal combustion.

CI Engine combustion-Stage, effect of engine variable on delay period, fuel spray behavior, ignition delay.

Pollutant formation and control- Nature and extent of problem, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide,

unburned hydrocarbon emissions, particulate emissions, exhaust gas treatment.


1. Explain combustion phenomenon in SI engines and CI engines (L2)

2. Evaluate the factors that effect the normal combustion and abnormal combustion in both SI and

CI engines (L5)

3. Analyze the emission formation and methods to control emissions (L4)


Modern trends in I.C. engines, Duel fuel and multi fuel engines, Stratified charge Engine, Variable

compression ratio engine, Free Piston Engine, lean burning engines-rotary engines, modification in I.C

engines to suit Bio – fuels, GDI concepts.


1. Compare between standard engine and stratified engine (L2)

2. Evaluate different modern trends in IC engines like lean burn, VCR and GDI (L5)

3. Examine the working of bio-diesel in the engine and the modifications required for the current IC

engines to run on either CNG, LNG and bio-diesel (L4)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. John B. Heywood, “Internal Combustion Engine Fundamental”, 1st Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill

Education, 2011. (Units I,II,III, & Partially IV).

2. M.L. Mathur and R.P. Sharma, “Internal Combustion Engines”, Dhanpat Rai, 2008. (Units IV& V)

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Heinz Heisler, “Advanced Engine Technology”, Trafalgar Square, 1997.

2. V. Ganesan, “Internal Combustion Engines”, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2002.


21

NUCLEAR ENGINEERING

(Professional Elective II) I Semester


3 0 3



CO1: Explain the basic concepts and processes taking place inside a nuclear reactor, such as nuclear fission,

neutron production, scattering, diffusion, slowing down and absorption.

CO2: Summarize with concepts of reactor criticality, the relationship between the dimension and fissile

material concentration in a critical geometry.

CO3: Discover Time dependent (transient) behaviour of power reactor in non-steady state operation and

the means to control the reactor.

CO4: Discuss concepts of heat removal from the reactor core.

CO5: Inference reactor safety and radiation protection.


Basics of atomic and nuclear physics

Atomic and nuclear structure, Excited states and radiation, Nuclear stability and radioactive decay,

Radioactivity calculations, Nuclear reactions, Binding energy, Nuclear models.

Interaction of radiation with matter

Neutron interactions, Neutron attenuation, Neutron flux, Energy loss in scattering collisions, Fission, ɣ ray

interactions with matter, Charged particles.


1. Define basic parameters to know the atomic and nuclear structure, nuclear stability and

radioactive decay. (L1)

2. Apply basic principles to know the decay of radioactive nuclei. (L3)

3. Demonstrate how the nuclear radiation interacts with matter in the design of nuclear reactors.

(L2)


Nuclear reactors and nuclear power

The fission chain reaction, Nuclear reactor fuels, Components of nuclear reactors, Power reactors and

nuclear steam supply systems, Nuclear cycles, Isotope separation, Fuel reprocessing, Radioactive waste

disposal

Neutron diffusion and moderation

Fick’s law, The equation of continuity, The diffusion equation, Boundary conditions, Solutions of the

diffusion equation, The diffusion length, The Group-Diffusion method, Thermal neutron diffusion, Two-

group calculation of neutron moderation.


1. Demonstrate non-nuclear and nuclear components of nuclear power plants. (L2)


22

2. Summarize various methods of radioisotope separation, radioactive fuel reprocessing and

radioactive waste disposal. (L2)

3. Develop governing equations for mass diffusion of neutrons and solve governing equations with

applicable boundary conditions. (L3)


Nuclear reactor theory

One-Group reactor equation, The slab reactor, The one-group critical equation, Thermal reactors, Reflected

reactors, Multi-Group calculations, Heterogeneous reactors.

The time dependent reactor

Reactor kinetics, Control rods and chemical shim, Temperature effects on reactivity, Fission product

poisoning, Core properties during lifetime.


1. Design a nuclear reactor using one-group reactor equation and solve it to know the conditions for

normal criticality. (L6)

2. Apply one-group reactor equation to know the radiation flux distribution in thermal and reflected

reactors. (L3)

3. Apply principles of reactor kinetics to determine prompt neutron lifetime, critical state and jump.

(L3)


Heat removal from nuclear reactors

Heat generation in reactors, Heat flow by conduction, Heat transfer to coolants, Boiling heat transfer,

Thermal design of a reactor.

Radiation protection

Radiation units, The biological effects of radiation, Calculations of radiation effects, Natural and man-made

radiation sources, Standards of radiation protection, Computations of exposure and dose, Exposure from ɣ-

ray sources.


1. Apply basic thermodynamic principles to know the amount of heat removed by coolant from a

nuclear reactor. (L3)

2. Design a cooling system to remove heat produced in a nuclear reactor by applying principles of

heat transfer. (L6)

3. List out radiation units and biological effects of radiation and Identify various natural and man-

made sources of radiation. (L1)


Radiation shielding

ɣ-Ray shielding, Infinite planar and disc sources, The line source, Internal sources, Multilayered shields,

Principles of Nuclear reactor shielding, The reactor shield design, Shielding ɣ-rays, Coolant activation,

Ducts in shields.

Reactor safety and environment

Principles of nuclear power plant safety, Dispersion of effluents from nuclear facilities, Radiation doses

from nuclear plants, reactor siting, reactor accidents, Accident risk analysis, Environmental radiation doses.


23


1. Determine the thickness and/or composition of shielding material required to reduce biological

dose rates to predetermined levels. (L5)

2. Summarize the principles of nuclear power plant safety. (L2)

3. Demonstrate various methods for dispersion of nuclear effluents. (L2)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. R. Lamarsh, Anthony J. Barrata, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 4th Edition, Pearson

Publisher, 2017.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1966.

2. James J. Duderstadt and Lewis J. Hamilton, Nuclear Reactor Analysis, 1st Edition, Wiley, 1976.


24

Research Methodology & IPR

Course Code: 19HM2101 L P C

2 0 2

At the end of this course, students will be able to

CO1: Illustrate research problem formulation.

CO2: Analyse research related information and research ethics

CO3: Summarise the present day scenario controlled and monitored by Computer and

Information Technology, where the future world will be ruled by dynamic ideas, concept,

creativity and innovation.

CO4: Explain how IPR would take such important place in growth of individuals & nation, to

summarise the need of information about Intellectual Property Right to be promoted among

student community in general & engineering in particular.

CO5: Relate that IPR protection provides an incentive to inventors for further research work and

investment in R & D, which leads to creation of new and better products, and in turn brings

about economic growth and social benefits.

Unit I: Research Methodology: An Introduction (8 Lectures)

Meaning of research problem, Sources of research problem, Criteria and Characteristics of a good

research problem, Errors in selecting a research problem, Scope and objectives of research

problem. Approaches of investigation of solutions for research problem, data collection, analysis,

interpretation, Necessary instrumentations.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain the scope and objectives of a research problem (L2)

2. List out criteria and characteristics of a good research problem(L1)

3. Summarize the approaches of investigation of solutions for a research problem (L2)

Unit II: Literature Survey and Ethics (6 Lectures)

Effective literature studies approaches, analysis Plagiarism, Research ethics.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Outline the Literature study approaches (L2)

2. Adapt Research ethics in professional life (L6)

3. Explain legal compliances of Plagiarism (L2)

Unit III: Interpretation and Report Writing (6 Lectures)

Effective technical writing, how to write a report, Paper Developing a Research Proposal, Format

of research proposal, presentation and assessment by a review committee.


25

Learning Outcomes:

1. Demonstrate technical report writing (L2)

2. Develop research paper writing skills (L3)

3. Develop Power Point Presentation skills (L3)

Unit IV: Intellectual Property Rights and Patents (8 Lectures)

Nature of Intellectual Property: Patents, Designs, Trade and Copyrights. Process of Patenting and

Development: technological research, innovation, patenting, development. International Scenario:

International cooperation on Intellectual Property, Procedure for grants of patents, Patenting under

PCT

Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain Intellectual Property Rights and differentiate among Patents, Designs, Trade

Marks and Copyrights (L2)

2. Outline the process of patenting and development (L2)

3. Explain the procedure for granting patent (L2)

Unit V: Intellectual Patent Rights and Developments (6 Lectures)

Scope of Patent Rights. Licensing and transfer of technology, Patent information and databases,

Geographical Indications. New Developments in IPR: Administration of Patent System, New

developments in IPR; IPR of Biological Systems, Computer Software etc. Traditional knowledge,

Case Studies, IPR and IITs / NITs/ IIITs.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain patent right and its scope (L2)

2. Make use of Patent information and databases (L3)

3. Discover the new developments in IPR (L4)

Text Books

1. C.R.Kothari, “Research Methodology”, 3rd Edition, New Age International, 2017.

2. Ranjit Kumar, “Research Methodology – A Step by Step for Beginner’s”, 2nd Edition,

Pearson, Education, 2016.

3. T. Ramappa, “Intellectual Property Rights Under WTO”, 2nd Edition, S Chand, 2015

4. Kompal Bansal & Parshit Bansal, “Fundamentals of IPR for Beginner’s”, 1st Edition, BS

Publications, 2016.

References

1. Mark Saunders, Philip Levis, Adrain Thornbill, “Research Methods for Business Students”, 3rd

Edition (Reprint), Pearson Education, 2013.

2. KVS Sharma, “Statistics made simple, Do it yourself”, 2nd Edition (Reprint), Prentice Hall,

2010


26

THERMAL ENGINEERING LAB I Semester


0 3 1.5


CO1: Find the compressibility factor of real gases and dryness fraction of steam.

CO2: Evaluate the performance of variable compression engines, air conditioning systems, heat pipe and

refrigeration system.

CO3: Determine the overall heat transfer co-efficient for double pipe heat exchanger with parallel,

counter flow and finned tube heat exchanger.

CO4: Analyze exhaust gases, test the evacuated tube concentrator and test the performance of pin fin

under natural convection and forced convection.

CO5: Determine the efficiency of a solar air heater and moisture removal rate in an agricultural product

by using solar air heater.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS: Any TEN experiments from the following

1. Compressibility factor measurement of different real gases

2. Dryness fraction estimation of steam.

3. Performance test on a variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine.

4. Performance of an air-conditioning system.

5. COP of refrigeration system.

6. Performance of heat pipe.

7. Double pipe heat exchanger with parallel/counter flow.

8. Finned tube heat exchanger.

9. Exhaust gas analysis with gas analyzer.

10. Pin fin experiment under natural/forced convection heat transfer conditions.

11. Measurement of thermal efficiency of a solar air heater.

12. Determination of moisture removal rate from agricultural products using a solar air heater.


27

VIRTUAL LAB ON FLUID AND THERMAL SCIENCES

(Lab Elective I) I Semester

Course Code: 19ME22M1 L P C

0 3 1.5


CO1: Determine major and minor losses for internal flow through a pipe, nozzle-diffuser and able to

experiment with flow measurement devices like Venturimeter.

CO2: Explain heat conduction through different geometrical shapes and compare the results obtained.

CO3: Explain heat conduction through composite systems of different cross-sections and validate results

through comparison.

CO4: Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of parallel and counter flow heat exchanger.

CO5: Identify relation between intensity of the radiation from a flat source or point source with distance.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS: Any TEN experiments from the following

1. Energy losses in pipe flow

2. Flow through Venturi meter

3. Incompressible flow through nozzle and a diffuser

4. Conduction analysis of a single material sphere

5. Conduction analysis of a single material cylinder

6. Conduction analysis of a double material slab

7. Conduction analysis of a double material sphere

8. Conduction analysis of a double material cylinder

9. To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) in the parallel flow heat exchanger.

10. To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) in the counter flow heat exchanger.

11. To investigate the Lambert’s distance law

12. To investigate the Lambert’s direction law (Cosine law)

REFERENCES:

1. http://mfts-iitg.vlabs.ac.in/


28

VIRTUAL LAB ON AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS (Lab Elective I)

I Semester


0 3 1.5


CO1: Recall the knowledge about working principle of a four stroke SI engine.

CO2: Estimate the performance of a SI engine.

CO3: Relate combustion pressure in a single cylinder SI engine as a function of crank angle to determine

Mean Effective Pressure.

CO4: Determine vibration levels at four different locations of an engine, measure and monitor the noise

near the exhaust of a single cylinder SI engine as a function of engine speed.

CO5: Relate torsional vibrations of an engine under various load conditions and at constant rotational

speed using a rotational laser vibrometer.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS: Experiments from the following

1. P-v diagram of a SI engine

2. Torque crank angle curve of a SI engine

3. Load test on a SI engine

4. Mechanical efficiency of a SI engine

5. Determination of cylinder mean effective pressure

6. Engine health monitoring by vibration analysis

7. Variation of exhaust noise with engine speed

8. Torsional vibrations of an Engine

REFERENCES:

1. http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/rtvlas/#


29

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS IN THERMAL ENGINEERING II Semester


3 0 3


CO1: Identify the suitable instrument for measuring transport parameters and estimate error.

CO2: Select suitable range of pressure gauge and compute its dynamic response.

CO3: Distinguish different flow visualization methods and temperature measurements.

CO4: Determine thermal conductivity in solids, liquids and gases and radiation measurements.

CO5: Develop transfer function of given mechanical system by using concept of control system.


\

Instrument classification, static and dynamic characteristics of instruments, experimental error analysis,

systematic and random errors, statistical analysis, uncertainty, reliability of instruments, variable resistance

transducers, capacitive transducers, piezoelectric transducers, photoconductive transducers, photovoltaic

cells, ionization transducers, Hall effect transducers.


1. Identify the static and dynamic characteristics of the instrument (L1)

2. List the various errors occurs in the instruments (L1)

3. Explain different transducers and their application (L2)


Dynamic response considerations, Bridgman gauge, McLeodgauge, Pirani thermal conductivity gauge,

Knudsen gauge, Alphatron.


1. Discuss dynamic response considerations of an instrument (L2)

2. Classify different pressure gauges and their application (L4)

3. Explain the working and application of pressure gauges (L2)


Flow measurement by drag effects; hot-wire anemometers, magnetic flow meters, flow visualization

methods, interferometer, Laser Doppler anemometer. Temperature measurement by mechanical effect,

temperature measurement by radiation, transient response of thermal systems,thermocouple compensation,

temperature measurements in high-speed flow.


1. Explain about various flow measurement devices and their applications (L2)

2. Discuss various temperature measurement devices and their utility (L2)

3. Outline the temperature measurement in high - speed flows (L4)


30


Thermal conductivity measurement of solids, liquids, and gases, measurement of gas diffusion, convection

heat transfer measurements, humidity measurements, heat-flux meters. Detection of thermal radiation,

measurement of emissivity, reflectivity and transmissivity, solar radiation measurement.


1. Explain various methods for measuring thermal conductivity of solids, liquids and gases (L2)

2. Discuss the measurement of humidity and heat transfer measurement (L2)

3. Summarize the various solar radiation measurement techniques. (L2)


Review of open and closed loop control systems and servomechanisms, transfer functions of mechanical

systems, input and output systems.


1. Discuss open and closed loop control systems (L2)

2. Explain the servomechanisms (L2)

3. Develop transfer functions for a given mechanical systems (L6)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. J.P. Holman, Experimental Methods for Engineers, Seventh Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2007.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. V. Prebrashensky, Measurement and Instrumentation in Heat Engineering, Vol.1, MIR Publishers,

1980.

2. Raman C.S. Sharma and G.R. Mani V.S.V., Instrumentation Devices and Systems, 2nd Edition, Tata

McGraw-Hill., 2001.

3. A.S. Morris, Principles of Measurements and Instrumentation, 3rd Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann,

2001.


31

THERMAL TURBOMACHINES II Semester


3 0 3

Prerequisites: Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Engineering


CO1: Apply thermodynamic principles to nozzles, diffusers and methods to estimate the stage work and

efficiency of radial turbines.

CO2: Apply the methods to estimate the stage work and efficiency of axial turbines.

CO3: Apply the methods to estimate the stage work and efficiency of axial compressors.

CO4: Apply the methods to estimate the stage work and efficiency of centrifugal compressors.

CO5: Explain the parameters required for the design of fans.


Turbo machines, thermodynamics -basic definitions and laws, energy equation, adiabatic flow through

nozzles, adiabatic flow through diffusers, work and efficiencies in turbine stages, work and efficiencies in

compressor stages. Radial turbine stages -elements of a radial turbine stage, stage velocity triangles,

enthalpy-entropy diagram, stage losses, performance characteristics, outward flow radial stages.


1. Define turbo machines and apply basic laws of thermodynamics for a flow through nozzles,

diffusers and turbomachines (L1 & L2)

2. Define and determine various performance parameters of single and multi-stage turbo machines

(L1 & L5)

3. Derive and determine the stage work, efficiency and other performance parameters of radial flow

turbine. (L5)


Axial turbine stages -stage velocity triangle, single impulse stage, multi stage velocity and pressure

compounded impulses, reaction stages, blade-to-gas speed ratio, losses and efficiencies, performance

charts, low hub-trip ratio stages.


1. Illustrate the working of Axial turbine for an impulse and reaction stages (L2)

2. Define, derive and determine various performance parameters of an axial turbine stage by making

use of stage velocity triangles & h-s diagram (L1 & L5)

3. Explain various losses across the axial turbine stage and interpret the performance of low hub-trip

ratio stages (L3)


Axial compressor stages -stage velocity triangles, enthalpy-entropy diagram, flow through blade rows, stage

losses and efficiency, work done factor, low hub-tip ratio stages, supersonic and transonic stages,

performance characteristics, stalling.


32


1. Describe the working of axial compressor with help of velocity triangles and h-s diagram (L2)

2. Define, derive and determine various performance parameters of an axial compressor stage and

List out various stage losses (L1 & L5)

3. Analyze low hub-tip ratio stages, supersonic and transonic stages (L3)


Centrifugal compressor stages -elements of centrifugal compressor stage, stage velocity triangle, enthalpy-

entropy diagram, nature of impeller flow, slip factor, diffuser, performance characteristics.


1. Explain the working of centrifugal compressor with help of velocity triangles and h-s diagram

(L2)

2. Analyze the performance of centrifugal compressors according to the nature of impeller for

different arrangements of diffuser blades. (L4)

3. Explain the performance characteristics of centrifugal compressor (L2)


Axial fans and centrifugal fans -fan applications, axial fans, fan stage parameters, types of axial fan stages,

types of centrifugal fans, centrifugal fan stage parameters, design parameters.


1. Distinguish the working of fans, blowers and compressors (L2)

2. Classify and analyze the axial and centrifugal fan stages (L2)

3. Identify various design parameters and stage parameters of axial and centrifugal fan stages. (L3)

TEXT BOOK:

1. S.M. Yahya, Turbines, Compressors and fans, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Maneesh Dubey, B.V.S.S.S. Prasad and Archana Nema, Turbo Machinery, McGraw Hill Education,

2019

2. Charles A Parsons, The steam turbine, Cambridge University Press, 2012.

3. Norman Davey, Gas Turbines – Theory and practice, Illustrated Edition, Merchant Books, 2006.

4. S.M. Yahya, Fundamentals of Compressible flow with aircraft and rocket propulsion, Sixth Edition,

New Age International Publishers, 2018.

5. Seppo A. Korpela, Principles of turbomachinery, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2019.


33

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS II Semester


3 0 3

Prerequisites: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer


CO1: Explain momentum and energy balance equations, physical behavior, definitions of finite difference,

finite volume methods, and turbulence modelling.

CO2: Apply finite difference solutions to heat transfer in slab, fin, rectangular geometry and long cylinder.

CO3: Explain ADI method and vorticity-stream function method by FDM, discretisation using finite

volume method, and implementation of boundary conditions, Thomas algorithm.

CO4: Apply finite volume method to steady and transient diffusion , and convection-diffusion problems,

and properties of discretisation schemes.

CO5: Explain upwind differencing for convection-diffusion problems, SIMPLE and SIMPLER algorithms.

UNIT-I (10-Lectures)

Governing equations: Mass, momentum and energy balance equations - Conservation form of the governing

equations of fluid flow - Potential flow model, Buoyancy-driven convection and Boussinesq approximation.

Physical behavior: Classification of partial differential equations according to physical behavior as elliptic,

parabolic and hyperbolic equations.

Finite difference method: First and second derivatives in finite difference form using truncated Taylor series

- grid generation, discretization.

Finite volume method: concept of control volume, grid generation, discretization.

Introduction to turbulence modelling: Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for

incompressible flow – turbulence models for RANS equations – the standard - model – Wilcox - model.

Learning outcomes: At the end of this Unit, the student will be able to

1. Explain momentum and energy balance equations, classification according to physical behaviour.

(L2)

2. Define finite difference and finite volume methods. (L1)

3. Summarize various turbulence models. (L2)


Finite difference method: (a) One dimensional steady heat conduction through a slab/rod with uniform heat

source, (b) steady state heat transfer through a rectangular/circular fin, (c) steady state two-dimensional

heat conduction in rectangular geometry with uniform heat source, (d) steady radial heat conduction in a

long solid cylinder, (e) Transient one-dimensional heat conduction by explicit and Crank-Nicolson’s

implicit methods.


1. Apply finite difference solutions to heat transfer in slab, and fin. (L3)

2. Solve heat transfer problems in rectangular geometry and long cylinder. (L6)

3. Analyse transient heat conduction by explicit and implicit methods. (L4)


34


ADI method: Solution of transient two-dimensional heat conduction equation by Alternating Direction

Implicit method.

Vorticity-Stream function method: Definitions of vorticity and stream function - problem of two-

dimensional incompressible viscous flow in a lid-driven cavity by vorticity-stream function method

Finite volume method: Application to one-dimensional steady state heat conduction in a slab/rod with

source term - Implementation of boundary conditions - solution using Thomas algorithm.


1. Illustrate ADI method for 2-D transient heat conduction equation. (L2)

2. Demonstrate vorticity-stream function method flow in lid driven cavity. (L2)

3. Explain finite volume method 1-D steady heat conduction in a slab and solution by Thomas

algorithm. (L2)


Steady diffusion: Finite volume method for heat transfer from a fin - grid generation - discretization -

solution – finite volume method for two-dimensional diffusion problem

Transient diffusion: Finite volume method for one-dimensional transient heat conduction – explicit and

implicit schemes.

Convection-diffusion: One-dimensional convection diffusion using central differencing scheme

Properties of discretisation schemes: Conservativeness, boundedness, transportiveness.


1. Apply finite volume method to steady and transient diffusion problems. (L3)

2. Solve convection-diffusion by central differencing scheme. (L3)

3. Discuss properties of discretization schemes. (L6)


Upwind differencing scheme: One-dimensional convection diffusion using upwind differencing scheme -

assessment of central and upwind differencing schemes for conservativeness, boundedness and

transportiveness – hybrid differencing scheme.

Pressure linked momentum balance equations: u- and v- momentum balance equations with pressure

gradient in internal flow - concept of staggered grid

SIMPLE algorithm: Discretisation of momentum equations – pressure correction equation – under

relaxation – flowchart for SIMPLE algorithm – SIMPLER algorithm – pressure equation – flow chart for

SIMPLER algorithm.


1. Develop upwind differencing scheme to a given convection-diffusion problem. (L3)

2. Explain the concept of staggered grid for pressure linked equations. (L2)

3. Show flow charts for SIMPLE and SIMPLER algorithms. (L2)


35

TEXT BOOKS:

1. K. Muralidhar and T. Sundararajan, Computational Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer, Second Edition,

Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2014.

2. H. K. Versteeg and W. Malalasekera, An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: the

Finite Volume Method, Second Edition, Pearson, Prentice-Hall, 2007

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. J.H. Ferziger and M. Peric, Computational methods for fluid dynamics, 3rd Edition, Springer-

Verlag Publishers, 2002.

2. S.V. Patankar, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow, First Edition, Hemisphere Publishing

Corporation, USA, 1980.

3. John D. Anderson, Jr., Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Basics with Applications, Second

Reprint, Tata McGraw-Hill Edition, 2012.


36

OPTIMIZATION METHODS IN ENGINEERING

(Professional Elective - III)

II Semester


3 0 3

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student will be able to

CO1: Solve optimization problems using classical optimization techniques.

CO2: Solve simple non-linear multivariable optimization problems.

CO3: Solve optimization problems using geometric programming.

CO4: Explain the working of different operators used in genetic algorithms for optimization.

CO5: Explain the basic concepts of stochastic programming; formulate and outline a suitable

optimization technique in basic engineering applications.

UNIT-I (10-Lectures)

Introduction: Classification of optimization problems- classical optimization techniques: single variable

optimization–multivariable optimization without constraints-multivariable optimization with equality

constraints: direct substitution method, method of Lagrange multipliers.

One-dimensional unconstrained non-linear optimization: unimodal function, methods of single variable

optimization - Exhaustive search, Interval halving method, Fibonacci search, Golden section method,

Quadratic search, Newton method and Quasi-Newton method.

Learning outcomes: 1. Classify optimization problems. (L4)

2. Solve optimization problems using classical optimization techniques. (L3)

3. Solve single variable optimization problems using various numerical methods. (L3)

UNIT-II (10-Lectures)

Non-linear multivariable optimization without constraints: Univariate search; Pattern search

methods- Hookes-Jeeves method, Powells method, Steepest descent (Cauchy’s) method,

Conjugate gradient (Fletcher-Reeves) method, Newton’s method.

Non-linear multivariable optimization with constraints: Penalty approach- interior and exterior

penalty function methods.

Learning outcomes: 1. Apply various direct search methods to solve multi variable optimization problems without

constraints. (L3)

2. Solve multi variable optimization problems without constraints using various gradient based

methods. (L3)


37

3. Solve multi variable optimization problems with constraints using interior and exterior penalty

methods. (L2)

UNIT-III (10-Lectures)

Geometric programming: Solution from differential calculus point of view, solution from arithmetic-

geometric inequality point of view, degree of difficulty, optimization of zero degree of difficulty problems

with and without constraints, optimization of single degree of difficulty problems without constraints.

Learning outcomes: 1. Define the degree of difficulty of a given posynomial equation. (L1)

2. Describe the geometric programming technique. (L2)

3. Apply geometric programming method to solve multi variable optimization problems. (L3)

UNIT-I V (10-Lectures)

Genetic algorithms (GA): Differences and similarities between conventional and evolutionary algorithms,

working principle, reproduction, crossover, mutation, termination criteria, different reproduction and

crossover operators, GA for constrained optimization, drawbacks of GA.

Learning outcomes:

1. List various conventional and evolutionary algorithms. (L1)

2. Compare and contrast between conventional and evolutionary algorithms. (L2)

3. Apply genetic algorithms to solve optimization problems. (L3)

UNIT-V (10-Lectures)

Basic concepts of Stochastic programming, multi-stage optimization, and multi-objective optimization.

Engineering applications: Minimization of weight of a cantilever beam, planar truss, torsionally loaded

shaft; optimal design of springs.

Learning outcomes:

1. Describe the basic concepts of sochastic programming. (L2)

2. Formulate various optimization problems in engineering applications. (L3)

3. Formulate and outline a suitable optimization technique in basic engineering applications. (L6)

TEXT BOOK:

1. Singiresu S. Rao, Engineering Optimization -Theory and Practice, 4th Edition, Wiley, 2009.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Kalyanmoy Deb, Optimization for Engineering Design-Algorithms and Examples, 2nd Edition, PHI,

2012.

2. Ashok D. Belegundu and Tirupathi R. Chandrupatla, Optimization Concepts and Applications

in Engineering, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2011.


38

DESIGN OF HEAT EXCHANGERS (Professional Elective - III)

II Semester


3 0 3



CO1: Classify and design heat exchangers.

CO2: Estimate convective heat transfer in ducts, concentric annuli, circular pipes.

CO3: Determine pressure drop and effect of fouling in heat exchangers.

CO4: Design double pipe heat exchangers and compact heat exchangers by considering fin effects.

CO5: Design shell and tube heat exchangers and condensers for application in refrigeration and air-

conditioning.


Classification of heat exchangers: Tubular heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, extended surface heat

exchangers, flow arrangements, applications.

Basic design methods of heat exchangers: Overall heat transfer coefficient, multi pass and cross flow heat

exchangers, Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) method, effectiveness-Number of Transfer Units

(NTU) method for heat exchanger analysis, heat exchanger design calculations, heat exchanger design

methodology.


1. List different types of heat exchangers (L1)

2. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient. (L5)

3. Demonstrate LMTD and effectiveness-NTU method. (L2)


Correlations for forced convection heat transfer coefficients: Laminar forced convection in ducts and

concentric annuli, turbulent forced convection in circular pipes, heat transfer in helical coils and spirals,

heat transfer in bends.


1. Solve laminar heat transfer coefficients in ducts and concentric annuli. (L3)

2. Demonstrate heat transfer in turbulent forced convection in circular pipes. (L2)

3. Analyse heat transfer in helical coils, spirals and in bends. (L4)

UNIT-III: ` (10-Lectures)

Heat exchanger pressure drop and pumping power: Tube side pressure drop in laminar and turbulent

flows, pressure drop in helical and spiral coils, pressure drop in bends and fittings. Fouling of heat

exchangers: Basic considerations, effect of fouling on heat transfer and pressure drop, aspects of fouling,

design of heat exchangers subject to fouling.


39


1. Determine pressure drop and pumping power in laminar and turbulent flows. (L5)

2. Discuss pressure drop in helical, spiral coils and bends. (L6)

3. Explain effect of fouling in heat exchangers. (L2)


Double pipe heat exchangers: Pressure drop, hydraulic diameter, hairpin heat exchanger, parallel and

series arrangements of hairpins, total pressure drop.

Compact heat exchangers: Plate-fin heat exchangers, tube fin heat exchangers, heat transfer and pressure

drop for finned-tube heat exchangers, pressure drop for plate-fin heat exchangers.


1. Design hairpin heat exchanger. (L6)

2. Develop compact heat exchangers. (L6)

3. Determine total pressure drop in heat exchangers. (L5)


Shell and tube heat exchangers: Basic components, basic design procedure of a heat exchanger, shell-side

heat transfer and pressure drop, Bell Delaware’s method.

Condensers: Horizontal shell-and-tube condensers, horizontal in-tube condensers, plate condensers, air

cooled condensers, thermal design of shell-and-tube condensers, design and operational considerations.


1. Design shell and tube heat exchanger. (L6)

2. Determine shell side heat transfer. (L5)

3. Classify condensers. (L2)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Sadik Kakac and Hongtan Liu, Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating and Thermal Design, Third

Edition, CRC Press, New York, USA, 2012.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Donald Q. Kern, Process Heat Transfer, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2001.

2. Standards of the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturer Association (TEMA), Inc., Ninth Edition, New

York, 2007.


40

FUELS AND COMBUSTION

(Professional Elective III) II Semester


3 0 3

Prerequisites: Thermodynamics


CO1: Compare various fuels.

CO2: Explain different steps in refinery process of petroleum.

CO3: Analyze exhaust and flue gases.

CO4: Design burners.

CO5: Explain methods for emission control in combustion.


Classification of coal, analysis and properties of coal, oxidation of coal, hydrogenation of coal, agro fuels,

solid fuel handling.


1. Define various coals. (L1)

2. Explain the concepts of coal formation. (L2)

3. Analyse the coal based on the various compositions. (L4)


Classification of petroleum products, Handling and storage of petroleum products, Refining and other

conversion processes, property and testing of petroleum products, other liquid fuels. Types of gaseous fuels,

natural gas, methane from coal mines, manufactured gases, producer gas, water gas, blast furnace gas,

refinery gas, LPG, cleaning and purification of gaseous fuels.


1. Explain various petroleum products, their handling and storage (L2)

2. Summarize various gaseous fuels. (L2)

3. Explain various refining, conversion, cleaning and purification of fuels. (L2)


Stoichiometry relations, theoretical and minimum air required for complete combustion, calculation of dry

flue gases, exhaust gas analysis, flue gas analysis. Principles of combustion, rapid methods of combustion,

flame propagation, various methods of flame stabilization.


1. Summarize stoichiometry relations for combustion.(L2)

2. Calculate flue gas analysis using various methods. (L4)

3. Explain the principles of rapid combustion and flame propagation. (L2)


41


Basic features of burner, types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuel burners, design consideration of different

types of burners, recuperative and regenerative burners, Pulverised fuel furnaces–fixed, entrained, and

fluidized bed systems.


1. Interpret different types of burners.(L2)

2. Generate different design considerations of burners. (L6)

3. Summarize and explain various coal burners.(L2)


Emissions, Emission index, corrected concentrations, control of emissions for premixed and non-premixed

combustion.


1. Summarize different emission indexes.(L2)

2. Explain the methods to control emissions. (L2)

3. Summarize and discuss the emissions from non-premixed combustion. (L2)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. S. Sarkar, Fuels and combustion, 3rd Edition, Universities Press, 2009.

2. S.P. Sharma and C. Mohan, Fuels and combustion, Tata McGrawHill, 1987.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. H. Joshua Phillips, Fuels, solid, liquid and gaseous: Their analysis and valuation, General Books,

2010.

2. S.R. Turns, An introduction to combustion: Concepts and applications, Tata McGraw- Hill, 2000.

3. K. Kanneth, Principles of combustion, Wiley and Sons, 2005.


42

SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION

(Professional Elective IV) II Semester


3 0 3



CO1: Illustrate solar radiation measurements and various solar energy collectors.

CO2: Explain various solar storing methods and thermal conversion systems.

CO3: Design of solar photovoltaic energy conversion systems.

CO4: Illustrate various solar energy based devices and their applications.

CO5: Explain economic analysis of solar energy conversion devices.


An overview of solar thermal applications: Devices for thermal collection and storage, Thermal

applications.

Solar radiation and measurement: Solar constant, Solar radiation at the Earth’s surface, Solar radiation

geometry, Solar radiation measurement – Instruments, Estimation.

Solar energy collectors: Physical principle of collection, Different types – Liquid flat plate collectors,

Thermal analysis of flat plate collectors, Focusing-concentrating collectors – Performance analysis.


1. Define various parameters associated with solar radiation measurement. (L1)

2. Explain the working various types of solar energy collectors. (L2)

3. Apply principles of heat transfer and calculate the performance of solar collectors. (L3)


Solar energy storage: Classification – Thermal, Electrical, Chemical, Mechanical, Electromagnetic type

of solar energy storage. Application.

Solar pond: Introduction, Principle of operation, Extraction of thermal energy.

Solar thermal electric conversion: Central receiver systems, Distributed collector system.


1. Summarize various methods of solar energy storage. (L2)

2. Explain the working of different types of solar ponds. (L2)

3. Explain the working of different solar thermal electrical conversion systems. (L2)


Solar PV Conversion systems: Principle of solar cell, Conversion efficiency – power output, A basic PV

system, Solar cell modules, Solar cell connecting arrangements, Battery storage, Applications.


43


1. Demonstrate the working of a basic PV cell and its IV characteristics. (L2)

2. Apply basic principles and design a solar PV conversion system. (L3)

3. Identify different types of applications of solar PV conversion systems. (L3)


Applications of solar energy: Solar water heating, Space heating, Agriculture and Industrial process heat,

Solar distillation, Solar pumping, Solar furnace, Solar cooking, Solar green houses, Solar production of

Hydrogen.


1. Demonstrate the working of solar still, solar furnace, solar cooker and solar greenhouse. (L2)

2. Explain the method of producing Hydrogen using solar energy. (L2)

3. Design a solar system for water heating/space heating & cooling/crop drying. (L6)


Economic analysis: Initial and annual costs, Definitions, Present worth calculations, Annual savings,

Cumulative savings, Life cycle savings, Add-on solar systems, Payback period.


1. Define various parameters associated with economic analysis of a solar system. (L1)

2. Summarize the necessity of annual, cumulative and life cycle savings. (L2)

3. Apply basic principles of economic analysis and calculate the payback period of a solar system.

(L3)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. G.D. Rai, Solar energy utilization, Fifth Edition, Khanna Publishers, 1995.

2. S.P. Sukhatme and J.K. Nayak, Solar energy, Fourth Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Education, 2017.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. John A. Duffie and William A. Beckman, Solar engineering of thermal processes, Fourth edition,

John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013.

2. G.N. Tiwari, Solar Energy: Fundamentals, Design, Modelling and Applications, Revised Edition,

Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2012.

3. D.Yogi Goswami, Frank Kreith and Jan F. Kreider, Principles of solar engineering, Second edition,

Taylor & Francis, 2000.


44

JET AND ROCKET PROPULSION



3 0 3

Prerequisites: Engineering Thermodynamics


CO1: Explain the working of jet engines and rocket propulsion systems.

CO2: Explain liquid propellant rocket engines.

CO3: Discuss solid propellant rocket engines and explain rocket motor design approach.

CO4: Classify solid propellants and discuss the characteristics.

CO5: Explain the working of hybrid propellant rockets and select the process for rocket propulsion systems.


Ramjet engine, pulse jet engine, turboprop engine, turbojet engine, thrust and thrust equation, specific thrust

of turbojet engine, specific thrust of the turbojet engine, efficiencies, parameters effecting the flight

performance, thrust augmentation. Duct jet propulsion, rocket propulsion, chemical rocket propulsion,

nuclear rocket engines, electric rocket propulsion, applications of rocket propulsion-space launch vehicles,

spacecraft, missiles and other applications.


1. Explain working of jet engines. (L2)

2. Summarize performance characteristics of jet engines. (L2)

3. Define rocket propulsion systems. (L1)


Liquid propellant rocket engine-propellants, propellant feed systems, gas feed systems, propellant tanks,

tank pressurization, turbo pump feed system and engine cycles, flow and pressure balance, valves and

pipelines, engine support structure. Liquid Propellant properties, liquid oxidizers, liquid fuels liquid

monopropellants, gelled propellants, combustion process, analysis, combustion instability.


1. Discuss liquid propellant, feed systems in rocket engines. (L6)

2. Explain propellant properties. (L2)

3. Distinguish propellants and analyse combustion process. (L4)


Solid propellant rocket engine - propellant burning rate, basic performance relations, propellant grain and

grain configuration, propellant grain stress and strain, attitude control. Motor case – metal cases, wound –

filament –reinforced plastic cases, nozzles- classification, design and construction, heat absorption and

nozzle materials, rocket motor design approach.


45


1. Discuss solid propellant rocket engine. (L6)

2. Explain performance relations propellant grain configuration. (L2)

3. Classify nozzles and nozzle materials. (L2)


Solid propellants-classification, propellant characteristics, propellant ingredients, smokeless propellant,

igniter propellants, physical and chemical processes, ignition process, extinction or thrust termination,

combustion instability.


1. List solid propellants. (L1)

2. Discuss propellant characteristics, smokeless propellant. (L6)

3. Analyse ignition process, thrust, combustion stability. (L4)


Hybrid propellant rockets - applications and propellants, performance analysis and grain configuration,

combustion instability. Rocket propulsion systems - selection process, criteria for selection, interfaces.


1. Explain hybrid propellant rockets. (L2)

2. Analyse performance, grain configuration. (L4)

3. Summarize selection, criteria for selection of rocket propulsion systems. (L2)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. George P. Sutton and Oscar Biblaz, Rocket Propulsion Elements, Ninth Edition, Wiley-Interscience,

2017.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Philip Hill and Carl Peterson, Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion, Second Edition,

Pearson Education, 2009.

2. V Ganesan, Gas Turbines, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010.


46

TWO PHASE FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER



3 0 3

Prerequisites: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer


CO1: Explain types of two-phase flow, define properties of two-phase flow, and derive homogeneous flow

model.

CO2: Summarize separated model for two-phase flow, and explain Lockhart-Martinell and Martinelli-

Nelson correlations to compute pressure drop in two-phase flow.

CO3: Analyze drift flux model, and explain regions of heat transfer in convective boiling and critical heat

flux.

CO4: Illustrate saturated forced convection boiling in a circular tube, and use empirical correlations to

calculate heat transfer coefficients in convective boiling.

CO5: Explain forced convection condensation in a horizontal tube, and use correlation equations to compute

convective condensation heat transfer coefficients.

UNIT-I : (10-Lectures)

Flow types and definitions: Single phase flow, two-phase flow, adiabatic and diabatic two phase flows –

volumetric concentration, void fraction, volumetric flux, relative velocity, drift velocity – flow regimes,

flow maps

Analytical two-phase flow models: Basic equations of two-phase flow – Approaches for homogeneous

and separated flow models – Derivation of homogeneous flow model


1. Describe and distinguish between single phase and two phase flow and explain adiabatic and

diabatic flows (L2)

2. Define various flow properties and flow regimes and develop basic equations for two phase flow

(L1&L4)

3. List out and discuss various approaches for homogeneous and separated flow models and derive

homogeneous flow model (L1)


Two-phase flow pressure drop: The separated flow model – balance equations – Martinelli parameter –

two-phase multiplier - Lockhart- Martinelli correlation for adiabatic flow - computational procedure for

two-phase flow pressure drop – Martinelli-Nelson correlation for diabatic flow – Baroczy correlation


1. Calculate the pressure drops by applying Lockhart- Martinelli correlation for adiabatic flow (L4)

2. Describe the computational procedure for two-phase flow pressure drop (L2)

3. Determine the pressure drops by applying Martinelli-Nelson correlation for diabatic flow (L4)


47


Empirical treatments of two-phase flow: Derivation of drift flux model for bubbly flow

Convective boiling: Regions of heat transfer in convective boiling in a vertical tube – boiling map – critical

heat flux condition in two-phase forced convection boiling


1. Derive drift flux model for bubbly flow (L5)

2. List out various regions of heat transfer in convective boiling in a vertical tube (L1)

3. Derive and determine critical heat flux condition in two-phase forced convection boiling (L5)


Saturated forced convection boiling: Saturated forced convection boiling in a circular tube – Two-phase

forced convection region – Chen correlation for convection boiling heat transfer coefficient – Shah

correlation – Fundamental limitations to flow boiling


1. Solve for mass quality for saturated forced convection boiling in a circular tube (L4)

2. Evaluate convection boiling heat transfer coefficient by making use available correlations (L5)

3. List out Fundamental limitations to flow boiling (L1)


Forced convection condensation: Convective condensation within a horizontal tube – Chato’s

correlation – Empirical equation by Akers et al. – Shah’s empirical correlation


1. Analyse convective condensation within a horizontal tube (L4)

2. Estimate the rate condensation by Chato’s correlation (L5)

3. Applying Akers et al. and Shah’s empirical correlation for convective condensation within a

horizontal tube (L3)

TEXT BOOK:

1. J.G. Collier and J.R. Thome, Convective Boiling and Condensation, Third Revised Edition, Oxford

University Press, 2002.

REFERENCE BOOK:

1. Van P. Carey, Liquid Vapor Phase Change Phenomena: An Introduction to the Thermophysics of

Vaporization and Condensation Processes in Heat Transfer Equipment, Second Edition, CRC

Press, 2007.


48

Waste as a Source of Energy

(Open Elective)

II Semester

Subject Code: 19CH21P1 L P C

2 0 2

Course Outcomes:

At the end of the course, the student will be able to

CO1: Differentiate and characterize different waste

CO2: Recognize the various waste to energy conversion processes

CO3: Explain the various biochemical conversion processes.

CO4: Explain the various thermochemical conversion processes.

CO5: Explain the various biomass process to energy conversion.

Unit I: (6 Lectures)

Characterization and classification of waste as fuel: agro based, forest residues, industrial waste,

domestic waste, Municipal solid waste.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Characterization of waste as fuel (L2)

2. Classify waste from different sources (L4)

3. Describe the characteristics of industrial waste (L2)

Unit II: (7 Lectures)

Waste to energy options: combustion (unprocessed and processed fuel), gasification, anaerobic

digestion, fermentation, pyrolysis.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the process of converting waste to energy using combustion(L2)

2. Illustrate anaerobic digestion (L3)

3. Explain Gasification. (L2)

Unit III: (7Lectures)

Energy from waste- Bio-chemical Conversion: Anaerobic digestion of sewage and municipal

wastes, direct combustion of MSW-refuse derived solid fuel, industrial waste, agro residues,

anaerobic digestion, biogas production, land fill gas generation and utilization.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe the process of converting waste to energy using Anaerobic digestion of sewage

and municipal waste(L2).

2. Explain the process of bio-gas production from waste. (L2)

3. Describe direct combustion of Municipal Solid Waste(L2)


49

Unit IV: (6 Lectures)

Energy from waste-thermo chemical conversion: Sources of energy generation, incineration,

pyrolysis, gasification of waste using gasifiers, briquetting, utilization and advantages of

briquetting, environmental and health impacts of incineration; strategies for reducing

environmental impacts.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe different thermo-chemical conversion of waste to energy (L2)

2. Summarize the environmental and health impacts of incineration (L2)

3. Outline the strategies for reducing environmental impacts thermos-chemical conversion

(L3)

Unit V: (6 Lectures)

Biomass energy technologies: Biomass characterization (proximate and ultimate analysis);

Biomass pyrolysis and gasification; Biofuels – biodiesel, bioethanol, Biobutanol; Algae and

biofuels; Hydrolysis & hydrogenation; Solvent extraction of hydrocarbons; Pellets and bricks of

biomass; Biomass based thermal power plants; Biomass as boiler fuel.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Describe different biomass technologies(L2).

2. Explain Biomass characterization(L2)

3. Describe the working of Biomass based thermal power plants (L2)

Text Books:

1. Desai Ashok V., Non Conventional Energy, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1980.

2. Pichtel John, Waste Management Practices Municipal, Hazardous and Industrial , Taylor &

Francis , 2005.


50

OPERATIONS RESEARCH (Open Elective)

II Semester

Course Code: 19ME21P1 L P C 2 0 2


CO1: Formulate a linear programming problem for given problem and solve this problem by using

Simplex techniques.

CO2: Evaluate sensitivity analysis to the given input data in order to know sensitive of the output.

CO3: Apply the concept of non-linear programming for solving the problems involving non-linear

constraints and objectives.

CO4: Solve deterministic and Probabilistic inventory control models for known and unknown demand of

the items.

CO5: Apply the dynamic programming to solve problems of discrete and continuous variables.

UNIT-I (7-Lectures)

Optimization techniques, model formulation, models, simplex techniques, inventory control models

Learning outcomes: 1. Classify different optimization techniques. (L4) 2. Build a mathematical model for a given problem. (L6) 3. Identify inventory control models for solving given problem. (L1)


Formulation of a LPP - graphical solution for LPP, revised simplex method - duality theory - dual simplex

method - sensitivity analysis - parametric programming

Learning outcomes: 1. Formulate a linear programming problem for given problem. (L6) 2. Use simplex method to solve LPP problem. (L3) 3. Apply sensitivity analysis to the given input data in order to know sensitive of the output. (L3)


Nonlinear programming problem - Kuhn-Tucker conditions, CPM/PERT


51

Learning outcomes: 1. Develop Kuhn tucker conditions for a solution of linear programming problems. (L6) 2. Choose a PERT technique for planning and control of time for the given project. (L5) 3. Select CPM technique for control of costs and time for the given project. (L5)


Single server and multiple server models - deterministic inventory models - probabilistic inventory

control models - geometric Programming

Learning outcomes:

1. List the order of activities in the operations problem. (L1) 2. Differentiate between single server and multi-server models. (L2) 3. Classify deterministic and probabilistic inventory models. (L4)

UNIT-V (7-Lectures)

Single and multi-channel problems , sequencing models, dynamic programming, flow in networks,

elementary graph theory, game theory simulation

Learning outcomes: 1. Differentiate between single and multi-channel problems. (L2) 2. Select the order of jobs to be processed on the machines. (L5) 3. Judge in taking decisions for conflicting objectives. (L5)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Kanthi Swarup, P.K. Gupta and Man Mohan, Operations Research, 14th Edition, Sultan chand and

son’s, New Delhi, 2008.

2. S. D. Sharma, Operations Research, Kedar Nath and Ram Nath, Meerut,2008.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. H.A. Taha, Operations Research, An Introduction, 7th Edition, PHI, 2008.

2. J.C. Pant, Introduction to Optimisation: Operations Research,7th Edition, Jain Brothers, Delhi, 2008.

3. Hitler Libermann, Operations Research, McGraw Hill Pub., 2009.

4. Pannerselvam, Operations Research, Prentice Hall of India, 2010.

5. Harvey M Wagner, Principles of Operations Research, Prentice Hall of India, 2010.


52

COMPOSITE MATERIALS (Open Elective)

II Semester

Course Code: 19ME21P2 L P C 2 0 2


CO1: Explain the advantages and applications of composite materials.

CO2: Describe the properties of various reinforcements of composite materials.

CO3: Summarize the manufacture of metal matrix, ceramic matrix and C-C composites.

CO4: Describe the manufacture of polymer matrix composites.

CO5: Formulate the failure theories of composite materials.

UNIT-I (7-Lectures)

Introduction: Definition – Classification and characteristics of Composite materials. Applications of

composites. Functional requirements of reinforcement and matrix. Effect of reinforcement (size, shape,

distribution, volume fraction) on overall composite performance.

Learning outcomes: 1. Classify various types of composite materials. (L4)

2. Describe the applications of composite materials. (L2)

3. Explain the roles of reinforcement and matrix in a composite material. (L2)


Reinforcements: Preparation-layup, curing, properties and applications of glass fibers, carbon fibers, Kevlar

fibers and Boron fibers. Properties and applications of whiskers, particle reinforcements. Mechanical

Behavior of composites: Rule of mixtures, Inverse rule of mixtures. iso-strain and iso-stress conditions.

Learning outcomes: 1. Demonstrate the preparation, layup and curing of composites. (L3)

2. Compare characteristics of various reinforcements. (L5)

3. Formulate methods to compute properties of composites. (L6)


Manufacturing of Metal Matrix Composites: Casting – Solid State diffusion technique, Cladding – Hot

isostatic pressing. Properties and applications. Manufacturing of Ceramic Matrix Composites: Liquid Metal

Infiltration – Liquid phase sintering. Manufacturing of Carbon – Carbon composites: Knitting, Braiding,

Weaving. Properties and applications.


53

Learning outcomes: 1. Choose manufacturing methods of metal matrix composites. (L5)

2. Recommend manufacturing methods of ceramic matrix composites. (L5)

3. Describe manufacturing methods of C-C composites. (L2)


Manufacturing of Polymer Matrix Composites: Preparation of Molding compounds and prepregs – hand

layup method – Autoclave method – Filament winding method – Compression molding – Reaction injection

molding. Properties and applications.

Learning outcomes:

1. Explain manufacturing methods of polymer matrix composites. (L2)

2. Choose appropriate manufacturing method to process polymer matrix composites. (L5)

3. Assess properties and applications of polymer matrix composites. (L5)

UNIT-V (7-Lectures)

Strength: Laminar Failure Criteria-strength ratio, maximum stress criteria, maximum strain criteria,

interacting failure criteria, hygrothermal failure. Laminate first play failure-insight strength; Laminate

strength-ply discount truncated maximum strain criterion; strength design using caplet plots; stress

concentrations.

Learning outcomes:

1. Apply theories for failure of composites. (L3)

2. Evaluate the strength of composite. (L5)

3. Design a composite material for a particular application. (L6)

TEXT BOOKS:

1. R.W.Cahn, Material Science and Technology – Vol 13 – Composites, West Germany, 1994.

2. WD Callister, Jr., Adapted by R. Balasubramaniam, Materials Science and Engineering, John Wiley &

Sons, NY, Indian edition, 2007.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. K.K.Chawla, Composite Materials, 3rd Edition, springer, 2012.

2. Deborah D.L. Chung, Composite Materials Science and Applications, 2nd Edition, springer, 2010.


54

COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS LAB II Semester


0 3 1.5


CO1: Solve steady state and transient heat conduction problems using a software package.

CO2: Solve heat transfer problems in fins and duct low using a CFD software.

CO3: Analyze natural convection problems using a CFD package.

CO4: Solve diffusion problems using FVM.

CO5: Apply central and upwind methods to convection-diffusion problems.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

Cycle I: Problems of Cycle-I have to be solved using a CFD software

1. Steady state one-dimensional heat conduction in a composite wall

2. Transient one dimensional heat conduction in a slab

3. Heat transfer from a circular fin.

4. Parallel flow heat exchanger

5. Counter flow heat exchanger.

6. Natural convection heat transfer

Cycle II: Problems of Cycle-II have to be solved by writing source codes in C

7. Transient 1-D heat conduction in a slab by Crank-Nicolson implicit method by FDM

discretization

8. Steady state 1-D heat transfer in an insulated rod with heat generation by FVM discretisation

9. Steady state 1-D heat transfer in a cylindrical fin by FVM discretization

10. One-dimensional heat transfer by convection-diffusion by FVM discretisation. Use central

differencing scheme in discretisation..

11. One-dimensional heat transfer by convection-diffusion by FVM discretisation. Use upwind

differencing scheme in discretisation.

12. Solve three simultaneous algebraic equations by Guassian elimination method.


55

VIRTUAL LAB ON MULTIPHASE FLOW

(Lab Elective II) II Semester


0 3 1.5


CO1: Examine the Taylors bubble formation in vertical circular conduits and compute its velocity.

CO2: Evaluate the formation of gas liquid two phase flows in vertical tubes and in natural circulation loop.

CO3: Analyze the characteristics of an airlift pump and evaporation losses from a cryogenic vessel.

CO4: Determine the bubble generation, growth and departure from a submerged orifice and steam

condensation in micro channels.

CO5: Test for the conductivity probes and signals in two -phase flows.

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Rise of Taylor Bubble Through Vertical Circular Conduits

2. Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow through a Vertical Tube

3. Evaporation Loss from a Cryogenic Vessel

4. Characteristics of an Air Lift Pump

5. Conductivity Probes and Signals in Two-Phase Flow

6. Bubble Generation, Growth and Departure from a Submerged Orifice

7. Virtual Lab on Steam Condensation in Micro channels

8. Two phase flow in a natural circulation loop

REFERENCES:

1. http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/mf/#


56

COMPUTATIONS LAB (Lab Elective-II)

II Semester

Course Code: 19ME2165 L P C 0 3 1.5


CO1: Apply various commands to do various matrix operations and plot 2D/3D figures to analyze data.

CO2: Develop programs to find roots of an equation and solve system of linear equations.

CO3: Create programs for interpolation and regression of give data.

CO4: Develop programs to solve ordinary differential equations.

CO5: Use software toolboxes to solve problems related to neural networks, fuzzy logic and genetic

algorithms.

List of Experiments:

Note: Any ten exercises from the following.

1. Basic commands like representing arrays, matrices, reading elements of a matrix, row and

columns of matrices, random numbers.

2. Transpose, determinant, inverse, Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a matrix.

3. Plotting tools for 2 dimensional and 3 dimensional plots, putting legends, texts, using subplot tool

for multiple plots.

4. Write a program for finding the roots of an equation using (1) Bisection (2) Newton methods.

5. Write a program for solving system of linear equations using Gauss elimination method.

6. Write a program for finding natural cubic spline that interpolates a table of values.

7. Write a program for determining least square polynomial fit of degree m for given data.

8. Write a program for solving ordinary differential equation by numerical methods.

9. Training and testing data using neural networks

10. Interpretation of data using fuzzy logic toolbox

11. Solve optimization problems using genetic algorithms

12. Design a simple mechanical system using Simulink/SimMechanics.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Abdel Wahhab Kharab, Ronald B Guenther, Introduction to Numerical Methods, A Matlab Approach,

4th Edition, Chapman & CRC Press, 2018.

REFERENCE BOOK:

1. Chapman S.J., Essentials of MATLAB Programming, Cengage Learning, 2nd Edition, 2008.


57

CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

(Audit Course – I)

III Semester

Course Code: 19HM21A1 L P C

3 0 0

Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

1. Describe historical background of the constitution making and its importance for building

a democratic India.

2. Explain the functioning of three wings of the government ie., executive, legislative and

judiciary.

3. Explain the value of the fundamental rights and duties for becoming good citizen of India.

4. Analyse the decentralisation of power between central, state and local self-government.

5. Apply the knowledge in strengthening of the constitutional institutions like CAG, Election

Commission and UPSC for sustaining democracy.

UNIT-I (10 Lectures) Introduction to Indian Constitution: Constitution’ meaning of the term, Indian Constitution -

Sources and constitutional history, Features - Citizenship, Preamble, Fundamental Rights and

Duties, Directive Principles of State Policy.

Learning Outcomes: 1. Explain the concept of Indian constitution (L2)

2. Apply the knowledge on directive principle of state policy (L3)

3. Analyse the History, features of Indian constitution (L4)

UNIT-II (10 Lectures) Union Government and its Administration Structure of the Indian Union: Federalism, Centre-

State relationship, President: Role, power and position, PM and Council of ministers, Cabinet

and Central Secretariat, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, The Supreme Court and High Court: Powers

and Functions;

Learning Outcomes: -After completion of this unit student will

1. Describe the structure of Indian government (L2)

2. Differentiate between the state and central government (L5)

3. Explain the role of President and Prime Minister (L1)

UNIT-III (10 Lectures) State Government and its Administration Governor - Role and Position - CM and Council of

ministers, State Secretariat: Organisation, Structure and Functions


1. Describethe structure of state government (L2)

2. Analyse the role Governor and Chief Minister (L4)

3. Explain the role of state Secretariat (L2)


58

UNIT-IV (10 Lectures) Local Administration - District’s Administration Head - Role and Importance, Municipalities -

Mayor and role of Elected Representative - CEO of Municipal Corporation Pachayati Raj:

Functions PRI: Zilla Panchayat, Elected officials and their roles, CEO Zila Panchayat: Block level

Organizational Hierarchy - (Different departments), Village level - Role of Elected and Appointed

officials - Importance of grass-root democracy


1. Describe the local Administration (L2)

2. Compare and contrast district administration role and importance (L5)

3. Analyse the role of Myer and elected representatives of Municipalities (L4)

UNIT-V (10 Lectures) Election Commission: Role of Chief Election Commissioner and Election Commission; State

Election Commission: Functions of Commissions for the welfare of SC/ST/OBC and women


1. Know the role of Election Commission apply knowledge (L1)

2. Contrast and compare the role of Chief Election commissioner and Commissioner (L5)

3. Analyse the role of state election commission (L4)

REFERENCES:

1. Durga Das Basu, Introduction to the Constitution of India, Prentice – Hall of India Pvt.Ltd..

New Delhi

2. SubashKashyap, Indian Constitution, National Book Trust

3. J.A. Siwach, Dynamics of Indian Government & Politics

4. D.C. Gupta, Indian Government and Politics

5. H.M.Sreevai, Constitutional Law of India, 4th edition in 3 volumes (Universal Law

Publication)

6. J.C. Johari, Indian Government and Politics Hans

7. J. Raj IndianGovernment and Politics

8. M.V. Pylee, Indian Constitution Durga Das Basu, Human Rights in Constitutional Law,

Prentice – Hall of India Pvt.Ltd.. New Delhi

9. Noorani, A.G., (South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre), Challenges to Civil

Right), Challenges to Civil Rights Guarantees in India, Oxford University Press 2012

E-RESOURCES:

1. nptel.ac.in/courses/109104074/8

2. nptel.ac.in/courses/109104045/

3. nptel.ac.in/courses/101104065/

4. www.hss.iitb.ac.in/en/lecture-details

5. www.iitb.ac.in/en/event/2nd-lecture-institute-lecture-series-indian-constitution.


59

ENGLISH FOR RESEARCH PAPER WRITING

(Audit Course-II)

II Semester

Course Code: 19HE21A1 L P C

3 0 0

Course Outcomes: By the end of course the students will be able to

CO1: Demonstrate writing meaningful sentences and coherent paragraphs

CO2: Show conciseness, clarity and avoid redundancy in writing

CO3: Summarize, evaluate literature, and write methodology, results and conclusion

CO4: Describe how to develop title, write abstract and introduction

CO5: Apply correct style of referencing and use punctuation appropriately

UNIT-I 8-Lectures

Planning and preparation, word order & breaking up long sentences, structuring sentences and

paragraphs.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain planning and preparation required for research communication (L2)

2. Use appropriate word order and write short sentences (L3)

3. Demonstrate writing coherent paragraphs and sentences (L3)

Unit II: 10 Lectures

Being concise, avoiding redundancy, ambiguity and vagueness, literature survey - highlighting

your findings, hedging, paraphrasing and plagiarism

Learning Outcomes:

1. Demonstrate conciseness, clarity and avoid redundancy (L3)

2. Describe the process of literature survey (L2)

3. Paraphrase and avoid plagiarism (L2)

Unit III: 12 Lectures

Sections of a paper – abstract, introduction, etc. review of the literature, writing - methods, results,

discussion, conclusions and final check

Learning Outcomes:

1. Explain how to write abstract and introduction (L2)

2. Describe how to summarize and evaluate literature (L2)

3. Discuss how to write methodology, discussions, results and conclusion(L2)


60

Unit IV: 12 Lectures

Writing – Title, Abstract and Introduction, Review of Literature and Methods

Learning Outcomes:

1. Demonstrate how to develop title, write abstract and introduction(L3)

2. Summarize and evaluate literature (L2)

3. Show how to write methodology, discussions, results and conclusion(L3)

Unit V: 08 Lectures

Useful phrases and punctuation, in-text citation and bibliography – MLA/APA styles

Learning Outcomes:

1. Show how to use useful phrases (L3)

2. Demonstrate how to use correct punctuation (L3)

3. Apply correct style(s) of in-text citation and bibliography (L3)

Suggested Books:

1. Adrian Wallwork, English for Writing Research Papers, Springer New York Dordrecht

Heidelberg, London, 2011.

2. Day R. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, Cambridge University Press, 2006.

3. Goldbort R. Writing for Science, Yale University Press, 2006.

4. Highman N. Handbook of Writing for the Mathematical Sciences, SIAM. Highman’s book,

1998.

Documents

M.Tech. Programme in THERMAL ENGINEERING Engg-19-20.pdf · Jet and Rocket Propulsion 3. Two Phase Flow and Heat Transfer 3 0 3 Open Elective 19CH21P1 19ME21P1 ... relation – Mach