M.Tech (Optoelectronics & Laser Technology) M.Phil

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS (ISP)

COURSE STRUCTURE AND SYLLABI OF

M.Tech (Optoelectronics & Laser Technology)

M.Phil ( Photonics)

COCHIN UNIVERSITY OFSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COCHIN - 682 022

2008

Contact Address

DirectorInternational School of PhotonicsCochin University of Science and TechnologyCochin-682 022Phone: 0484 - 2575848

PHOTONICS

Photonics is the technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms of radiant

energy whose quantum unit is a photon. In addition to a good theoretical foundation of optical

phenomena, the subject includes the technology related to emission, transmission, detection,

amplification and other forms of manipulation of light using optical components, systems and devices.

Lasers, fibre otpics and related optoelectronic systems form an integral part of Photonics. In short

Photonics is the science and technology for harnessing light for various beneficial human activities.

Numerous consumer items using Photonics technology have already started to enter our daily lives

as in a CD player or TV remote control.

The era of Photonics began with the invention of laser in 1960. It made a direct impact on

telecommunications with the perfection in the late 1970's of low loss optical fibers for long haul

under sea and terrestrial communications. Photonics technology steadily penetrated into other

industrial as well as military applications. Theoretically, almost any physical or environmental

parameter can be measured using light, and consequently quantities like temperature, strain, electric

current, vibration, chemical and biological pollutants can be accurately measured using a wide range

of ultra sensitive optical sensors which have evolved in recent times. Another growing area is

biophotonics, where Photonics technology is used to develop new procedures and techniques in

biotechnology, microbiology, medicine, surgery and other life sciences. Photonics has a strong

reputation of solving research problems through advanced spectroscopy, lasers, microscopy and fiber

optic imaging. The use of light in meeting the demands of society's growing needs is just beginning.

The use of light will most certainly and dramatically change the quality of almost every aspect of our

daily lives.

CUSAT is one of the few universities/institutions in India that have facilities for R&D activities

and manpower training in Photonics and related fields. The integrated M.Sc. degree course in

Photonics conducted by Center of Excellence in Lasers and Optoelectronic Sciences (CELOS), M.Tech

in Optoelectronics and Laser Technology, M.Phil and Ph.D programme in Photonics offered by

International School of Photonics (ISP) of CUSAT are designed specifically for the purpose of

manpower training and R&D activities in the area of Photonics.

CONTENTS Page No.

M.Tech Course Structure 5

M.Tech. Semester I 7

M.Tech. Semester II 12

Courses to be offered by ISP 24for other Departments

M. Phil (Photonics Course Structure 29& Syllabus)

M.TechCourse Structure

Semester I

Course code Paper Core/Elective Credits Marks

ISP 3101 Modern Optics C 4 100

ISP 3102 Laser Technology C 4 100

ISP 3103 Optoelectronics C 4 100

ISP 3104 Industrial Management C 1 50

ISP 3105 Lab course I C 3 100

ISP 3106 Optical Communication Technology E 3 100

Total for Semester I 19 550

Semester II


ISP 3201 Fibre Optics & Applications C 4 100

ISP 3202 Lab course II C 3 100

ISP 3203 Mini project, seminar E 1 50

Any 3 electives

ISP 3204 Laser Applications E 3 100

ISP 3205 Non liner Optics OSP & OC. E 3 100

ISP 3206 Digital Communication E 3 100

ISP 3207 Industrial Photonics E 3 100

ISP 3208 Advanced laser systems E 3 100

ISP 3209 Biophotonics E 3 100

ISP 3210 Nanophotonics E 3 100

ISP 3211 Digital Signal Processing E 3 100

ISP 3212 Laser Spectroscopy E 3 100

ISP 3213 Photonics materials and devices E 3 100

ISP 3214 Science and Technology of Plasma E 3 100

ISP 3215 Integrated Optics E 3 100

Total for Semester II 17 550

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS5

Semester III


ISP 3301 Project C 18 400

Semester IV


ISP 3401 Project C 18 400

Total credits 8 72 1900

Courses for outside departments ( 2-credit courses)

ISP 501 Lasers and ApplicationsISP 502 Fibre Optics and ApplicationsISP 503 Nonlinear Optics and Optical Computing

ISP 504 BiophotonicsISP 505 Quantum Mechanics for Engineers.

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS 6

M.Tech. (0 E & L T)Detailed Syllabus

SEMESTER IISP — 3101 MODERN OPTICS

MODULE I

Electromagnetic theory: Maxwell's equations, Energy density and momentum of theelectromagnetic field, Poynting's theorem, Boundary conditions on an interface. Reflection,refraction and total internal reflection. Reflection and refraction of polarized waves on aninterface. Electromagnetic waves in a conducting medium.

Polarisation: Polarisation ellipse, Different polarization states, Stokes parameters and theirmeasurements. Jone's vectors and matrices.

MODULE II

Coherence: Young's double slit, double slit with an extended source, Michelson's interferometer,Mach-Zehnder interferometer, Multiple beam interference, Fabry- Perot interferometer, Resolvingpower, Free spectral range and Finesse of Fabry- Perot interferometer. Interference filters. Sagnaceffect, Sagnac interferometer.

Theory of Partial coherence: Spatial and temporal coherence. Coherence length and coherencetime. Degree of coherence, Fourier transform spectroscopy. Intensity interferometry, HanburyBrown — Twiss interferometer.

MODULE III

Ray propagation: Rays in a medium. Matrix methods in ray propagation.Ray path in aninhomogeneous medium. Ray vector and ray matrices. Lens wave guide. Rays in a lens-likemedium. Propagation of beams, Gaussian beam propagation. ABCD law. Focussing of Gaussianbeams.

MODULE IV

Theory of Diffraction: Kirchoff's theorem. Fresnel- Kirchoff integral formula and its applicationto diffraction problems. Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction. Fraunhofer diffraction by single slit,double slit , multiple slits, diffraction grating, circular aperature. Fresnel diffraction, Fresnel zones,Fresnel integrals./ Spatial filters.

MODULE V

Elements of Fourier optics: Concept of spatial frequencies, Effect of lens on a wave front, Lensas a Fourier transform element. Theory of Imaging.Elements of Adaptive optics: Principles of Adaptive optics, Wave front distortion, wave frontsensors, wave front reconstruction ( qualitative treatment only)

REFERENCES

Optics E.Hecht Pearson Edn (4th Ed) 2004 (Text)

Modern Optics — R.D,Guenther , John Wiley (1990) (Text)

Quantum Electronics — Amnon Yariv, Academic Press (1998)

Principles of optics — Born and Wolf, Cambridge University Pres (1981)

Fundamentals of Photonics — Saleh and Teich Wiley Intsc (2007)

Adaptive optics in Astronomy — Francois Roddier (Ed). Cambridge Univ (1999)

7 INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS

ISP 3102 LASER TECHNOLOGY

MODULE I

Radiative transitions and emission line widths, Radiative decay of excited states of atoms,spontaneous emission, collisional depopulation in. atomic and molecular gases, emissionbroadenings, homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadenings, radiation and Thermal equilibrium,Plank's law for cavity radiation, absorption and stimulated emission. Einstein's A and B coefficients,Conditions for producing laser action, absorption and gain of a homogeneously broadened radiativetransition, gain coefficient and stimulated emission cross section for homogeneous andinhomogeneous broadening.

MODULE II

Necessary and sufficient conditions for laser action (population inversion and saturation intensity),growth of gain medium with homogeneous broadening and inhomogeneous broadening, thresholdrequirements for a laser with and without cavity, laser oscillation above threshold and saturationof laser gain, Principle of laser amplifiers. Requirements to obtain population inversion, rateequation for three and four level systems, three level system with upper laser level as the highestlevel, transient population inversion, pumping threshold requirements, pumping parametersassociated with optical and particle pumping.

MODULE III

Laser cavity modes: Fabry Perot cavity modes, longtitudinal and transverse modes, modecharacteristics, spectral and spatial hole burning, stability of laser resonator, stability diagram,optimisation of output coupling, unstable resonators, ring cavity.

MODULE IV

Q switching general theory, active and passive Q-switching techniques, Mode locking, generaltheory, active and passive mode locking, mode locking by pulse shortening, tunable cavities,properties of laser beam, experimental techniques to characterize laser beam

SECTION V

Laser systems, General description, laser structure, excitation mechanism and applications offollowing lasers. He-Ne, Argon ion, CO2, excimer, nitrogen, X-ray, Free electron, dye, Nd: Yag,Nd: Glass, Alexanderite and Ti: Sapphire lasers, diode pumped solid state laser, OPO laser.

REFERENCES:

. Laser Fundmentals - Willaim T Selfvast, Cambridge Univ-Press (1996). (Text)

Laser Electronics - J T Vardeyan, Prentice Hall India, PHI (2 nd Ed) 1989.

Lasers-Theory & Applications-Ghatak & Thyagarajan (McMillan, India 1991) (Text)

Optical Electronics - A Yariv (4th Ed. Saunders College Pub. 1991).

Principles of lasers — Svelto, Plenum Press (1984)

Solid State Laser Engineering - Koechonar(Springer Verlag. 1991

Laser Physics - Tarasov (MIR Pub) (1985)


ISP 3103 OPTO ELECTRONICS

MODULE I

Nature of light, light sources, black body, colour temperature, units of light, radio metric andphotometric units, basic semi conductors, PN junction, carrier recombination and diffusion,'injection efficiency, heterojunction, internal quantum efficiency, External quantum efficiency,double hetero junction, fabrication of heterojunction, quantum wells and super lattices.

MODULE II

Opto electronic devices, Optical modulators, modulation methods and modulators, transmitters,optical transmitter circuits, LED and laser drive circuits, LED-Power and efficiency, doublehereostructure LED, LED structures, LED characteristics, laser modes, strip geometry, gain guidedlasers, index guided lasers.

MODULE III

Modulation of light, birefringence, electrooptic effect, EO materials, Kerr modulators, scanningand switching, self electro optic devices, MO devices, AO devices, AO modulators.

MODULE IV

Display devices, Photoluminescence, cathodo luminescence, EL display, LED display, drivecircuitary, plasma panel display, liquid crystals, properties, LCD displays, numeric displays.

MODULE V

Photo detectors, thermal detectors, photoconductors, detectors, photon devices, PMT, photodiodes,photo transistors, noise characteristics of photo-detectors, PIN diode, APD characteristics, APDDesign of detector arrays, CCD, Solar cells. .

REFERENCES:

•/1. Opto electronics - An introduction - J Wilson and J F B J iS Hawkers.(Prentics-Hall India, 1996) ( Text)

Optical fibre communication - J M Senior (Prentice Hall India ( 1985)

Optical fibre communication systems - J Gowar (Prentice Hall 1995).

Introduction to optical electronics - J Palais (Prentice Hall, 1988)

Semiconductor opto electronics - Jasprit Singh (McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1995)

Semiconductor optoelectronic devices - P Bhattacharya

(Prentice Hall of India, 1995) ( Text)

Fibre Optics and Opto-electronics, R P Khare (Oxford University Press, 2004)


ISP 3104 INDUSTRIAL 1MANAGEMENT

MODULE I

Definition of management, what is management, how managers carry out their functions,characteristics of management, levels of management, management skills. Evoluation ofmanagement theory, scientific management, principles of scientific management, administrativemanagement, modern management theories. Functions of management, planning, forecasting,organising, staffing, directing, motivating, controlling, coordinating, communicating, decisionmaking.

MODULE II

Quality management, definition, QC function, qualify systems, quality control, quality cost,accounting for quality cost, and less- quality audit.

Marketing management, market, market research 4Ps of marketing, sales forecasting, materialsmanagement, purchasing, stores and store keeping, inventory control (ABC, VED, JIT).Programme evaluation and review techniques (PERT), Critical path method (CPM), introductionto MS projects.

MODULE III

Introduction, definition, functions of financial management, cost accounting and controlfundamentals of accounting. Balance sheet, sources of finance, financial institutions, Profits /loss account, cost of sales - taxes.

Financial ratio, capital, classification of capital, working capital, need for working capital,assessment of working capital factors, affecting working capitals. Break even analysis, depreciation,equipment replacement policy.

REFERENCES:

Industrial organisation and Management - Bethel to (McGraw Hill).

Principles of Industrial management - Koonz nad Doel

Financial Management: Prasanna Chandra (Tata McGraw Hill)

Operating management - Fabrichy et al (Tata McGraw Hill)

Handbook of Mbo: Reddin & Rayan (Tata McGraw Hill)

Projects - Prasanna Chandra (Tata McGraw Hill)

Industrial Finance India - S.K. Basu

First Steps in Book Keeping - J.B. Batliboi

9. Management accounting : Hingrani & Bemnath

10.Production & Operations Management, Manufacturing & service - Chase, Aquilano, JacobsIrwin (Me Graw Hill)

11.Project Management -A Management approach-J.R. Meridith S.J. Manel Jr (John Wely)

12.The essentials of Project Mafmejife Dennis Lock; (GoverPub)

13.0rganization Theory-Mary Jo Hatch

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHOTONICS

10

ISP 3106 OPTICAL COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

MODULE I

Unguided optical communication system, transmission parameters, beam divergence, atmosphericattenuation, guided wave communication, merits of optical fibre communication systems ,basicnetwork information rates, time evolution of fibre optic systems, elements of optical fibertransmission link/ repeaters, integrated optics,active andpassiyesompQnents, opto-mechanicalswitches, all optical switches

MODULE II

Optical receiver operation, Error sources, Receiver configuration, Fourier transform representation.Digital receiver performance calculations. Preamplifier types, High impedance bipolar transistoramplifiers, trans-impedance amplifier, analog receivers.

MODULE III

Digital transmission systems. Point to point links, system considerations, link power budget, risetime budget, first window transmission distance, transmission distance for single mode link linecoding, NRZ codes, RZ codes, block codes. Coherent systems, homodyne and heterodyne detection.

Multiplexing schemes, TDM, WDM concepts and components, operational principles of WDM,passive components, 2 x 2 fibre coupler, fiber grating filters, Tunable filters, system considerationand tunable filter types.

MODULE IV

Optical amplifiers, general applications and amplifier types, semiconductor optical amplifiers,external pumping, amplifier gain, erbium doped fiber amplifiers, amplification mechanism, EDFAarchitecture, EDFA power conversion efficiency and gain, amplifier noise.

MODULE V

Optical networks, network topologies, performance of passive linear buses, performance of stararchitectures, SONET/SDH, transmission formats and speeds, optical interfaces, SONET/SDHrings, SONET/SDH networks. Nonlinear effects on network performance. Solitons, Optical CDMA,Ultrahigh capacity networks.

REFERENCES

Optical Fibre Communications — J M Senior (Prentice Hall India 1994) (Text)

Fibre Optic Communication — C Agarwal (Wheeler, 1993)

Optical Fibre Communication Systems — J Gowar (Prentice Hall, 1995).

Introduction to Optical Fibre Communication — Suematsu and Iga (John Wiley, 1982).

5. Fibre Optic Communication —J Palais (Prentice Hall International 1988).

'6. Optical Fibre Communication — G Keiser (3rd Ed), 2000 (Text)


SEMESTER II

ISP 3201 FIBRE OPTICS AND APPLICATIONS

MODULE I

Optical wave guides: Ray theory of propagation. Electromagnetic theory of wave propagation.Characteristics of planar wave guides, TE and TM modes in planar wave guide.Number of guidedmodes. Optical fibre, Types of fibres, Step index and graded index fibres. Characteristics of opticalfibre.Mode analysis. Weakly guiding fibre approximation. LP modes. Single mode fibre, cut- offwave lengths, spot size. Mode coupling. Elements of coupled mode analysis.i/p, o/p couplers.

MODULE H

Optical fibres and cables: Fabrication of optical fibre. Fibre drawing. Vapour phase depositiontechniques. Cable design

Optical fibre connection: joints and couplers Fibre splices, fusion splices, mechanical splices.Fibre connectors, Expanded beam connectors. Fibre couplers. Source to fibre and fibre to fibrecoupling. Coupling losses.

MODULE III

Transmission characteristics of optical fibres: Attenuation, absorption losses, linear scatteringlosses, nonlinear scattering losses, Stimulated Raman and stimulated Brillouin scattering. Fibrebend losses.

Dispersion: Phase and group velocities. Material dispersion, intramodal dispersion and waveguide dispersion. Overall fibre dispersion. Dispersion modified fibres.Polarisation maintainingfibres.

MODULE IV

Optical fibre measurements: Attenuation measurements, Dispersion measurements( time domainand frequency domain) Measurements of NA,Diameter and refractive index profile.

Integrated optics: Periodic interaction in wave guides, Coupled mode equations, Power couplingbetween modes, directional couplers. Contradirectional coupling.

MODULE V

Fibre Bragg Grating, Long- period fibre Bragg Grating. Fabrication of Fibre Gratings.

Optical Fibre sensors: Intensity modulation sensors. Phase modulation sensors, Temperature,pressure, chemical and rotation sensors. Fibre optic gyroscopes. Evanescent wave sensors.

REFERENCES

Introduction to fiber optics — Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan, Cambridge UnivPress, 1999 ( Text)

Optical Fiber communication — John M Senior, PHI 1994 (Text)

Fundamentals of Opto electronics — Clifford R. Pollock and Iswing (1008)

Fiber optic communication — J. Palais.PHI, (1998)

5. Fundamentals of fibre optics in communication — B.P.Pal( ed) Wiley Eastern (1994)


ry

ISP 3204 LASER APPLICATIONS

MODULE I

Nonlinear optics, nonlinear optical coefficient, second order Non linear effects, electromagneticformulation of 2nd order -nonlinear interaction, optical parametric oscillator.

MODULE II -

Industrial applications: Absorption of laser radiation by metals, semi conductors and insulators,laser drilling, welding, cutting and surface cleaning, optical fibre splicing, laser deposition of thinfilms.

MODULE III

Lasers in chemistry: schemes of laser isotope separation, laser induced chemical reactions, infraredphoto chemistry, ultra fast processes.

MODULE IV

Holography and speckle interferometry: Theory of hologram recording and reconstruction, thinand thick holograms, application of holography to character recognition and NDT, theory andapplications of speckle interferometry.

MODULE V

Lasers in medicine: Photodynamic therapy, laser angioplasty, Lasers in surgery.

Other applications of lasers: Laser pollution monitoring, LIDAR laser gyros, laser induced fusion,laser energy requirements, laser induced fusion reactor, CD and CD ROM, laser cooling trapping

REFERENCES

Optical electronics - A Yariv (4th Ed. Saunders College Pub. 1991)

Lasers and nonlinear optics - B B Laud (2nd Ed. Wiley Eastern 1993)

Laser processing and analysis of materials - W W Duley. Plenum Press (1983)

Laser Handbook Vol II and III - Arechi (Ed) (North Holland)

Nd YAG laser surgery - Joffy S N and Y Ogurov (Springer Verlag)

Fundamentals of Photonics - B E A Salel Wiley Int Sc, 2007

Text book of modern optics - R S Sirohi, Orient Longmann, 1993

Lasers in Medicine - H K Kobener (Wiley)

9. Laser cooling and Trapping - H J Metcalf. P. Vander, Springer Verlag, 1999


ISP 3205 NONLINEAR OPTICS, OPTICAL SINGNALPROCESSING AND OPTICAL COMPUTING

MODULE I

Nonlinear optical coefficients, second order and third order susceptibility tensors. Third orderoptical nonlinear phenomena -FWM OPC - stimulated Raman and Brillouin scattering, CARS,intensity dependent refractive index, self focussing, SIT, nonlinear F-P etalon, Optical bistablity,Optical transistor, SEED, optical logic gates, implementation and their application in opticalcomputers (optical computing by Feitelson).

MODULE II

Mathematical transforms in signal processing, Fresnel transform, Hilbert transform, Radontransform, Mellin transform,Two dimensional Fourier transforms and their properties,convoulution and correlation. Effect of lens on wavefront, FT properties of single lens, opticaltransform function. (Signal processing using optics by Boone).

MODULE III

Time and space integrating architecture, spectrum analysis, Vanderlugt filter, image spatial filtering,SLMS - AO, MO, EO and ; LC based SLMs (Boone).

MODULE IV

Optical numerical processing - Simple arithmetic, evaluation of polynomials, opticalimplementation of Matrix vector multiplication, Matrix-matrix multipliers, differentiation,integration and solutions of partial differential equations (Optical computing by Feitelson).

MODULE V

Optical neural network - characteristics of ANN, use of optics in ANN, neuron as nonlinearelement, Associative memory using pattern matching by vector-matrix multiplication, doubleand multilayer NN structure, training a NN, Hopfild net, optical implementation of NN.

REFERENCES:

Signal Processing using optics B G Boone (Oxford Univ Presses, 1998)

Optical Computing D G Feitelson (MIT Press) 2001

3. Optical Electronics A Yariv (Academic Press) 1998

4. Nonlinear optics Shen (Jonn WeilY & Sons, 1991

Fourier Optics Joseph Goodman 2nd Ed, McGraw Hill, 1996

Digital image processing B Jahne, Springer Verlag

7. Textbook of Optical phaseconjuaction

Fisher, Academic Press, 1982


r

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ISP 3206 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

MODULE I

Digital signals and systems, digital PAM signals, transmission limitations, Power spectra of PAM,binary error probabilities, regernenative repeaters, Nyquist pulse shaping, equalisation,synchronization techniques, bit and frame synchronization.

MODULE II

Pulse code modulation, PCM generation and reconstruction of multiplexing PCM signals, DPCM,DM, adaptive delta modulation.

MODULE III

Information Theory, concept of amount of information, average information, entropy, coding toincrease average information per bit, Shannon's Theorem, Channel Capacity, Band Width, S/Ntradeoff.

MODULE IV

Error detection and correction, repetition and parity of cheeky codes, convolutional codes,performance of ARQ systems.

MODULE V

Digital CW modulation, spectral analysis of band pass digital signals, amplitude-phase andfrequency modulation methods.

REFERENCES:

Communication systems A B Carlson (McGraw Hill)

Principles of Communication systems - Taub and Schilling

Principles of Digital Communication-J Das, S.K. Mullik RK. Chatterjee (Wiley Eastern)

Digital Communication - S. Hayken (John Wiley'95)

ISP 3207 INDUSTRIAL PHOTONICS

MODULE I

Photonics Technology: Passive Components- couplers, isolators, circulators, terminators,attenuators, multiplexers and filters, Fused fibre components based on BiconicalTaperTechnology, Star and Tree couplers. Fibre delay lines, Clip-on couplers, Fibre gratings.Mode conditioning Patchcords, Optical switches, WDMs, arrayed waveguide gratings, lensedfibres, thermally expanded core fibres, polarization maintaining components.

MODULE II

Active Components: Media converters, Mode converters, Transponders, Optical Nodes,Regenerators, Modulators, Optical Cross Connects, EDFA, Raman Amplifiers.


MODULE III

Modulation and demodulation: Signal formats, direct detection, receivers. coherent detection,test beds-Lambdanets, STARNET, Rainbow, wavelength routing network. Optical layer inNetwork, Node design. Networking design and operation, Routing wavelength assignment.Wavelength routing test beds AON, NT1R,ONTC, MONET.

MODULE IV

Optical Networks: Network architecture, HFC, FTTC, Optical Access Network Architecture,deployment considerations - upgrading the transmission capacity, SDM, TDM, WDM, OTDM,Multiplexing and demultiplexing, Synchronization, broadcast OTDM Network, OTDMtestbeds, Application areas - interexchange, undersea, local exchange networks.

MODULE V

Control and Management: Network management function, configuration, performance andfault managements, Channel Health Monitoring, Dark and Active fibre monitoring, OpticalProtection - Effect of PDL and PMD on high speed optical networks, Attacks on fibre networks,Intrusion detection and prevention techniques. Network Test Equipments - OTDRmeasurements.

MODULE VI

Reliability Concepts: Concepts on product reliability, Reliability of Optical Components,Thermal stability, Factors affecting the reliability of fused fibre components, reliability testsand test setups, High power optical requirements, Effects of dirt on fibre endfaces, Reliabilityand Test Standards in Fibre optics.

Packaging and Cabling Concepts: Basics of Optical alignments,alignment stations, algorithms,epoxy bonding, epoxy dispensing systems, soldering, laser welding, glass soldering, packagingof fused fibre devices, micro optic based components, laser diode packaging. Integrated Opticcomponents.

TEXTS:

Optical Networks-A practical Applications,R.Ramaswami & K.N.Sivarajan Marcourt Asia2000.

Optoelectronic Packaging, Nagesh R. Bassavanhally.

REFERENCES

Photonics Switching Technology, H T Mouftah, JMH Elmirghani, IEEE Press (1999)

Deploying Optical Networking components, Gil Held, McGraw Hill (2001)

Optical Interconnection, C Tocci, H J Caulfield, Artech House (1999)

Optical Fiber Communication(3rd Ed) G Keiser ( 2000)

5. Reliability of passive optical components: Telcordia GR -1209


ISP 3208 ADVANCED LASER SYSTEMS

MODULE I

Gas lasers: General principle of population inversion in gas laser excitation and depopulationmechanisms-pulsed and continuous wave lasers-collision lasers. Helium Neon gas laser-energylevels-energy transfer-excitation methods- fabrication details-operating characteristics. He-Cdlasers-laser structure-excitation mechanism.

Molocular gas lasers: Discharge in molecular CO2 - inversion mechanisms- CO2 laser modes-CW and pulsed CO2 lasers-power supply of CO2 lasers-laser amplifier-TEA CO2 lasers-Nitrogenlaser-pumping method-emission characteristics-pulsed N2 laser design. Far IR gas lasers-laser

structure and excitation mechanisms.

MODULE IIIon laser: Argon ion energy levels - excitation mechanisms-fabrication of argon ion lasers-uvemission-Excimer and metal vapour rare gas dimers-electronic structure-rare gas excimer-energylevel diagram - excimer decay mechanism - xenon halide and krypton halide lasers-excitationmechanisms - efficiency — physics of metal vapour laser-copper vapour laser-fabrication details.

MODULE IIISolid state lasers: properties of solid state laser materials — fluorescence emission in solids - RubyNd. YAG, Nd: Glass lasers - laser energy levels — pumping sources and cavity configurations -power supply - CW and pulsed operation - General ideas of the following: Tunable solid statelasers-Ti-sapphire and Alexandrite lasers-fiber lasers-diode pumped solid state lasers-color centerlasers.

MODULE IVSemiconductor lasers: Population inversion-threshold condition-Ga As diode laser-emissioncharacteristics-hetero junction laser-tunable diode lasers- tuning methods-quantum well structure-high power semiconductor diode lasers- frequency control of laser output-distributed feed backlasers-cleaved coupled cavity laser, surface emitting lasers, mode locking of semiconductor lasers,large wavelength semiconductor lasers.

MODULE VDye laser: Spectroscopy of organic dyes-fluorescence and phosphorescence- optical pumping-incoherent and coherent pumping-threshold condition-rate equation-cw and pulsed dye lasers-turning mechanism-dye laser line width-ring dye laser-General ideas of the following lasers: Spinflip Raman laser-Free electron laser, plasma recombination laser-OPO based laser system-X-raylasers and chemical lasers.

REFERENCES

Solid State Laser Engineering - W. Koechener (Springer Verlag) 3rd Edn 1992

Dye Laser - Schaffer (Springer Verlag) 2nd ed., 1977

Quantum Electronics - A. Yariv (John Wiley) 4th edn 1991

Laser Physics - Tarasov (Mir Publishers)1995Semiconductor optoelectronic Devices-Pallab Bhattacharya, (Prentice Hall India).1995Lasers: Principles and Applications-J.F.B.Hawkes, Wilson. (Prentice Hall)Lasers-Peter-W Miloni and Joseph H EberlyLaser Fundamentals-William T.Silfast (Cambridge University Press)


ISP 3209 BIO-PHOTONICS

Topics for initial reading: Fundamentals of light as matter, basics of biology, fundamentals of lightmatter interactions, lasers, laser technology, nonlinear optics (introduction to Bio-photonics byPN Prasad, Chapter 1 — 6).

MODULE I

Photobiology; interaction of light with cells with cells and tissues, Photo-process in B iopolymers-human eve and vision, Photosynthesis; Photo-excitation — free space propagation, optical fibredelivery system, articulated arm delivery, hollow tube wave-guides.

Optical coherence Tomogaphy, Spectral and time-resolved imaging. Fluorescence, resonanceenergy transfer imaging, nonlinear optical imaging.

MODULE II

Bio-imaging: Transmission microscopy, Kohler illumination, microscopy based on phase contrast,dark-field and differential interference contrast microscopy, Florescence, confocal and multi-photon microscopy.

Applications of bio-imaging; Bio-imaging probes and fluoropores, imaging of microbes, cellularimaging and tissue imaging.

MODULE III

Optical Biosensors: Florescence and energy transfer sensing, molecular beacons and opticalgeometries of bio-sensing, Biosensors based on fibre optics, planer waveguides, evanescent waves,interferometric and surface plasmon resonance.

Flow Cytometry: basis, flurochromes for flow cytometry, DNA analysis.

MODULE IV

Laser activated therapy; Photodynamic therapy, photo-sensitizers for photodynamic therapy,applications of photodynamic therapy, two photon photodynamic therapy. Tissue engineeringusing light; contouring and restructuring of tissues using laser, laser tissue regeneration, femto-second laser surgery.

MODULE V

Laser tweezers and laser scissors: design of Laser tweezers and laser scissors, optical trappingusing non Guassian optical beam, manipulation of single DNA molecules, molecular motors,laser for Genomics and Proteomics, semi conductor Quantum dots for bio imaging, Metallicnano-particles and nano-rods for bio-sensing, Photonics and biomaterials: bacteria as bio-synthezersfor photonics polymers.

REFERENCES

Introduction to bio-photonics — P.N. Prasad Wiley Interscience (2003) (Text)

Biomedical Photonics — A handbook — T.Vo Dinh (CRC Press) (2002)


ISP 3210 NANOPHOTONICS

MODULE I

Foundations for Nanophotonics

Confinement of Photons and Electrons, Propagation Through a Classically Forbidden Zone:

Tunneling, Localization Under a' Periodic Potential: Bandgap, Cooperative Effects for Photonsand Electrons, Nanoscale Optical Interactions, Axial and Lateral Nanoscopic Localization,Nanoscale Confinement of Electronic Interactions, Quantum Confinement Effects, NanoscopicInteraction Dynamics, Nanoscale Electronic Energy Transfer.

Near-Field Interaction and Microscopy : Near-Field Optics, Modeling of Near-Field NanoscopicInteractions, Near-Field Microscopy, Apertureless Near-Field Spectroscopy and Microscopy,Nanoscale Enhancement of Optical Interactions, Time- and Space-Resolved Studies of NanoscaleDynamics.

MODULE II

4. Quantum-Confined Materials : Quantum Wells, Quantum Wires, Quantum Dots QuantumRings, Manifestations of Quantum Confinement, Optical Properties, Quantum-Confined StarkEffect, Dielectric Confinement Effect, Single-Molecule Spectroscopy, Quantum-ConfinedStructures as Lasing Media, Metallic Nanoparticles and Nanorods, Metallic NanoshellsApplications of Metallic Nano structures.

GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOMATERIALS

Growth Methods for Nanomaterials , Epitaxial Growth , Laser-Assisted Vapor Deposition (LAND)

Nanochemistry , Characterization of Nanomaterials , X-Ray Characterization ,TransmissionElectron Microscopy (TEM) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) , Scanning Probe Microscopy(SPM).

MODULE III

Nanostructured Molecular Architectures :Noncovalent Interactions , Nanostructured PolymericMedia , Molecular Machines, Dendrimers , Supramolecular Structures, Monolayer and MultilayerMolecular Assemblies.

Photonic Crystals : Basics Concepts, Theoretical Modeling of Photonic Crystals, Features ofPhotonic Crystals, Methods of Fabrication, Photonic Crystal Optical Circuitry

Nonlinear Photonic Crystals, Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCF), Photonic Crystals and OpticalCommunications, Photonic Crystal Sensors.

MODULE IV

Nanocomposites : Nanocomposites as Photonic Media, Nanocomposite Waveguides, RandomLasers: Laser Paints, Local Field Enhancement, Multiphasic Nanocomposites, Nanocompositesfor Optoelectronics.

Industrial nanophotonics: Nanolithography, Nanosphere Lithography, Dip-Pen Nanolithography,Nanoimprint Lithography, Nanoparticle Coatings, Sunscreen Nanoparticles, Self-Cleaning GlassFluorescent Quantum Dots, Nanobarcodes.


MODULE V

Bio Nanophotonicsand nanomedicine : Bioderived Materials , Bioinspired Materials

Biotemplates, Bacteria as Biosynthesizers, Near-Field Bioimaging , Nanoparticles for OpticalDiagnostics and Targeted Therapy, Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Bioimaging

Biosensing, Nanoclinics for Optical Diagnostics and Targeted Therapy, Nanoclinic Gene DeliveryNanoclinics for Photodynamic Therapy.

REFERENCES

Nanophotonics : P N Prasad, Wiley Interscience ( 2003) ( TEXT)

Biophotonics: P N Prasad, Wiley Publications ( 2004)

ISP 3211 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

MODULE I

Discrete time signals and systems domain representation, transform, discrete Fourier transform,Discrete convolution and correlation.

MODULE II

Two dimensional signals and systems, frequency domain representation, discrete Hilbert transform,Fast Fourier Transform algorithms, computational considerations.

MODULE III

Nonlinear time series analysis - Grassberger and Procaccia technique, correlation dimension andentropy and their evaluation from time series. Broomhead and King's algorithm for Noise filtering,application to chaotic signals.

MODULE IV

Digital filters, representations, forms of realization and design, specification and design techniques,MR and FIR filters.

MODULE V

Finite word length effect in digital signal procatekig, signal processing chips LES - TMS 320 andAM 2900.

REFERENCES

Discrete time signal processing - A V Oppenheim & R W Schaffer (Prentice Hall, 1989)

Discrete time signals & systems - N Ahamed & T R Natarajan (Reston Pub. Co. 1983)

Theory and applications of digital signal processing - L R Rabiner and B Gold (PrenticeHall, India '88)

Electronic Filter design Hand Book - A B Williams & F J Tayler (McGraw Hill, 1988)

Electronic Filter design hardware - A Wilheim & F.J. tauler

Time series analysis - H. Kanty &T. Schrieber.


ISP 3212 LASER SPECTROSCOPY

MODULE I

Spectroscopy technique, General ideas of spectroscopic studies and their importance - conventionalspectroscopic recording in UV - Vis-IR region using dispersing spectrographs, Photoacousticspectroscopy - PA effect in gases, liquids and solids, RG theory - design of PA spectrometer,applications of PAS - evaluation of optical and thermal parameters, imaging and microscopy.

MODULE II

Thermal Lens Spectroscopy, Focal Length of TL, single and double beam configurations.Applications of TLS - overtone spectroscopy, evaluation of thermal and optical arameters.

Optogalvanic spectrometry, basic theory, experimental setup, applications of OGS.

MODULE III

High resolution spectroscopy; saturation spectroscopy, Doppler free spectroscopy, single atomspectroscopy, Rydberg atoms and their spectra. Application of laser Spectroscopy in pollutionmonitoring, trace analysis, Laser Raman spectroscopy, SRS, CARS, PARS.

MODULE IV

Fluorescence spectroscopy, spectra of rare earth ions and atoms, spectra of RE ions in sulphideand fluoride crystals, Phosphoresence, colour centres, flourescence of dyes, evaluation of quantumefficiency.

MODULE V

Plasma spectroscopy, evaluation of plasma parameters from plasma spectra. Nonlinear opticalspectroscopy.

REFERENCES

Photoacoustic spectroscopy - Rosenewaig (Wiley, NY)

Thermo optic spectroscopy - J Sell (Academic Press

Laser spectroscopy - Chebatyes (Springer Verlag)

Luminescence spectra of rare earth ions - Maufraunin (Springer Varlag)

Plasma spectroscopy - H R Greim (McGraw Hill)

NonlinearOptics-ZRSaen (JohnWiely)


ISP 3213 PHOTONICS MATERIALS AND DEVICESMODULE I

Materials for nonlinear optics, preparation and characterisation, evaluations of second order andthird order nonlinear coefficients, 3 wave and 4 wave mixing in uniaxial and biaxial crystals.

MODULE II

Frequency up and Frequency down conversions, Photorefractive materials, phase conjugationand its applications.

MODULE III

AO Phenomenon, Raman-Nath and Bragg modulators, deflectors, spectrum analyser devicesbased on EO and MO effects.

MODULE IV

EL and POS devices, flouride glass based fibres and their applications, optical fibre based signalprocessing.

MODULE V

Optical Integrated Circuits, architecture fabrication and applications, CD read/write mechanism,memory storage, information storage and retrivel using holography.

REFERENCES

Handbook of Nonlinear optical crystals - Dmtriev et al, (Springer Verlag)Photorefractive materials I and II - Gunter et al (Springer Verlag)Optical phase conjugation - Fisher (Academic PressOptical Electronics - Thyagarajan and Ghatak W (Cambridge University).Optical fibre sensors - Hunsperger (Spriger Verlag)Flouride Glass Fibre Optics - Agarwal and Lu (Academic Press)

ISP 3214 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF PLASMA

MODULE I

Motion of charged particles in EF and MF, particles in oscillating EF and Constant MF - over allcharge neutrality, plasma state.

MODULE II

Small amplitude oscillations in plasma, Vlasov equations, relaxation towards steady state Plasoids,collision in weakly ionized plasma, phase space distribution function. Boltzmann equation, Sahaequation, Boltzmann's H Theorem. Maxwell velocity distribution, conducting fluids, MHDequations, magnetic Reynolds number.

MODULE III

Nonlinear processes in plasma, feed back mechanism,instabilities in plasma waves, radiationfrom plasma, ionospheric plasma.

MODULE IV

Generation of electron beams, plasma torch, laser produced lasma, diagnostics of plasma, evolutionof plasma parameters, characterisation using spectroscopy, Langmuir probes.


MODULE V

Energy generation: Pinch effect, MHD generator, Tokomak,Linear accelerators, free electronlasers, Flat panel displaysystems, laser fusion.

REFERENCES

Principles of plasma mechanisms - Chakraborty (Wiley Eastern).

Plasmas and laser light - T P Hughes (Adam Hilger, England)

Gas discharge Physics - Z P Razer (Springer Verlag)

Plasma spectroscopy - H R Griem (McGraw Hill)

Plasma Physics - S N Sen (Pragati Prakashan Meerut)

Principles of laser plasma - George Bakefi (John Wiley)

ISP 3215 INTEGRATED OPTICS

MODULE I

Advantages of Integrated optics - Comparison of optical integrated circuits (OIC) with electronicintegrated circuits Substrate materials for OIC - Modes in planar waveguide structure — Channelwaveguides, strip loaded wave guides.

MODULE II

Wave guide fabrication techniques - electro optic waveguides Losses in optical waveguides -measurements of wave guide losses waveguide input/ output couplers, coupling betweenwaveguides.

MODULE III

Electro optic and acousto optic modulators Direct modulation of semiconductor lasers - Integratedoptical detectors — Depletion layer photodiodes APD, Pin and MSM photo diodes — modificationof spectral response of detectors.

MODULE IV

Quantum well modulators, Quantum well detectors, SEED, Applications of integrated optics - RFspectrum analyser, ADC.

MODULE V

10 optical Disk Readhead OIC Temperature and voltage sensor, optoelectronic fC Transmitterand receiver, Devices and systems for Telecommunications, Opto - microwave applications.

REFERENCES

Integrated optics - Theory &Technology R — G. Hunsperger (Springer Verlag, 4" Ed 1995)

Electro optic Hand book (Ch 26,27 R Way nant, M.Ediger) (McGraw Hill, 1993)

Elements of opto electronics and Fibre optics (ch 7) Chin-Lin Chen (Irwin, 1966)

Handbook of Optics Vol. II Micheal Bau Ed (McGraw Hill, 1995)

5. Guided wave opto electronics (ch 6) T Tamir (Ed) (Springer Verlag 1990)


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COURSES TO BE OFFERED BY ISP FOR OTHER DEPARTMENTS

(2-CREDIT COURSES)

ISP 501 LASERS AND APPLICATIONS

MODULE 1

Properties of laser beam, Stimulated emission and Eistein's treatment, necessary and sufficientconditions for laser action, three and four level lasers.

Line broadening, homogeneous and inhomogeneous, laser cavity and stability of laser cavities,stability diagram, multimode and single mode lasers.

MODULE II

Q-switching and mode locking, experimental techniques, generation of ultra short optical pulses

Laser systems: Classification, Ruby, NdYAG, He-Ne, Argon ion, Eximer, Dye, Semiconductorlasers.

MODULE III

Lasers for communication, external and internal Modulation schemes,

Lasers in industry, Cutting, welding, drilling

Lasers in Medicine, bloodless surgery, photodynamic therapy

Lasers in chemistry: laser induced chemical reactions, laser induced fluorescence

Laser spectroscopy: Thermal lens and photoacoustic spectroscopy

MODULE IV

Nonlinear optical effect of lasers, second harmonic and sum-difference frequency generation,Intensity dependent refractive index, saturable and reverse saturable absorbers, two photonabsorption.

MODULE V

Holography and applications: recording and reconstruction, thin and thick holograms, Holographyin NDE, Realization of optical logic gates.

REFERENCES

Laser Fundmentals - Willaim T Selfvast, Cambridge & Univ-Press.

Laser Electronics - J T Vardeyan, Prentice Hall India

Lasers-Theory &Applications-Ghatak & Thyagarajan (McMillan, India 1991)

Optical Electronics - A Yariv (4th Ed. Saunders College Pub. 1991).

Principles of lasers - Svelto.

Solid State Laser Engineering - Koechonar(Springer Verlag. 1991

7. Laser Physics - Tarasov (MIR Pub)


ISP 502 FIBRE OPTICS AND APPLICATIONSMODULE 1

Brief historical background of development of optical fibre, structure of optical fibre, neumericalaperture, step index and graded index fibre, single mode and multi mode fibres.

MODULE II

Fabrication of optical fibres, silica and polymer fibres, measurement of optical fibre parameterslike refractive index profile, losses, dispersion effect in optical fibre.

MODULE III

Sources and detectors : Lasre diodes and LEDs, photodetectors: photodiodes, LDR, photo transistor,APD and PiN diodes, OTDR, Splicers, connectors, FBG.

MODULE IV

Optical fibre for communication, modulation, EDFA, optical repeaters, fibre optic network,Medical application: endoscopy.

MODULE V

Fibre optic sensors: extrinsic and intrinsic sensors, Intensity modulated sensors, interferometricsensors, evanescent field sensors, chemical sensors, temperature, pressure, displacement sensors.

REFERENCES

Introduction to fiber optics — Ajoy Ghatak and K. Thyagarajan

Optical Fiber communication — John M Senior

Fundamentals of Opto electronics — Clifford R. Pollock

Fiber optic communication — J. Palais.

5. Fundamentals of fibre optics in communication — B.P.Pal( ed)

ISP 503 NONLINEAR OPTICS AND OPTICAL COMPUTING

MODULE I

Maxwell's equations in vacuum , dielectric and conducting media, linear optics, nonlinear EMWequation.

MODULE II

Nonlinear optical coefficients, second order nonlineariy, OSHG, TWM, frequency down and upconversions, optical parametric oscillation.

MODULE III

Third order nonlinear phenomena, TPA, FWM, OPC, Stimulated Raman scattering, Intensitydependent refractive index, saturable and reverse saturable absorbers, CARS.

MODULE IV

Linear and nonlinear F-P etalon, Optical transistor, Optical implementation of mathematicaloperations, vector —matrix and matrix-matrix multiplications.


MODULE V

Optical implementation of neurons, supervising and unsupervised neural network, training ofneural network, modeling of association, pattern recognition.

REFERENCES

Signal Processing using optics B G Boone (Oxford Univ Presses

Optical Computing D G Feitelson (MIT Press)

3. Optical Electronics A Yariv (Academic Press) '

4. Nonlinear optics. Snen (Jonn WeilY & Sons

Fourier Optics Joseph Goodman

Digital image processing B Jahne (Springer Variag

7. Textbook of Optical phase conjuaction Fisher

ISP 504 BIOPHOTONICS

MODULE I

Electromagnetic spectrum, coherent and incoherent light, Eistein's theory of light-matter interactionand stimulated emission, energy levels of atoms and molecules, singlet and triplet levels of dyemolecules.

MODULE II

Classification of lasers, pulsed and CW lasers, pumping, different types of lasers- Ruby, He-Ne,CO2, Nd:YAG, Excimer, Argon ion, Nitrogen lasers.

MODULE III

Guiding of light , Optical fibre, basic principle of light guiding through fibre, single and multimodefibres, optical fibre for bio sensing applications, fibre endoscope and bio imaging.

MODULE IV

Classification of EMW in relations to biological effects, tissue-laser interactions, laser surgery,tissue engineering using lasers, optical tweezers, scissors and molecular machines.

MODULE V

Photodynamic therapy, singlet oxygen and its importance in PDT, photobiology of vision,applications of fluorescence in bio imaging.

REFERENCES

Nanophotonics : P N Prasad, Wiley Interscience ( 2003) ( TEXT)

Biophotonics: P N Prasad, Wiley Publications ( 2004)


ISP 505 QUANTUM MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS

MODULE 1

Wave particle —duality, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, time independent and time dependentSchrodinger equations, particle in a box, tunneling.

MODULE II

Linear vector space, Dirac notations, linear operators, matrix representation, eigen values andeigen functions, Hermitian operator and its properties.

MODULE III

Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom and linear harmonic oscillator, matrix formalism ofharmonic oscillator.

MODULE IV

Perturbation theory, time independent and time dependent perturbations ( first order), semi classicaltheory of radiation.

MODULE V

EPR paradox, Bell's theorem, Experimental verifications, entangled states, qubits, principles ofquantum Communications and computing.

REFERENCES

Quantum Mechanics Merzbacher Wiley International 3 rd Ed 1996

Modem Quantum Mechanics Sakurai Addison Wesley 1998


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Documents

M.Tech (Optoelectronics & Laser Technology) M.Phil