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Please SWITCH OFF YOUR MOBILES /
KEEP IN SILENT MODE IN CLASS
ROOM
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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
Be in a position to apply various ideas andBe in a position to apply various ideas andconcepts of measurement to problemsconcepts of measurement to problems
encountered in theencountered in the real work environment.real work environment.
Get to understandGet to understand how to analyzehow to analyzeexperiment dataexperiment data..
Get to knowGet to know how tohow to reducereduce the effects ofthe effects of
experimental errorsexperimental errors in the measurements.in the measurements.
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Why measurementsWhy measurements
Theory guides, experiment decidesTheory guides, experiment decides
In past, design mostly based onIn past, design mostly based on trial andtrial anderrorerror approach with very little ofapproach with very little ofanalytical input.analytical input.
This approach is not feasibleThis approach is not feasible e.g.e.g., design and development of a rocket, design and development of a rocket
engine.engine.
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A better approach!A better approach!
An optimum blending of An optimum blending of Theory andTheory and
ExperimentsExperiments..
Constant evaluation of experimental data andConstant evaluation of experimental data and
comparison with theoretical estimates.comparison with theoretical estimates.
Formulation of new theories based onFormulation of new theories based on
experimental results, guiding further experimentsexperimental results, guiding further experiments
andand hence improvements in the design.hence impro
vements in the design.
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Importance of Measurement TechniquesImportance of Measurement Techniques
Good and accurate measurements of physicalGood and accurate measurements of physicalvariables, say, temperature, flow rate,variables, say, temperature, flow rate, etc.,etc., help inhelp in
better control of these variables.better control of these variables.
Careful planning of experiments isCareful planning of experiments is mustmust forfor
obtainingobtaining accurate and meaningful data.accurate and meaningful data.
Requirement isRequirement is
Great care and patience!Great care and patience!
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Our TeamOur Team
Dr Abhijit K DigalwarDr Abhijit K Digalwar (1)(1)
Mr Amit JainMr Amit Jain (2)(2)
Dr Anupam SinghalDr Anupam Singhal (3)(3)Miss Anitha ThakurMiss Anitha Thakur (4)(4)
Prof Surekha BhanotProf Surekha Bhanot (5)(5)
Miss Priya C SandeMiss Priya C Sande (6)(6)Dr Hanumantha RaoDr Hanumantha Rao (7 IC)(7 IC)
Mr Sharad SrivastavaMr Sharad Srivastava (8)(8)
TheoryTheory
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Our TeamOur Team
Practical Instructors -Practical Instructors - EEEEEE
Anitha Thakur (Coordinator)Anitha Thakur (Coordinator)
Aditya Kumar SAditya Kumar S
Gunasoumya GondetiGunasoumya Gondeti
Rakesh KumarRakesh Kumar
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Our TeamOur TeamPractical Instructors -Practical Instructors - ChemicalChemical
Amit Jain (coordinator)Amit Jain (coordinator)
Ashish M GujarathiAshish M Gujarathi
Ajay K PaniAjay K Pani
Amit KanashettiAmit Kanashetti
Dipaloy DattaDipaloy DattaDipesh S PatleDipesh S Patle
Inamdar Rafik SInamdar Rafik S
Priya C SandePriya C Sande
Sriranjani SSriranjani S
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Our TeamOur TeamPractical Instructors -Practical Instructors - CivilCivil
V R Vinayaka Rao (coordinator)V R Vinayaka Rao (coordinator)
Hanumantha Rao (IC)Hanumantha Rao (IC)
Kamalesh KumarKamalesh Kumar
M Selva KumarM Selva Kumar
Rajitha KRajitha KDipendu BhuniaDipendu Bhunia
Varun SinghVarun Singh
G Muttu KumarG Muttu Kumar
Meghana ChardeMeghana ChardeP K MisraP K Misra
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Our TeamOur Team
Practical Instructors -Practical Instructors - MechanicalMechanical
Abhijit K Digalwar (coordinator)Abhijit K Digalwar (coordinator)
Ganesh S SoniGanesh S Soni
Ramakrishna KRamakrishna K
Sharad SrivastavaSharad Srivastava
Stueti GuptaStueti Gupta
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BooksBooks
TextbookTextbook:: J. P. Holman,J. P. Holman,
Experimental Methods forExperimental Methods for
EngineersEngineers,, Tata McGraw-Hill, 7Tata McGraw-Hill, 7thth
Ed, 2004.Ed, 2004.
Laboratory ManualLaboratory ManualA Laboratory Manual for MeasurementA Laboratory Manual for Measurement
Techniques II, Raman K.E.Techniques II, Raman K.E. etet al.,al., EDDEDD
NotesNotes..
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Course PlanCourse PlanLecturesLectures
3 Common Portion3 Common Portion6 Mechanical6 Mechanical
6 Civil6 Civil
Test 1Test 1 11stst March; 3:00PM to 5:00 PMMarch; 3:00PM to 5:00 PM
6 Chemical6 Chemical
6 Electrical6 Electrical
Test 2 (Compre)Test 2 (Compre) 2929thth April FNApril FN
Lab quizLab quiz 2929thth April FNApril FN
(8(8thth Jan 28Jan 28thth Feb)Feb)
(4th March 24th Apr)(4th March 24th Apr)
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Course PlanCourse Plan
PracticalsPracticalsBatch 1 - 12 EEE
Batch 13 - 24 NEEE
Batch 1 - 12 NEEE
Bach 13 - 14 EEE
Cycle 1Cycle 1
Cycle 2Cycle 2
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Instructor Sec. No. Chamber Consultation hour Room No.
A K Digalwar 1 Monday 5 PM to 6 PM 2227
Amit Jain 2 Friday 4 PM to 5 PM 1224 - C
Anupam Singhal 3 Monday 5 PM to 6 PM 1110-A
Anitha Thakur 4 Monday 5 PM to 6 PM
Surekha Bhanot 5 Monday 5 PM to 6 PM 2135
Priya C Sande 6 Thursday 5 PM to 6 PM 1223-B
Hanumantha Rao 7 Tuesday 5 PM to 6 PM 1223 - E
Sharad Srivastava 8 Friday 5 PM to 6 PM 2246-N
Chamber Consultation HourChamber Consultation Hour
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Makeup PolicyMakeup Policy
Makeup will beMakeup will beprovided only forprovided only for
genuinegenuine casescases
Only with prior permission from I/COnly with prior permission from I/C
For detail see HandoutFor detail see Handout
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NoticesNotices All notices related to this course will be displayedAll notices related to this course will be displayed
on FD I, FD II, EEE lab (2119), Chemical Labon FD I, FD II, EEE lab (2119), Chemical Lab(1117) notice boards.(1117) notice boards.
Regular lab classes will start from 9Regular lab classes will start from 9thth JanuaryJanuary
onwards.onwards. The section/Batch-wise studentsThe section/Batch-wise students
list will be displayed at Room No.list will be displayed at Room No.2119 on 82119 on 8thth at 5:00 PM.at 5:00 PM.
Students should go to the respective labs asStudents should go to the respective labs asper notices at Room No. 2119 and 1117.per notices at Room No. 2119 and 1117.
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ORIENTATIONORIENTATION
Practical Sec. 1, 2 & 3:Practical Sec. 1, 2 & 3:99thth & 11& 11thth JanJan
Practical Sec. 4 & 5:Practical Sec. 4 & 5:1010thth & 12& 12thth JanJan
For EEE Cycle:For EEE Cycle:
11stst turnturn Ex.1 Ex.6Ex.1 Ex.622ndnd turnturn EX.7 Ex.12EX.7 Ex.12
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For NEEE Cycle:For NEEE Cycle:
11stst turnturn Batch No. 13-18: Ex.1-Ex.5 Chem & Ex.6 CivilBatch No. 13-18: Ex.1-Ex.5 Chem & Ex.6 Civil
Batch No. 19-24: Ex.1 Ex.4 Civil & Ex.1 Ex. 2 MechBatch No. 19-24: Ex.1 Ex.4 Civil & Ex.1 Ex. 2 Mech
22ndnd turnturn
Batch No. 13-18:Batch No. 13-18:
Ex.1 Ex.4 Civil & Ex.1 Ex. 2 MechEx.1 Ex.4 Civil & Ex.1 Ex. 2 MechBatch No. 19-24:Batch No. 19-24:
Ex.1-Ex.5 Chem & Ex.6 Civil labEx.1-Ex.5 Chem & Ex.6 Civil lab
Negative Marking is there for Orientation attendance inNegative Marking is there for Orientation attendance ineach lab.each lab.
EEE: 1EEE: 1stst turn: -4 marks & 2turn: -4 marks & 2ndnd turn: -4 marksturn: -4 marks NEEE: In each turn: Chem: -2 M & Civil: -2NEEE: In each turn: Chem: -2 M & Civil: -2 M orM or
Civil: - 2 M & Mech: -2 MCivil: - 2 M & Mech: -2 M Total: 120 8 =Total: 120 8 = 112 M112 M ((Without Orientation)Without Orientation)
ORIENTATIONORIENTATION
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Important Things to rememberImportant Things to remember
Before going to the lab read theBefore going to the lab read theLaboratory manual and make necessaryLaboratory manual and make necessary
tables or any preliminary requirements astables or any preliminary requirements as
explained in the orientation.explained in the orientation.
Carry the necessary type of graph sheetCarry the necessary type of graph sheet(Linear/semi-log/log-log), pencil, eraser,(Linear/semi-log/log-log), pencil, eraser,
scale etcscale etc
Dont MISS OrientationDont MISS Orientation Be Punctual.. & Dont apply for makeup..Be Punctual.. & Dont apply for makeup..
Clarify your doubts from your InstructorsClarify your doubts from your Instructors
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DEFINITION of TERMSDEFINITION of TERMS
BASIC CONCEPTS
Ref: - Chapter 2 J. P. Holman
ReadabilityReadability Least countLeast count
SensitivitySensitivity HysteresisHysteresis
AccuracyAccuracy PrecisionPrecisionErrorError UncertaintyUncertainty
CALIBRATION
STANDARDS
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
GENERALIZED MEASUREMENT SYSTEM BASIC CONCEPTS IN DYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS
Contents
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Indicates the Closeness with which theIndicates the Closeness with which the
scale of an instrument may be read.scale of an instrument may be read.
ReadabilityReadability
Which scale is more readable?
Example:Example: A 30 cm scale givesA 30 cm scale gives higherhigher
readabilityreadability than a 15 cm scale.than a 15 cm scale.
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Least CountLeast Count
The Smallest differenceThe Smallest difference between twobetween twodivisions on the instrument scale.divisions on the instrument scale.
For each object (a, b, c) and scale above,
determine the Least Count of Scale?
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16 17
Both Readability and
Least Count are
dependent on:scale length
spacing of graduations
size of pointerparallax effects
For instruments witha digital readoutReadability and LeastCount have little
meaning.
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SensitivitySensitivity
Ratio of the linear movement of the pointer on an analogRatio of the linear movement of the pointer on an analoginstrument to the change in the measured variable causing theinstrument to the change in the measured variable causing the
motionmotion
Change in output signal for a change in the physical parameterChange in output signal for a change in the physical parameter
being measuredbeing measured
Ex:- If a 1 mV recorder is having 25 cm scale length, what willEx:- If a 1 mV recorder is having 25 cm scale length, what will
be its sensitivity ?be its sensitivity ?
25 cm/mV
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Hystresis may beHystresis may be
because ofbecause of
Mechanical frictionMechanical frictionMagnetic effectMagnetic effect
Elastic deformationElastic deformation
Thermal effectsThermal effects
HYSTERESIS
Difference in readings depending on whether
the value of the measured quantity isapproached from above or from below.
A
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Precision Ability of an instrument to reproduce a
certain reading with a given accuracy Random error associated with measurement.
Precision is the closeness of repeated
measurements to each other.
Accuracy Amount by which measurement deviates from
known value Systematic error associated with measurement Accuracy is the closeness of measurements to
the true value.E = system output system input
Higher the accuracy, lower the error
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Which of the following is more Precise?
And which one is Accurate?
(A) (C)(B)
B. Precise and inaccurate
A. Imprecise and inaccurate
C. Precise and accurate
Answer:B: Precise
C: Accurate
EE
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ErrorError
Uncertainty
Uncertainty is an estimate of the error in a measurement
The result of all possible errors (sources) give a range in
which the measurement will fall.
Errors (sources) may be summed linearly, which gives theworst case of uncertainty.
More realistically, errors (sources) are summed as the
Root sum of the squares (RSS).
Difference between the measured value and the true value
Error = Measured value True value
measured value = best estimate uncertainty
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In order to compare the experimental results in the different
parts of the world on a consistent basis, it is necessary to usecertain standard units of length, weight, time, temperature, andelectrical quantities.
1 meter = 39.37 inches
1 inch = 2.54 cm1 sec = 1/86400 Mean solar Day
Solar Day is measured as the time interval between two
successive transits of the Sun across a meridian of the Earth.
Solar Year is the time required for the earth to make one
revolution around the Sun.
Mean Solar Year = 365 days 5 h 48 min 48 sec.
32
5
9
+= CF
Standards
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UNITS
Primary Units
Supplementary Units
Derived Units
Primary
Length (m)
Mass (kg)
Time (sec)
Supplementary
o Temparature (K)
o Electrical Current (A)
o Voltage (V)
Derived
Force (N)
Energy (Joule) Velocity (m/s)
Summary
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SummaryReadability & Least Count
Precision & Accuracy
Sensitivity & Hysteresis
Error & Uncertainty
Standards
Dimensions and UnitsIn the Next Class:
The Generalized Measurement System
Static Measurements
Basic Concepts of Dynamic Measurements
Analysis of Experimental Data
- Types of Errors
- Error Analysis
- Uncertainty Analysis
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