MSW MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

CSIR-IndianInstituteofChemicalTechnology(IICT),Hyderabad

Dr.A.GangagniRaoChiefScientistBioengineeringandEnvironmentalSciencesGroupCenterforEnvironmentalEngineeringandFossilFuels

Municipal Solid Waste generation scenario in India

WasteinMillionTons(annually)

Generation 62

Collection 43

Treated 12

Landfilldumping 31

Plastic 5.60

Biomedical 0.17

Hazardous 7.90

E 1.50

PercapitawastegenerationinIndia� 200gramsinrural� 600gramsinurban

OrganicFractionofMSW(OFMSW)

�MinimumCalorificValue– 1070kcal/kg�MaximumCalorificValue– 1650kcal/kg�CalorificValue(actual)– 1200kcal/kg

�Carbon - 15%(range15– 22)�Hydrogen– 0.80%�Oxygen- 11.81%�Sulphur- 0.13%�Nitrogen– 0.34%�Chlorine– 0.10%�Ash - 33.4%�Moisture- 35%(Range25-50)

Parameter Unit RangepH - 5.5- 6.5TS (%) 23- 30VS (%) 15- 25VS/TS - 0.65- 0.83MC (%) 70- 77COD (mg/L) 70,000- 78,000BOD (mg/L) 65,000- 68,580BOD/COD - 0.87- 0.92

MSW:CalorificValueandCharacteristics

� Landfill

� Refusederivedfuel(RDF)

� MassIncineration

� Biomethanation

� BioMining

Modeofdisposal

Landfill Application – Resource Recovery

FINISHEDCOMPOST13-14%

TOTAL REJECTSTO LANDFILL25-28%

WASTE SEPARATION

RECYCLING19-21%

RECYCLATES

REJECTS INERT ASH

ADVANCED THERMALCONVERSION PLANT31-33%

RDF PRODUCED

REACTORS31-33%

COMPOSTIBLES

REJECTS

1. Grab Crane 12. MSW Pit3. Boiler

3a. Bottom Ash Conveyor3b Grate

4. Reactor5. Bag Filter

5a. Fly Ash Conveying System

6. ID Fan

7. Chimney8. Turbine9. Power10. Leachate Treatment

Plant

Process Flow

Mass Balance of MSW IncinerationObjective of minimizing the Landfills

Parameter Unit Limits as per SWM Rules, 2016

International Standards

Particulate Matter mg/Nm3 50 10Nox mg/Nm3 400 200SO2 mg/Nm3 200 50HCl mg/Nm3 50 10HF mg/Nm3 4 -

Dioxins & Furans ngTEQ/Nm3 0.1 0.1CO mg/Nm3 100 50

TOC mg/Nm3 20 -Cd + Th + their

Compounds mg/Nm3 0.05 -

Hg and its compounds mg/Nm3 0.05 -

Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+Cu+Mn+Ni+V+their compounds mg/Nm3 0.5 0.5

(TEQ: Toxic equivalents)

Emission Norms

• Thesegregationofwasteatsourcehasbeenmandatedtochannelizethewastetowealthbyrecovery,reuseandrecycle

• Thebio-degradablewasteshouldbeprocessed,treatedanddisposedofthroughcompostingorbiomethanationwithinthepremisesasfaraspossible

• Allhotelsandrestaurantsshouldsegregatebiodegradablewasteandsuchfoodwasteshouldbeutilizedforcomposting/biomethanation

SolidWasteManagementRules(SWM),2016:MOEF,GOI

Needofthehour

RemunerativeDecentralizedSolidWasteManagement(OFMSW)

AwayforwardforSWACHHABHARATH

Segregation of solid waste in India: 2 bin policy

Ø44Lakh greenandredbinstoeachhouseholdforhomesegregation

ØGreenbinforbiodegradablewasteØRedbinfornonrecyclablewaste

Domesticwaste

Sourcehttp://www.deccanchronicle.com/151022/nation-current-affairs/article/clean-telangana-red-and-green-bins-change-city%E2%80%99s-face

Initiative by GHMC

TreatmentthroughbiotechnologicalsolutionsdevelopedbyCSIR-IICT

Composting Biomethanation

OrganicFractionofMSW(OFMSW)

BioManure&

Biogas

BioManure

GENERATIONOFOFMSW(perannum)

BIOMETHANATIONMETHOD

LPGconsumption(perannum)

LPGreplacementwithbiogasgeneratedfrom waste(perannum)

ReplacementofLPGwithbiogas(%)

Biogasgenerationfromwaste(perannum)

Compostgenerated(perannum)

25MillionTons(MT)

2500millioncubicmeter

3milliontonsperannum

19milliontons

1millionton

5.3

ResourcesfromOFMSW

Sustainable treatment solutions for Organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW)

Aerobicrespiration

Anaerobicrespiration

Organiccompound+O2

Organiccompound CH4 + CO2 + H2O

BIO-ENERGYGENERATION

ENERGYCONSUMPTION

AEROBICVsANAEROBIC

BiologicalProcesses

CO2+H2O

Mechanism

Any Organic feedstock including � Vegetables and other agricultural

waste, � Parts of animals, � Poultry � Fish that we cannot eat, � Excreta of human and animal � Weeds such as water hyacinth,

Suitable for Small Capacity installation near generation of feed stock where transportation is expensive

Vegetables Waste Fish Waste

water hyacinth Waste

Poultry Waste

v It is a biological process carried out by a set of bacteria in the absence of molecular oxygen

vDuring the process complex organic solids are converted to Bio-gas and Bio-manure

Suitabilityofsubstratesforbiomethanation

FIXEDDOMEMODEL(China)

FLOATINGDOME(India)

• Designedforcattlemanure

• Simpledesignandevenmasoncanconstruct

• Lowcost• MNREsubsidy(50%cost)

• 12milliondigestersinIndia

• Aspersurvey,50to60%digestersareabandoned

Typesofconventionaldigesters

Reasons for failure of conventional digesters

• Singlestagedigestion• Nomixing:Choking(scumformationatthetop

&Inorganicsolidsaccumulatesatthebottom)ofthereactor

• Poorbiogasquality(lessmethanecontent)• Higherthecapacity,thecostofrepairismore

thancostofinstallation

ConventionalDigestersarenotsuitablefortreatingorganicsolidwasteorcattlemanurewith

quantitieshigherthan100kg/day

• Easytoconstruct,anymasoncanconstruct• Suitableforsmallquantityofwastetreatment• Easytocleanre-assembletheunitbelowthe

capacityof10m3

• MNRE,GOI,spentgoodamountofmoneyforrepair

Advantagesanddisadvantagesofconventionaldigesters

v HIGH RATE BIOMETHANATION TECHNOLOGY IS AN EFFICIENT MEANS FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION USING ORGANIC SOLIDS

v MOST POPULAR TECHNOLOGY IN THE WORLD FOR SOLID WASTE TREATMENT

v M/s KOMPOGAS, VALORGA, DRANCO, PEARTH, AGRONIEN AND BIMA ARE THE LEADING VERSIONS OF THIS TECHNOLOGY

v THERE ARE INSTALLATIONS IN INDIA BASED ON BIMA TECHNOLOGY (By M/s Entec Austria)

HIGHRATEBIOMETHANATIONTECHNOLOGY- SOLIDWASTE

PRESENT REQUIREMENTS

Highratebiomethanationtechnology

CONVENTIONAL HIGHRATE

Requires50to60daystocompletethedigestion

Digestioncompletedwithin15to25days

Treatmentefficiencyislessthan50%

Efficiencyintermsofsolidsdigestionis80-90%

Choking,Scumformation&manyoperationalproblems

Nooperationalproblems

SuitableONLYforsmallinstallations

Suitableforanysize

Highwaterconsumptionandgeneratesecondaryeffluents

Verylittlewaterconsumptionandnosecondaryeffluents

Entireoperationismanual Fullymechanized

Loadingratelessthan1kg/m3 volumeofdigester

Loadingrateupto10kg/m3 volumeofdigester

ConventionalV/sHighrate

ResearchChallenge

Transformationofconventional

toHighRateDigester

Transformationofconventionaltohighratebiomethanationdigesters

• pH:7-8

• Temperature:

• Mesophilic(Best:33–420C);Thermophilic(Best

:55–600C)

• TotalSolids/Slurryconcentration:10-15%TS

• VolatilesolidsLoadingRate:3– 5kgVS/m3

• HydraulicRetentionTime(HRT):

24-60daysforSolidwaste

1-6daysLiquidWaste

• C/NRatio:25-30:1

• VolatileSolids:70-80%ofTS

AnaerobicDigestionProcess:Optimumparameters

RemunerativeDecentralizedSolidWasteManagement(OFMSW)

ThroughAnaerobicGasliftReactor(AGR)TechnologyDevelopedbyCSIR-IICT

HighlightsofTechnology• Advanceddigesterdesign

• Smallerdigestervolume• Easiertoscale-upandmultiplication• Semi-automaticplantoperation

• Higherbiogasyield• Generationoforganicfertilizer• Locallyavailableenrichedmicrobial

consortia• Remunerativefordecentralized

application• Distributivebiogasplantsatwaste

generationsource• Useofby-productswillmaketheplant

sustainable• Employmentgeneration

TechnologicalinterventionofCSIR-IICTforwastemanagement

Say ‘No’ to LPGImplement

Bioenergy from kitchen waste

Wastegeneratedinkitchen

FoodwasteOrganic

wastewater

Biomanure Cleanfuelforthermalapplications

LPGreplacementwithBiogasBiomanureas

fertilizerinagriculturalfields

AnaerobicGasliftReactor

Technology

LPG

Biogas

CSIR-IICTpromoting

Swachh BharatMission

Wastetoenergyfromkitchentokitchen

SuccessStoriesoffullscaleplantsbasedonAGRTechnologyforfoodwaste

• Foodwaste:1TPD• Biogas-150m3/day• LPG60kg/day• TheAkshaya patra foundation

(TAPF)• BellaryandHubli (Karnataka)• Ahmadabad,BhavnagarandSurat

(Gujarat)• Vrindavan (UP),• Rourkela(Odisha)

• Foodwaste:250to500kg/day

• Biogas35to80m3/day

• LPG15to30kg/day

• IICT,Hyderabad• Capgemini,Hyderabad• Kurnol vegetablemarketyard,AP

• Feedchamberwithmixerforconvenience

• Recycling&enrichmentofbacterialpopulation

• Biogasstoredat50psigpressure• Betterflamevelocity

• Varietyoffeedstockcanbeused• Choking&scumformationeliminated• Portable,Occupieslimitedspaceand

Aestheticlooks

ReplacementofLPGwithBiogas

Remunerative Decentralized Solid Waste Management (Food Waste)

Quantityoforganicwasteperday

Footprintrequiredforbiogasplantinstallation

Powerconsumption(kWh)

Averagebiogasandbiomanuregenerationperday

EquivalentLPGreplacement(kg)

CommercialLPGcylinders14.2kg’sreplacement(No./day)

Biogas(m3/day)

Biomanure(kg/day)

300kg/day 6m x3m=18m2 Below10 35– 40 45 15 1

500kg/day 8.5mx3m=25.5m2 10 60– 70 75 30 2

750kg/day 10m x3m=30m2 Below15 90– 100 112 40 3

1Ton/day Verticaldigester model10mx5m=50m2

Horizontaldigestermodel11mx5m=55m2

15 120– 140 150 60 4

3 - 5 Ton/day 600m2 50- 60 360– 600 450– 750 165– 275 12– 20

10Ton/day 1200m2 130- 150 1220- 1400 1500 550 40

AGR technology for different capacities of waste treatment

Input• OFMSW:5TPDOutput• Biogas-500m3/day• LPG15kg/day• ElectricalPower:300kWh/day

Input• OFMSW:10TPD• Leachate:2.5m3/dayOutput• Biogas-1250m3/day• ElectricalPower:1440

kWh/day

Aimofthehighratebiomethanationplants

v DemonstrationofdecentralizedandremunerativewastemanagementmodelbasedonCSIR-IICT’sAGRTechnology

v Generationofvalueaddedproducts(Powerandbiomanure)

v Avoidinglandfillsandtransportationofwaste

v Reductioninthecostofwastemanagementbornebymunicipalities,Employmentgeneration

v IntangibleenvironmentalbenefitssuchasreductionofGHG’s

v ReplicabletechnologymodelthatcouldbeadoptedbymunicipalitiesacrossIndia

5 TPDhighratebiomethanationplantatJawahar Nagar,Hyderabad

Projectfundedby:Indo-USScienceandTechnologyForum(PACESetter)

Beneficiary:M/sHiMSWL andGHMC

10TPDhighratebiomethanationplantatJawahar Nagar,Hyderabad

Projectfundedby:DepartmentofBiotechnology(DBT),Governmentof

India(GoI)

Beneficiary:Gudimalkapur MarketYardandGHMC

Remunerative Decentralized Solid Waste Management (Food Waste)

Quantity(kg/day) 5 10 25 50 75 100Biogasgeneration(L/day) 400 800 2000 4000 6000 8000Biogasgeneration(m3/day) 0.4 0.8 2 4 6 8LPGequivalence(g/day) 160 320 800 1600 2400 3200LPGequivalence(kg/day) 0.16 0.32 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2Sizeofthedigester(L) 300 600 1500 3000 4500 6000Sizeofthedigester(m3) 0.3 0.6 1.5 3 4.5 6

Sizeofthebiogasholder(L) 400 800 2000 4000 6000 8000Sizeofthebiogasholder(m3) 0.4 0.8 2 4 6 8Footprintarearequired(m2) 2 3 4 6 8 10

BIOHOME

Quantity(kg/day) 5 10 25 50 75 100

Biogasgeneration(L/day) 400 800 2000 4000 6000 8000

Biogasgeneration(m3/day) 0.4 0.8 2 4 6 8

LPGequivalence(g/day) 160 320 800 1600 2400 3200

LPGequivalence(kg/day) 0.16 0.32 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2

Sizeofthedigester(L) 300 600 1500 3000 4500 6000

Sizeofthedigester(m3) 0.3 0.6 1.5 3 4.5 6

Sizeofthebiogasholder(L) 400 800 2000 4000 6000 8000

Sizeofthebiogasholder(m3) 0.4 0.8 2 4 6 8

Footprintarearequired(m2) 2 3 4 6 8 10

BIOHOME at different capacities of waste treatment

Composting of solid waste

WaterHyacinth SizeReduction

Compostingfor30days Plantation

Foodwaste

Fertilizer

Accelerated Anaerobic Composting of food waste and water hyacinth

AcceleratedAnaerobicComposting(AAC):Techno-Economics

• FoodWaste:50Kg/day• Compost:10Kg/day• Capitalcostforinstallingcompostbins:Rs.

40,000/- (Fortythousandonly)• Costofcompost:Rs.25to50perkg(varies

fromplacetoplacebasedoncomposition)• CompostgeneratedperMonth:300kg• Revenuefromcompost:Rs.7,500to

15,000permonth• Unemployedyouthcouldbecome

entrepreneurswithAACTechnology• CSIR-IICTisreadytotrainpersonnelwho

areinterestedinthisactivity

PARAMETER WATERHYACINTH

FOODWASTE

AccordingtoFCO,Schedule-iv,specificationoforganicmatter

Standardvalues

Organicmanure

CityCompost

Bio-EnrichedOrganicmanure

TotalNitrogen(asN),percentbyweight,Minimum

10.09 5.4 0.5 0.8 0,8

TotalPhosphates(asP2O5),percentbyweight,Minimum

0.40 1.63 0.5 0.4 0.5

TotalPotash(asK2O),percentbyweight,Minimum

0.48 2.78 0.5 0.4 0.8

Characteristicsoffertilizeraftercomposting

Composting of organic waste & Entrepreneurship development

AcceleratedAnaerobicCompostingbenefitsüCompostingmakesavaluableresourceoutoforganicwasteüAwonderfulsoilamendment,improvessoilnutrientsüAslowreleasefertilizerwithoutpollutionüFeasibleatambienttemperatureüNooxygenrequirementüLowcostüMinimizationofthelossofcarbonandnitrogen

AcceleratedAnaerobicComposting(AAC)TechnologyisdevelopedbyCSIR-IICTforthebiologicaldecompositionoftheorganicconstituentsofwastesundercontrolledconditionsfortheproductionoforganicfertilizer

SocietalImpact• GenerationenrichedcompostwithgoodNPK(more than

threetimesbetterthanvermi compost)• Reducestheproblemsassociatedwithlandfillsand

incinerators• Benefitsmunicipalitiesandvillagesaswellas

environment• Remunerativeoptionsforthedecentralizedtreatmentof

organicwastes• Usefulforvillages,apartments,gatedcommunities,

restaurantsandsoon• Self helpgroupsandunemployedyouthcouldbetrained

inthisarea

ThetechnologyhasbeenlicensedtoM/sKHAREnergyOptimizers(KEO)M/sKEO,CSIR-IICTandGreaterHyderabadMunicipalCorporation(GHMC)jointlyinitiatedasocietalprojectfortheremovalofwaterhyacinthfromKapra Lake,Hyderabad

SuccessStoriesPilotplantbasedonAACTechnologyatKapra Lake,HyderabadInput:12,000TonsofWaterhyacinthOutput:Productionof1,200Tonsofsoilconditioner

Wastetowealth:Asustainableapproachfornutrientsrecovery

Parameter Waterhyacinth

Standard(fertilizercontrol

authority)

Nitrogen(N) 10.0 0.8

Phosphorous (P)

0.40 0.5

Potash(K2O)

0.48 0.8

Composting of organic waste & Entrepreneurship development

ResearchTeam• Sameena Begum• Kranthi• Bharath• Sudharshan• Vijayalakshmi• Anil• Sarath• Prasoona• Gayathri• Jayanth• Sujan• Aparna

Fundingagencies• DBT• DST• CSIR• IICT

THANK YOU