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A Project Report On
Role of Financial Institutions in
Indian Financial Market
By
THE INVINCIBLES
Compiled By:
Swati Srivastava
Saumayo Jyoti Seal
Neha Srivastava
Bhanu Bhargava
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INDEX OF CONTENTS
Sl.No Particulars Page
No.1. Introduction to the Financial Markets
2. Basic Functions of the Indian Financial Market
3. Major Players In Indian Financial Markets.
4. Components of Financial Market.
5. Brief history of the Indian Financial Market
6. Financial Institutions
7. Growth of FIIs in India
8. State Level Institutions
9. National Level Institutions
10. Role of Financial Institutions
11. Financial Regulations
12. Problems and Challenges
13. What are the Solutions
14. Trends and Updates
15. Summary
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INTRODUCTION
FINANCIAL SYSTEM
Economic development of a nation is reflected by the progress of the variouseconomic units, broadly classified into corporate sector, government andhousehold sector. While performing their activities, these units will be placed in a
surplus/deficit/balanced budgetary situations. There are areas or people with
surplus funds and there are those with a deficit. A financial system or financial
sector functions as an intermediary and facilitates the flow of funds from the areas
of surplus to the areas of deficit. A Financial System is a composition of various
institutions, markets, regulations and laws, practices, money manager, analysts,
transactions and claims and liabilities.
FINANCIAL MARKET
Financial Market, in very crude terms, is a place where the savings from varioussources like households, government, firms and corporates are mobilized towards
those who need it. Alternatively put, financial market is an intermediary which
directs funds from the savers (lenders) to the borrowers.
In other words, financial market is the place where assets like equities, bonds,
currencies, derivatives and stocks are traded.
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Financial Institution are establishment that focuses on dealing with financialtransactions, such as investments, loans and deposits. Conventionally, financial
institutions are composed of organizations such as banks, trust companies,
insurance companies and investment dealers. Almost everyone has deal with a
financial institution on a regular basis. Everything from depositing money to taking
out loans and exchange currencies must be done through financial institutions.
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Basic Functions of the Indian Financial Market:
Financial markets have emerged as one of the biggest markets in the world. It is
engaged in a wide range of activities that cater to a large group of people with
diverse needs.
The Six Functions of the Financial Markets are:
1. Borrowing & Lending : Financial market transfers fund from one economic
agent (saver/lender) to another (borrower) for the purpose of either
consumption or investment. Financial markets channel funds from
households, firms, governments and foreigners that have saved surplus funds
to those who encounter a shortage of funds.
2. Determination of Prices : Prices of the new assets as well as the existing
stocks of financial assets are set in financial markets.
3. Assimilation and Co-ordination of Information : It gathers and co-ordinates
information regarding the value of financial assets and flow of funds in the
economy.
4. Liquidity : The asset holders can sell or liquidate their assets in financial
market.
5. Risk Sharing : It distributes the risk associated in any transaction among
several participants in an enterprise. Trade in financial markets is partly
motivated by the transfer of risk from lenders to borrowers who use the
obtained funds to invest.
6. Efficiency : It reduces the cost of transaction and acquiring information.
A financial market is a mechanism that allows people to easily buy and sell (trade)
financial securities (such as stocks and bonds), commodities(such as precious
metals or agricultural goods), and other fungible items of value at low traction cost
and at prices that reflect the efficient-market hypothesis. There function is to
facilitate people economy in one way or the other exist.
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Major Players In Indian Financial Markets.
The Main participants in the Indian financial markets are as Follows:
BANKS: Largest provider of funds to business houses and corporates
through accepting deposits.
INSURANCE COMPANIES: Issue contracts to individuals or firms with a
promise to refund them in future in case of any event and thereby invest
these funds in debt, equities, properties, etc.
FINANCE COMPANIES: Engages in short to medium term financing for
businesses by collecting funds by issuing debentures and borrowing from
general public.
MERCHANT BANKS : Funded by short term borrowings; lend mainly to
corporations for foreign currency and commercial bills financing.
COMPANIES: The surplus funds generated from business operations are
majorly invested in money market instruments, commercial bills and stocks
of other companies.
MUTUAL FUNDS: Acquire funds mainly from the general public and
invest them in money market, commercial bills and shares.
GOVERNMENT : Authorized dealers basically look after the demand-
supply operations in financial market. Also works to fill in the gap between
the demand and supply of funds.
FOREIGN INSTITUTIONAL INVESTORS: An investor or investment fund that
is from or registered in a country outside of the one in which it is currently
investing. Institutional investors include hedge funds, insurance companies,
pension funds and mutual funds.
DEPOSITORY PARTICIPANT: They are intermediaries between the depositoryand the investors. The relationship between the DPs and the depository is governed
by an agreement made under the Depositories Act. A DP can offer depository-
related services only after obtaining a certificate of registration from SEBI.
STOCK EXCHANGES : A stock exchange is a form ofexchange which provides
services forstock brokers and traders to trade stocks,bonds, and othersecurities.
http://finance.mapsofworld.com/banks/http://finance.mapsofworld.com/insurance/insurance-company/http://finance.mapsofworld.com/finance/company/http://finance.mapsofworld.com/company/http://finance.mapsofworld.com/finance/company/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_(organized_market)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_brokerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trader_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_(finance)http://finance.mapsofworld.com/banks/http://finance.mapsofworld.com/insurance/insurance-company/http://finance.mapsofworld.com/finance/company/http://finance.mapsofworld.com/company/http://finance.mapsofworld.com/finance/company/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_(organized_market)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_brokerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trader_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_(finance)8/2/2019 msop project2003
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Stock exchanges also provide facilities for issue and redemption of securities and
other financial instruments, and capital events including the payment of income
and dividends. Securities traded on a stock exchange include shares issued by
companies,unit trusts, derivatives, pooled investment products andbonds.
Components of Financial Market.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dividendhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shareshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative_(finance)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)8/2/2019 msop project2003
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The Financial Market can be classified into several categories:
1. CAPITAL MARKET .A market where both government and companies
raise long term funds to trade securities on the bond and the stock market. It
consists of both the primary market where new issues are distributed amonginvestors, and the secondary markets where already existent securities are
traded.
2. COMMODITY MARKET: India commodity market consists of both the
retail and the wholesale market in the country. The commodity market in
India facilitates multi commodity exchange within and outside the country
based on requirements. Commodity trading is one facility that investors can
explore for investing their money.
3. MONEY MARKET: The money market is a component of the financial
markets for assets involved in short-term borrowing and lending with
original maturities of one year or shorter time frames. Trading in the money
markets involves Treasury bills, commercial paper,bankers' acceptances,
certificates of deposit, federal funds, and short-lived mortgage-and asset-
backed securities. It provides liquidity funding for the global financial
system. Money markets and capital markets are parts offinancial markets.
4. DERIVATIVES MARKET: A derivative is a contract between two partiesthat specifies conditions (especially the dates, resulting values of the
underlying variables, and notional amounts) under which payments, or
payoffs, are to be made between the parties.
5. INSURANCE MARKET:. The Indian insurance market conventionally
focused around life insurance until recently, a various range of other
insurance policies covering sectors like medical, automobile, health and
other classes falling under general insurance came up, generally provided by
the private companies.
6. FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET: Specializes in trading of foreign
exchange and international currencies.
BRIEF HISTORY OF INDIAN FINANCIAL MARKET
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_security#Treasury_billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankers'_acceptancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage-backed_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset-backed_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset-backed_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_liquidityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_marketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_marketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_markethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_security#Treasury_billhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankers'_acceptancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage-backed_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset-backed_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset-backed_securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_liquidityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_marketshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_markets8/2/2019 msop project2003
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Indian Financial marketis one of the oldest in the world and is considered to bethe fastest growing and best among all the markets of the emerging economies.
The history of Indian capital markets dates back 200 years toward the end of the
18th century when India was under the rule of the East India Company. Thedevelopment of the capital market in India concentrated around Mumbai where no
less than 200 to 250 securities brokers were active during the second half of the
19th century.
The economic reform process that began in 1991 took place amidst acute
crises involving the financial sector:
The balance of payments crisis that threatened the international credibility of the
country and pushed it to the brink of default; and The grave threat of insolvency confronting the banking system which had for
years concealed its problems with the help of defective accounting policies.
Large scale pre-emption of resources from the banking system by the government
to finance its fiscal deficit;
Excessive structural and micro regulation that inhibited financial innovation and
increased transaction costs;
The financial market in India today is more developed than many other sectors
because it was organized long before with the securities exchanges of Mumbai,
Ahmadabad and Kolkata were established as early as the 19th century
A remarkable feature of the growth of the Indian economy in recent years has been
the role played by its securities markets in assisting and fuelling that growth with
money rose within the economy. This was in marked contrast to the initial phase of
growth in many of the fast growing economies of East Asia that witnessed huge
doses of FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) spurring growth in their initial days of
market decontrol. During this phase in India much of the organized sector has been
affected by high growth as the financial markets played an all-inclusive role insustaining financial resource mobilization. Many PSUs (Public Sector
Undertakings) that decided to offload part of their equity were also helped by the
well-organized securities market in India.
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
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Financial Institution are establishment that focuses on dealing with financialtransactions, such as investments, loans and deposits. Conventionally, financial
institutions are composed of organizations such as banks, trust companies,
insurance companies and investment dealers. Almost everyone has deal with a
financial institution on a regular basis. Everything from depositing money to taking
out loans and exchange currencies must be done through financial institutions.
Probably the most important financial service provided by financial institutions is
acting as financial intermediaries. Most financial institutions are regulated by the
government. Broadly speaking, there are three major types of financial institutions:
1. Deposit-taking institutions that accept and manage deposits and make loans,
includingbanks,building societies, credit unions, trust companies, and
mortgage loan companies
2. Insurance companies andpension funds; and
3. Brokers, underwriters and investment funds
Financial institutions provide service as intermediaries of financial markets. They
are responsible for transferring funds from investors to companies in need of those
funds. Financial institutions facilitate the flow of money through the economy. To
do so, savings a risk brought to provide funds for loans. Such is the primary means
for depository institutions to develop revenue. Should the yield curve becomeinverse, firms in this arena will offer additional fee-generating services including
securities underwriting. Financial institutions can be categorized as follows:
Deposit Taking Institutions
Finance and Insurance Institutions
Investment Institutions
Pension Providing Institutions
Risk Management Institutions
GROWTH OF FIIs IN INDIA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_intermediaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_investment_schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_curvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_intermediaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_regulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposit_accounthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pension_fundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwritinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_investment_schemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_curve8/2/2019 msop project2003
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At the time of independence in 1947, India's capital market was relatively under-
developed. Although there was significant demand for new capital, there was a
dearth of providers. Merchant bankers and underwriting firms were almost non-existent and commercial banks were not equipped to provide long-term industrial
finance in any significant manner. It was difficult for industry in general to procure
sufficient longterm funds in the capital markets. There were no other institutions to
supply long-term finance to industry. Traditionally, only short term finance could
be availed from commercial banks. SFIs were established to ensure that industry
get sufficient long-term funds and in the desired sectors in accordance with
planned priorities. Certain particular sections of the industry faced greater
difficulties than others in procuring long-term finance. These included
(a) Small and medium sized concerns,
(b) New concerns set up by new entrepreneurial groups,
(c) Specific industries, such as cotton and jute, which required funds for
modernization,
(d) Concerns involved in innovation and new technological developments,
(e) Concerns requiring extra-ordinarily large amounts of finance with a longgestation period,
(f) Concerns in backward regions.
SFIs were established to meet the long-term financial requirement of such
concerns, on economic and social ground. In general it can be said that the gap
between the demand for and supply of industrial finance is sought to be filled
through term loans by development financial institutions. Due to this role, they
have been called gap-fillers.
It is against this backdrop that the government established The Industrial Finance
Corporation of India (IFCI) on July 1, 1948, as the first Development Financial
Institution in the country to cater to the long-term finance needs of the industrial
sector. The newly-established DFI was provided access to low-cost funds through
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the central bank's Statutory Liquidity Ratio or SLR which in turn enabled it to
provide loans and advances to corporate borrowers at concessional rates.
By the early 1990s, it was recognized that there was need for greater flexibility to
respond to the changing financial system. It was also felt that IFCI should directlyaccess the capital markets for its funds needs. It is with this objective that the
constitution of IFCI was changed in 1993 from a statutory corporation to a
company under the Indian Companies Act, 1956. Subsequently, the name of the
company was also changed to "IFCI Limited" with effect from October 1999..
The Government of India, in order to provide adequate supply of credit to various
sectors of the economy, has evolved a well developed structure of financial
institutions in the country. These financial institutions can be broadly categorised
into All India institutions and State level institutions, depending upon thegeographical coverage of their operations. At the national level, they provide long
and medium term loans at reasonable rates of interest. They subscribe to the
debenture issues of companies, underwrite public issue of shares, guarantee loans
and deferred payments, etc. Though, the State level institutions are mainly
concerned with the development of medium and small scale enterprises, but they
provide the same type of financial assistance as the national level institutions.
The revolution of the equity market
The equity and income scandal of 1992, and the desire of policy makers to
encourage foreign investors in the Indian equity market, in the early
1990s, helped in reopening long-standing policy questions about the equity
market. From 1993 to 2001, the Ministry of Finance and SEBI led a strong
reforms report aiming at a fundamental transformation of the equity market.
The changes on the equity market from December 1993 to June 2001
were quite dramatic.
India's starting condition, in the early 1990s, was one with an almost entirely
government-owned banking system, where entry by foreign or private banks
was blocked. In this environment, an important experiment in easing entry
barriers took place from 1994 to 2004, where a total of 12 `new private banks'
were permitted to come into being.
National Level Institutions
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A wide variety of financial institutions have been set up at the national level. They
cater to the diverse financial requirements of the entrepreneurs. They include all
India development banks like IDBI, SIDBI, IFCI Ltd, IIBI; specialised financial
institutions like IVCF, ICICI Venture Funds Ltd, TFCI ; investment institutions
like LIC, GIC, UTI; etc.
1. All-India Development Banks (AIDBs):- Includes those development
banks which provide institutional credit to not only large and medium
enterprises but also help in promotion and development of small scale
industrial units.
Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI):- was established in
July 1964 as an apex financial institution for industrial development in
the country. It caters to the diversified needs of medium and largescale industries in the form of financial assistance, both direct and
indirect. Direct assistance is provided by way of project loans,
underwriting of and direct subscription to industrial securities, soft
loans, technical refund loans, etc. While, indirect assistance is in the
form of refinance facilities to industrial concerns.
Industrial Finance Corporation of India Ltd (IFCI Ltd):- was the
first development finance institution set up in 1948 under the IFCI Act
in order to pioneer long-term institutional credit to medium and large
industries. It aims to provide financial assistance to industry by way of
rupee and foreign currency loans, underwrites/subscribes the issue of
stocks, shares, bonds and debentures of industrial concerns, etc. It has
also diversified its activities in the field of merchant banking,
syndication of loans, formulation of rehabilitation programmes,
assignments relating to amalgamations and mergers, etc.
Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI):- was set up
by the Government of India in April 1990, as a wholly owned
subsidiary of IDBI. It is the principal financial institution for
promotion, financing and development of small scale industries in the
economy. It aims to empower the Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises (MSME) sector with a view to contributing to the process
http://business.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://www.idbibank.com/http://business.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://www.ifciltd.com/http://business.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://www.sidbi.in/index.asphttp://business.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://www.idbibank.com/http://business.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://www.ifciltd.com/http://business.gov.in/outerwin.php?id=http://www.sidbi.in/index.asp8/2/2019 msop project2003
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of economic growth, employment generation and balanced regional
development.
Industrial Investment Bank of India Ltd (IIBI):- was set up in
1985 under the Industrial reconstruction Bank of India Act, 1984, asthe principal credit and reconstruction agency for sick industrial units.
It was converted into IIBI on March 17, 1997, as a full-fledged
development financial institution. It assists industry mainly in medium
and large sector through wide ranging products and services. Besides
project finance, IIBI also provides short duration non-project asset-
backed financing in the form of underwriting/direct subscription,
deferred payment guarantees and working capital/other short-term
loans to companies to meet their fund requirements.
2. Specialised Financial Institutions (SFIs):- are the institutions which have
been set up to serve the increasing financial needs of commerce and trade in
the area of venture capital, credit rating and leasing, etc.
IFCI Venture Capital Funds Ltd (IVCF) :- formerly known as Risk
Capital & Technology Finance Corporation Ltd (RCTC), is a
subsidiary of IFCI Ltd. It was promoted with the objective of
broadening entrepreneurial base in the country by facilitating funding
to ventures involving innovative product/process/technology. Initially,
it started providing financial assistance by way of soft loans to
promoters under its 'Risk Capital Scheme' . Since 1988, it also
started providing finance under 'Technology Finance and
Development Scheme' to projects for commercialisation of
indigenous technology for new processes, products, market or
services. Over the years, it has acquired great deal of experience in
investing in technology-oriented projects.
ICICI Venture Funds Ltd:- formerly known as Technology
Development & Information Company of India Limited (TDICI), was
founded in 1988 as a joint venture with the Unit Trust of India.
Subsequently, it became a fully owned subsidiary of ICICI. It is a
technology venture finance company, set up to sanction project
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finance for new technology ventures. The industrial units assisted by
it are in the fields of computer, chemicals/polymers, drugs,
diagnostics and vaccines, biotechnology, environmental engineering,
etc.
Tourism Finance Corporation of India Ltd. (TFCI):- A specialised
financial institution set up by the Government of India for promotion
and growth of tourist industry in the country. Apart from conventional
tourism projects, it provides financial assistance for non-conventional
tourism projects like amusement parks, ropeways, car rental services,
ferries for inland water transport, etc.
3. Investment Institutions:- are the most popular form of financial
intermediaries, which particularly catering to the needs of small savers andinvestors. They deploy their assets largely in marketable securities.
Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC ):- was established in
1956 as a wholly-owned corporation of the Government of India. It
was formed by the Life Insurance Corporation Act,1956 , with the
objective of spreading life insurance much more widely and in
particular to the rural area. It also extends assistance for development
of infrastructure facilities like housing, rural electrification, water
supply, sewerage, etc. In addition, it extends resource support to other
financial institutions through subscription to their shares and bonds,
etc. The Life Insurance Corporation of India also transacts business
abroad and has offices in Fiji, Mauritius and United Kingdom .
Besides the branch operations, the Corporation has established
overseas subsidiaries jointly with reputed local partners in Bahrain,
Nepal and Sri Lanka.
Unit Trust of India (UTI):- It was set up as a body corporate under
the UTI Act, 1963, with a view to encourage savings and investment.
It mobilises savings of small investors through sale of units and
channelises them into corporate investments mainly by way of
secondary capital market operations. Thus, its primary objective is to
stimulate and pool the savings of the middle and low income groups
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and enable them to share the benefits of the rapidly growing
industrialisation in the country. In December 2002, the UTI Act, 1963
was repealed with the passage ofUnit Trust of India (Transfer of
Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 2002, paving the way for the
bifurcation of UTI into 2 entities, UTI-I and UTI-II with effect from1st February 2003.
General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) :- was formed in
pursuance of the General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act,
1972(GIBNA ), for the purpose of superintending, controlling and
carrying on the business of general insurance or non-life insurance.
Initially, GIC had four subsidiary branches, namely, National
Insurance Company Ltd ,The New India Assurance Company
Ltd , The Oriental Insurance Company Ltd and United India
Insurance Company Ltd . But these branches were delinked from
GIC in 2000 to form an association known as 'GIPSA' (General
Insurance Public Sector Association).
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State Level Institutions
Several financial institutions have been set up at the State level which supplement
the financial assistance provided by the all India institutions. They act as a catalystfor promotion of investment and industrial development in the respective States.
They broadly consist of 'State financial corporations' and 'State industrial
development corporations'.
State Financial Corporations (SFCs) :- are the State-level financial
institutions which play a crucial role in the development of small and
medium enterprises in the concerned States. They provide financial
assistance in the form of term loans, direct subscription to equity/debentures,
guarantees, discounting of bills of exchange and seed/ special capital, etc.
SFCs have been set up with the objective of catalysing higher investment,
generating greater employment and widening the ownership base of
industries. They have also started providing assistance to newer types of
business activities like floriculture, tissue culture, poultry farming,
commercial complexes and services related to engineering, marketing, etc.
There are 18 State Financial Corporations (SFCs) in the country:-
State Industrial Development Corporations (SIDCs) :- have been
established under the Companies Act, 1956, as wholly-owned undertakings
of State Governments. They have been set up with the aim of promoting
industrial development in the respective States and providing financial
assistance to small entrepreneurs. They are also involved in setting up of
medium and large industrial projects in the joint sector/assisted sector in
collaboration with private entrepreneurs or wholly-owned subsidiaries. They
are undertaking a variety of promotional activities such as preparation offeasibility reports; conducting industrial potential surveys; entrepreneurship
training and development programmes; as well as developing industrial
areas/estates.
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ROLE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Financial institutions play an extremely important role in economic development.Financial institutions cater to important needs of society such as taking care of
small savings at reasonable rates. Everyday working men and women have the
option of putting their savings into a number of alternatives such as Government
small saving schemes, deposits into a saving account provided by their bank,
recurring, deposits, time deposits and also the alternative option of investing in
mutual funds or stocks.
Financial institutions also undertake modern functions that could not have beendone 20 years or so ago. The relatively new invention of Internet banking allows
customers to access their saving and current accounts, manage their money and
even make payments without ever having to set foot in the banks building. This
and ATMs have completely revolutionized the way that people can access their
money. Online payments can also be made which saves the customers time and
energy. In the modern day economy when people with hectic lifestyles dont have
the time to stand in payment queues all day, financial institutions can only be
commended for providing this convenient way of payment.
Financial institutions must also offer an extremely efficient service by developing
themselves to make the best use of the credit in their systems. A decent financial
institution must make sure that they cater to the all the needs of investors by
making high amounts of capital for the big and expensive projects that are being
undertaken by the industrial and service sectors. Although it is not just the big
people that the financial institutions need to be backing. The small companies and
independent businesses must also have credit backing them if they are to expand
and grow for the good of the countrys economy. This makes the subject of creditavailability by financial institutions an extremely important issue.
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The Role of Financial Institutions can be categorized as:
As Risk Management Institutions:
There are number of reasons which motivate management to concern itself
with risk and embark upon a careful assessment of both the level of risk
associated with any financial product and potential risk mitigation
techniques. Due to managerial self-interest, tax effects, the cost of financial
distress, capital market imperfections. In each case, the volatility of profit
leads to a lower value to at least some of the firms stakeholders.
As a Pension Fund Provider
Pension funds may be defined as forms of institutional investor, which
collect, pool and invest funds contributed by sponsors and beneficiaries to
provide for the future pension entitlements of beneficiaries. The financial
institutions can form long-term relationships with borrowers, which reduce
information asymmetry and hence moral hazard. Apart from economies of
scale (which apply equally to institutional investors) these considerations
have arisen in the literature mainly for debt finance and for banks. Whereas
the importance of information asymmetries and incomplete contracts isequally recognized for equity finance.
As Investment Institutions
The main role of the financial institutions in India in respect to foreign
investments is to aid foreign investors in investment activities in India. The
funds from overseas countries come in two forms: Foreign direct
Investments and Joint Ventures of the foreign companies with Indian
companies. SFIs are institutions set up mainly by the government for
providing medium and long-term financial assistance to industry. As these
institutions provide developmental finance, that is, finance for investment in
fixed assets, they are also known as development banks or development
financial institutions.
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Finance and Insurance Institutions
When purchasing insurance from an insurance company, taking out an
installment loan on your new car from a finance company, buying a share of
common stock with the help of a broker, or contributing to the pension fundwith FNPF, you are dealing with NBFIs.
In our economy, NBFIs also play an important role in mobilizing financial
savings. However, such institutions differ from commercial banks in that
they are not authorized to accept or demand deposits from the public that can
be withdrawn by cheques.
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Financial Regulations
Financial regulation is a form ofregulation or supervision, which subjects financialinstitutions to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines, aiming to maintain
the integrity of the financial system. This may be handled by either a government
or non-government organization. The aims of financial regulators are usually:
To prevent cases ofmarket manipulation, such as insider trading.
To ensure competence of providers of financial services.
To protect clients, and investigate complaints.
To maintain confidence in the financial system.
To reduce violations under laws.
REGULATORY AUTHORITIES IN INDIA
In most cases, financial regulatory authorities regulate all financial activities. But
in some cases, there are specific authorities to regulate each sector of the financeindustry, mainlybanking, securities, insurance andpensions markets, but in some
cases also commodities, futures, forwards, etc:
1. RESERVE BANK OF INDIA
The Reserve Bank of India is the main regulator for the money market. It
controls and regulates the G-Secs market. RBI also fulfills several other
important objectives such as managing the borrowing programme for theGovernment of India, controlling inflation, ensuring adequate credit at
reasonable costs to various sectors of the economy, managing the foreign
exchange reserves of the country and ensuring a stable currency
environment. RBI controls the issuance of new banking licences to banks. It
controls the manner in which various scheduled banks raise money from
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depositors. Further, it controls the deployment of money through its policies
on CRR, SLR, priority sector lending, export refinancing, guidelines on
investment assets, etc. RBI also administers the interest rate policy. Its
regulatory involvement in the Indian Capital Markets is primarily of debt
management through primary dealers, foreign exchange control and liquiditysupport to market participants. The RBI regulates participants in the
securities markets when a foreign transaction is involved. Transactions
which include Indian issuers issuing of security outside India, such as GDRs
and ADRs, and Financial Institutional Investors (FIIs) or Foreign Brokers
selling, buying or dealing in Indian Securities need the permission of RBI.
Over the years, RBI has moved slowly towards a regime of market-
determined controls.
2. SECURITIES EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA
The regulator for the Indian corporate debt market is the Securities and
Exchange Board of India (SEBI). SEBI controls the bond market in cases
where entities, especially corporates, raise money from public through
public issues. It regulates the manner in which money is raised and to ensure
a fair play for the retail investor. It forces the issuer to make the retail
investor aware of the risks inherent in the investment and its disclosure
norms. SEBI is also a regulator for the mutual funds and regulates the entry
of new mutual funds in the industry. It also regulates the instruments in
which these mutual funds can invest. SEBI also regulates the investments of
Foreign Institutional Investors.
Functions of SEBI:
Regulates Capital Market
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Checks Trading of securities.
Checks the malpractices in securities market.
It enhances investor's knowledge on market by providing education.
It regulates the stockbrokers and sub-brokers.
To promote Research and Investigation
3. Forward Markets Commission (FMC)
The Forward Markets Commission (FMC) is the chief regulator offorwards
and futures markets in India. It is headquartered in Mumbai and unusually
for a financial regulatory agency is overseen by the Ministry of Consumer
Affairs. The functions of the Forward Markets Commission are as follows:
To advise the Central Government in respect of the recognition or the
withdrawal of recognition from any association or in respect of any other
matter arising out of the administration of the Forward Contracts
(Regulation) Act 1952.
To keep forward markets under observation and to take such action in
relation to them, as it may consider necessary, in exercise of the powers
assigned to it by or under the Act.
To collect and whenever the Commission thinks it necessary, to publish
information regarding the trading conditions in respect of goods to which
any of the provisions of the act is made applicable, including information
regarding supply, demand and prices, and to submit to the CentralGovernment, periodical reports on the working of forward markets relating
to such goods;
To make recommendations generally with a view to improving the
organization and working of forward markets;
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To undertake the inspection of the accounts and other documents of any
recognized association or registered association or any member of such
association whenever it considers it necessary.
4. Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA)
The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) is a
national agency of the Government of India, based in Hyderabad.
Mission of IRDA as stated in the act is "to protect the interests of the
Policyholders, to regulate, promote and ensure orderly growth of the
Insurance industry and for matters connected therewith or incidental
thereto." The regulating function of IRDA includes regulating investment
of funds by insurance companies; regulating maintenance of margin of
solvency; adjudication of disputes between insurers and intermediaries or
insurance intermediaries; supervising the functioning of the Tariff
Advisory Committee; specifying the percentage of premium income of
the insurer to finance schemes for promoting and regulating professional
organizations referred to in clause, specifying the percentage of life
insurance business and general insurance business to be undertaken by
the insurer in the rural or social sector; and exercising such other powers
as may be prescribed from time to time.
5. Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)
Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority was established bythe Government of India on 23rd August 2003 to promote old age income
security by establishing, developing and regulating pension funds, to protect
the interests of subscribers to schemes of pension funds and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.
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6. Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA)
The Foreign Exchange Management Act was passed in 1999 by the
parliament of India. The Foreign Exchange Management Act applies to all
residents of the country of India and is regulated by the Reserve Bank of
India. It also applies to residents of India who live outside of the country
conducting relevant transactions under the law's purview.
The Foreign Exchange Management Act regulates (through the Reserve
Bank of India) actions ranging from the transfer of foreign securities by
residents of India to borrowing or lending done on a foreign exchange to
deposits between citizens of India and outside residents. Penalties for
misconduct under the Foreign Exchange Management Act can be up to three
times the monetary value of the offending transaction.
PROBLEMS AND CHALLANGES
The major problems and challenges concerning the financial sector are:
The level ofNon-performing assets of public sector banks in March 2012,
as a proportion of advances, was estimated at 14.3 per cent gross and 7.4 per
cent net which was very high as compared with other countries. The
magnitude of the problem can be identified from the fact that there are more
than 1,50,000 Crore nonperforming assets in the entire banking sector and is
increasing.
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Education and lack of awareness has boosted up the problem for the
financial institutions. Moreover more than 41% of the Indians do not have
bank accounts which is a live example about the Lack of awareness amongthe masses.
A recent report by Crisilhas highlighted that while Indian banks are takingsteps towards improved disclosures which meet the RBI regulatory
requirements, Indian banks have a long way to go to come up to
International Best Practices. A few banks are attempting to achieve
international disclosure standards in the context of their plans to raise capital
from international markets.
Since the government is not willing to provide capital to some banks, only
the relatively strong banks will be able to raise capital from the market and,
therefore, those banks will grow at a faster pace than the weaker banks and
the banking system would eventually become stronger.
Public ownership- Roughly 80% of banking, 95% of insurance and 100%
of pensions is held in public sector .Within insurance, it is possible to
establish a private insurance company with no more than 26% of foreign
ownership.
What are the Solutions ?
Critical financial infrastructure is a special middle zone between governmentand ordinary private competitive financials. It includes exchanges, depositories,
clearing corporations, and the payments system. These require a combination
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of top end management capabilities to achieve high technology and innovation,
alongside a very high mission criticality both in terms of technological
and in terms of governance failures.
The traditional implementation by government monopolies yields poor results,
both because governments lack the operational capabilities for effectively running
these complex organisations, because there is a conflict of interest between service
provision by the government and Private Bodies.
This suggests that the primary focus in banking should be upon improving
competition by removing entry barriers. This requires addressing six dimensions of
entry barriers in banking:
1. Barriers against dedicated ATM network companies,
2. Barriers against formation of new private banks,
3.Barriers against branch expansion of private and foreign banks,
4.Barriers against a greater role for new technologies of mobile phones and
the Internet in retail payments,
5. Barriers against money market mutual funds,
6. Barriers against securitisation.
Trends and Reports
There is a general economic decline during recession. The economy has a
tremendous setback. The purchase of the people comes down due to low salaries or
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lack of sufficient income. This results in slump in market with goods and services
not being availed of by people. Production slows down and in turn prices go up. In
fact during recession, many firms are forced to sell their products at throw-away
prices and suffer from losses as a result.
Recession is something to be dreaded by producers as well as consumers. Both
suffer during these hard times. Both need each other. In case, consumers do not
have the purchasing power, then production suffers. Less production means less
profits for producers who will find it difficult to run their business houses.
The economic scenario during recession is pathetic. It is interesting to note how the
economy suffers during such traumatic times as it affects us all.
Recession impact on the economy
Slump in the market Goods and services are difficult to be sold as the
purchasing power of the people comes down.
Stock prices come down Investment suffers. The industrial production is
badly affected as investors avoid investing in companies that might suffer
losses during recession. Bigger companies are able to withstand the setbacks
but smaller companies have a tough time and some may end up closing
down. Increase in unemployment People are thrown out of jobs. They are left in
the lurch. They are unable to meet both ends. Many goods and services are
not within their reach.
Depression Recession causes depression if it persists for a long time.
Negative trends are visible in the stock market and rapid unemployment is
there. Companies need to be bailed out by the government. Public spending
suffers a setback.
National debts on the rise Increase in national debts means less money
can be spent by the government on development. Money gets diverted inbailing out companies. The recent recession in the U.S. indicates how banks
have to depend upon federal aid for their survival. Taxpayers money is being
spent in giving these banks a boost.
Recession is definitely bad for economic growth and development. It slows down
the economy. Investors hesitate to invest, and producers are unable to churn out
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products. Consumer lack the necessary money due to unemployment and cannot
therefore buy goods available in the market.