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MS Excel
Formulas & Functions
What are formulas & functions?
Formulas are instructions that tell Excel how to perform calculations.
Formulas must always begin with an equals sign =
Functions are built in formulas.
MS Excel – Inserting Functions You can enter a function manually by
typing it into the formula bar. Or click on the Insert Function icon to
choose from some built in functions.
Write formula in Formula BarInsert Function
Cell Reference
Each cell is identified by its cell reference.
The cell reference is made up of the column letter followed by the row number.For example, A3. (Column A Row 3)
You can write formulas that reference specific cells. =A1+A3+D5
Example #1
= A1 + C4 - A5 = 10 + 8 - 5 = 13
Example #2
= (A1*D4)/D5 = (10*15)/100 = 150/100 = 1.5
Example #3
= B3 * 1.15 = 3 * 1.15 = 3.45
Cell References/Ranges
A cell reference can consist of a single cell or a block of cells.
Excel refers to these references as a range
To identify a “range”, key the cell references for two diagonally opposite corners of a group of cells, separated by a colon.
Range Examples
B5:B10 A range of cells in column B
Range Examples
D3:G3 A range of cells in row 3
Range Examples
C5:F12 A rectangular range of cells
Top Left = C5Bottom Right
= F12
Parts of a Function
Excel has a number of built in functions to perform common calculations
=SUM(E9:E11)
Equals Sign
Function Name
ColonCell Reference
BracketsColumn Letter
Row Number
Auto Sum Button
The AutoSum button is a shortcut for entering the SUM formula.
It enters =SUM (and suggests a range to total.)
Auto Sum ButtonAuto Sum
Suggested Range
The Fill Handle
Fill Handle
The Fill Handle allows you to copy formulas across a range of cells.
Cell references in formulas are automatically adjusted
The Fill Handle
Fill Handle
Grab the fill handle & drag in the direction where you want the formula copied
Drag where you want the
formulas copied
Types of Cell Reference
There are three types of cell references we can use in Excel. They are:
1. Relative i.e., A3
2. Absolute i.e., $A$3
3. Mixed i.e., $A3
Relative Cell Reference
A cell reference that will change relative to where it is copied.
Cell references change relative to where it is copied
Absolute Cell Reference
A cell reference that does not change when copied because the dollar sign ($) has been placed in front of both the column letter and row number.
Reference to cell $C$9 is
absolute
B11*$C$9
B12*$C$9
B13*$C$9
Mixed Cell Reference
A cell reference that has either the row or column reference as absolute and the other part of the reference relative i.e. $E4.
Reference to column $E is absolute but the row reference is relative
More Functions
Clicking on the Insert Function button will bring up a list of built in functions.
Function List
Definition
Search Functions
Excel Glossary
1. =SUM( )
2. =AVERAGE( )
3. =MAX( )
4. =MIN( )
5. IF( )
6. PMT( )
7. COUNT( )
8. COUNTIF( )
Find definitions for the following functions
Your Task
Download & complete the Excel assignment from the class website