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Cumulative Review – Period 4WWI to the Modern Era

World War I

1.B

occioni's Unique Forms of Continuity in Space shows

a.) the interest in people and how they thinkb.) the contemporary interest in the use of metal in sculpturec.) a focus on mechanization at the beginning of the 20th centuryd.) Boccioni's focus on Greek gods like Mercury.

2. Beckmann's Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery reflects a.) Beckmann's strong Catholic faithb.) Beckmann's fear of people c.) the cruelty of people in the first decades of the 20th centuryd.) artists' interest in Futurism as a way to express their dissatisfaction with the world.

3. Boccioni and Beckmann show the tremendous change in people's attitudes from before to aftera.) British imperialismb.) World War Ic.) the Great Depressiond.) World War II.

World War I – Alliances and Warfare

Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913

Max Beckmann, Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery, 1917

Explanation:

"...[F]ighting for days on end over a single square of ground, till the whole tract of country is one blood-soaked, corpse-strewn field... It was a gigantic murder, by means of bullets, shells, axes, and bombs, and there was such a thundering, crashing, bellowing and screaming as might have heralded the Day of Judgment. In three days, on a front of about 200 yards, we lost 909 men, and the enemy casualties must have amounted to thousands....There are moments when even the bravest soldier is so utterly sick of the whole thing that he could cry like a child.... If only those gentlemen - Grey, Asquith, and Poincaré - could be transported to this spot, instead of the war lasting ten years, there would be peace tomorrow!"

- Richard Schmieder, letter home from war, 20th century

4. These documents are records of fighting ina.) Franco-Prussian Warb.) World War Ic.) World War IId.) the Korean War

5. The new technologies that would have led to these views of war included all of the following EXCEPTa.) machine gunsb.) poison gasc.) tanksd.) jets.

6. All of these terms are linked to these documents EXCEPTa.) Russian Revolutionb.) Western Frontc.) Schliefen Pland.) "bleed France dry".

Russian Revolution

British soldiers, battlefield photograph, 20th century

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Comrades, the workmen's and peasant's revolution, the need of which the Bolsheviks have emphasized many times, has come to pass.... Its significance is, in the first place, that we shall have a soviet government, without the participation of bourgeoisie of any kind. The oppressed masses will of themselves form a government.... We have now learned to work together in a friendly manner, as is evident from this revolution. Vladimir Lenin, speech, Winter Palace, St. Petersburg, November 8, 1917

The Commission is to be called the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for the Struggle with Counter-Revolution and Sabotage and is to be attached to the Council of People's Commissars.... The Commission shall keep an eye on the press, saboteurs, right Socialist Revolutionaries and strikers. Measures to be taken are confiscation, imprisonment, confiscation of cards, publication of the names of the enemies of the people, etc.

- Vladimir Lenin, St. Petersburg, December 20, 1917

7. Prior to the first document, all of the following had occurred in 1917 EXCEPTa.) the rule by Kerensky b.) the Kornilov Insurrectionc.) the murder of Nicholas II and his familyd.) the October Revolution.

8. Lenin's mention of the need for a new type of government was in reference to ending thea.) tsarist governmentb.) Provisional Governmentc.) Russian involvement in World War IId.) Russian alliance with the German bourgeoisie.

9. Which of the following most likely led Lenin to make his December 20th statement?a.) After his initial statement in November, peasants fought back against the revolution.b.) Newspapers openly criticized the new Bolshevik government.c.) Counter-revolutionaries, such as the Petrograd Soviet, worked against Lenin's government.d.) Bourgeois members of the Bolshevik government spoke out against Lenin's inordinate power.

Paris Peace Settlement

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10. This map shows political boundaries after – a.) the war for German unificationb.) the Franco-Prussian Warc.) World War Id.) World War II

11. The new states in Central and Eastern Europe were called thea.) Successor Statesb.) Central Powersc.) Allied Powersd.) Soviet Bloc nations

12. All of these new states came from countries that had lost the war EXCEPT for those froma.) the Ottoman Empireb.) Austria-Hungaryc.) Bulgariad.) Russia

The Interwar Period

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"[Was there] ever in history ... a government that was based solely on popular consent and that renounced all use of force whatsoever.... Take away from any government whatsoever force - and by force is meant physical, armed force - and leave it only its immortal principles, and that government will be at the mercy of the first organized group that decides to overthrow it."Benito Mussolini, Force and Consent, 1923

"... [P]arty organization, system of education, and discipline can only be understood when considered in relation to its general attitude toward life.... [It] sees not only the individual but the nation and the country; individuals and generations bound together by a moral law, with common traditions and a mission...."

- Giovanni Gentile and Benito Mussolini, Fascism Doctrine and Institutions, 1935

13. These beliefs focused on all of the following EXCEPTa.) historic nationalismb.) militarismc.) national educational systemd.) elections to place the most powerful man in office.

14. The writers of these documents would disagree with what nineteenth-century movement?a.) Liberalismb.) Conservatismc.) Industrialismd.) Capitalism

15. Which of the following shares most of its beliefs about state-building with these documents?a.) Nazisb.) Socialistsc.) Communistsd.) Utopians

Explanation:

The Cold War Era

"Soviet leaders are driven ... to put forward a dogma which [depicts the] outside world as evil, hostile and menacing.... In addition, it has an elaborate and far flung apparatus for exertion of its influence in other countries... managed by people whose experience and skill in underground methods are presumably without parallel in history."George Kennan, Charge d'Affaires, US Embassy in Moscow, telegram, 1946

"The present policy of the American government with regard to the USSR is ... directed at limiting or dislodging the influence of the Soviet Union from neighboring countries..... Such a policy is intended to weaken and overthrow the democratic governments in power there, which are friendly toward the USSR, and replace them in the future with new governments that would obediently carry out a policy dictated from the United States."

- Nikolai Novikov, senior Soviet diplomat in Washington, DC, telegram, 1946

16. Based on his concerns, Kennan went on to propose a US policy calleda.) blockadesb.) containmentc.) confrontationd.) reactionism.

17. Novikov seemed to suggest that the United Statesa.) wanted to take control of the Western European states near the USSRb.) was limiting Soviet control of post-World War II Chinac.) was trying to seize the Ukraine and other democracies in the USSRd.) sought to influence Eastern European countries.

18. Both Kennan and Novikov a.) looked at the Iron Curtain as a Soviet move to control her neighborsb.) viewed each other's state as aggressivec.) were interested in spreading the ideals of Greek democracy and Roman republicanismd.) believed that the standards of the Warsaw Pact should be defended.

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Cold War

"The dizzying development of this science, with its unconditional faith in objective reality and its complete dependency on general and rationally knowable laws, led to the birth of modern technological civilization..... Classical modern science described only the surface of things, a single dimension of reality. And the more dogmatically science treated it as the only dimension, as the very essence of reality, the more misleading it became. Today, for instance, we may know immeasurably more about the universe than our ancestors did, and yet, it increasingly seems they knew something more essential about it than we do, something that escapes us.... [E]verything is possible and almost nothing is certain."

- Vaclav Havel, article in The Futurist, 1995

19. Havel seems to be saying thata.) science gives people the answers that they need in lifeb.) events like the destruction of the World Trade Center buildings gave people little to believe inc.) the Scientific Revolution gave man additional meaning to his life through the development of the

Enlightenmentd.) scientific developments of things like the atomic bomb gave mankind more knowledge but less to

bind them.

20. Havel's beliefs could best be described asa.) existentialistb.) postmodernc.) modernd.) enlightened.

21. As a writer and thinker, Havel wasa.) the leader of Charter 77 b.) a philosopher in the post-Communist worldc.) a professor at the University of Pragued.) the president of Slovakia.

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Modern Era:

"The nation-state is the basic component of the old-world order. The old-world order is also called the Westphalian System.... The era of the Europeanization of the globe has now ended.... Nation-states are having to share their power with three groups of global actors: transnational corporations; international [organizations]... and nongovernmental organizations."Keith Suter, Global Order and Global Disorder: Globalization and the Nation-State, 2003

"Having 'won' the Cold War and watched the collapse of the Soviet Union, having witnessed the collapse of communism across Eastern Europe and its slow but apparently inexorable metamorphosis within 'Red China', the United States was left as the sole superpower.... [t]he United States as a very large yet functionally effective polity and economy [whose] mass was mobilized globally through the unprecedentedly large multiplier effect of modern technologies. The twentieth century was neither the end of history nor the beginning of globalization."

- David Reynolds, American Globalism: Mass, Motion, and the Multiplier Effect, 2002

22. In his discussion of the old-world order, Suter makes reference to the changes in the world aftera.) the Thirty Years' Warb.) the Hundred Years' Warc.) the Seven Years' Ward.) the Six Years' War.

23. In his discussion of the Cold War, Reynolds talks about the changes that occurred arounda.) 1956b.) 1968c.) 1972d.) 1990.

24. These two authors would tend to agree thata.) that the United States was a hegemon in the twentieth centuryb.) modern technologies were more important in having global power than transnational corporationsc.) the UN has risen in importance in the worldd.) the WTO had much more economic influence in the twentieth century than the US.

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Post – Modern

"Much of the explanation for the extent and intensity of American globalism lies in the distinctiveness of modern technologies and the pre-eminence of the United States in exploiting them.... especially in democratic politics, consumer economies and popular culture. ... [T]he United States itself [is] a very large and very prosperous state that also enjoyed, in the twentieth century, remarkable stability.... This has enabled America to ratchet up its power, wealth and cultural influence to a historically unprecedented degree.... But the world was not a blank slate for Americans to write on. Mobilization provoked opposition; that is a familiar, though important, point. More interesting are the ways in which America's international impact varied according to national circumstances--the global modified by the local."

- David Reynolds, American Globalism: Mass, Motion, and the Multiplier Effect, 2002

25. One of the things that the highway billboard shows is American's a.) post-WWII optimismb.) strong belief in themselvesc.) desire to show the world their love of family d.) potential according to Lange.

26. One of Reynolds' main points is that a.) countries that are poor push back against American wealthb.) the United States should be careful with its power post-World War IIc.) through its exploitation of smaller countries, the United States should have realized that they would

push back in ways like the attacks on the World Trade Centerd.) a hegemon can, as a single country, have great influence.

27. Both of these documents show America'sa.) economic mightb.) potential for goodc.) cultural influence because of technological growthd.) strength based on its ability to persuade its masses to move forward.

Dorothea Lange, Photograph, Highway billboard, U.S. 99, California, 1930s

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De-Colonization

THERE ARE those who maintain that Africa cannot unite because we lack the three necessary ingredients for unity, a common race, culture and language. It is true that we have for centuries been divided. The territorial boundaries dividing us were fixed long ago, often quite arbitrarily, by the colonial powers.... At present most of the independent African States are moving in directions which expose us to the dangers of imperialism and neo-colonialism....In my view, therefore, a united Africa ... should seek three objectives: Firstly, we should have an over-all economic planning on a continental basis....Secondly, we should aim at the establishment of a unified military and defence strategy.... The third objective [is] for us to adopt a unified foreign policy and diplomacy....

- Kwame Nkrumah, Africa Must Unite, 1970

28. This period in history dealt with in these documents was calleda.) decolonizationb.) DE Europeanizationc.) DE imperialismd.) reunification.

29. Ghana took the lead in creating a union of African states becausea.) it was one of the first countries to become independentb.) France encouraged its past colony to take that rolec.) Great Britain was concerned about regaining all of her old territoriesd.) its Muslim traditions were ended by Germany.

30. In Africa Must Unite Nkrumah wrote of his desire fora.) neocolonialism in dealing with Europeb.) Pan-Africanism to protect newly independent countriesc.) a union of African states with their mother countriesd.) the end of anti-immigration policies in Europe.

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