Mrs. Fernandez Anatomy & Physiology Honors Chapter 2: The
Bodys Chemical Makeup Slide 2 Case Study Investigation You have a
friend who is preparing for a charity marathon, but he feels that
he is too out of shape to compete with seasoned runners. You go
with him to shop for energy drinks that would give him a
competitive edge. He finally finds a drink called Endurance that
promises to boost an athlete's energy during strenuous competition.
Your friend drinks several bottles of Endurance before the race.
Your friend collapses after 2 hours of running, only 10 miles into
the 26-mile race. The medical team on the scene discovers that your
friend is dizzy, vomiting, and breathing rapidly. In addition, his
muscles are quickly alternating between very tense and overly
relaxed. An on-the-spot examination shows that his heartbeat is
rapid, yet his blood pressure is low. Determine the possible body
chemistry problems causing this set of conditions. Slide 3
Introduction to Chemistry Studying the human body requires
knowledge of the chemistry of the bodys structure and function.
-What are the properties? Interactions? Our body is composed of 2
substances: energy and matter. Whats the difference? Much of our
energy is released as heat -Homeostasis Most important chemistry to
study our body is organic chemistry: compounds that contain carbon.
Slide 4 Atoms & Molecules All matter is composed of atoms
smallest undividable unit -Different types of atoms called elements
Contains 3 subatomic particles - ??? Organized into a periodic
table according to chemical properties developed by Mendeleev.
Interactive table: www.ptable.com Slide 5 Composed of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus, and electron orbitals Atomic mass = P + N
Atomic # = P Physical Properties: Boiling point, color, density,
hardness, melting point, etc. Atom Structure & Function Slide 6
For most elements, the # of N = # of P. When it differs, the
element is called an isotope. -Makes the atomic mass different for
same element -Have very similar chemical and physical properties,
but greatly differ in nuclear properties. -Radioactive isotopes can
cause cancer, and also cure it (radiation therapy). Also used in
carbon dating (lets us know how long something has been dead for).
Slide 7 Atom Structure & Function Gaining or losing electrons =
Ions. -Important for every day body reactions: Na/K pump, nerve
impulses, and muscle reactions Discovery Education: Properties of
Atoms Slide 8 Properties of Molecules Molecules are true building
blocks of our body -Made up of two or more atoms joined by chemical
bonds -Used to replace worn down molecules or get energy Pure
molecules: 2 or more of the same element -Ex: Oxygen molecule made
of 2 O bonded Compounds: 2 or more different elements -Ex: Water,
H20 Slide 9 Types of Bonds Ionic: Donating / Receiving electrons
between 2 elements -Usually from first two columns (readily lose an
electron) and next-to-last column (readily gain electron) - Form
strong and rigid bonds = crystalline structure -Ex: Na+Cl- (table
salt), Bone matrix (calcium chloride), and nerve impulses -Weaken
in water (dissolve) Slide 10 Types of Bonds Covalent Bonds: Sharing
of electrons between 2 elements -More characteristic of the
biochemical's that make up the human body -Usually only involve C,
H, N, O, P & S -Very important in carbon compounds -Dont weaken
in water -Ex: hair, skin, rubber, plastic -Breaking down covalent
bonds creates energy: metabolism Slide 11 Types of Bonds Hydrogen
Bonds: Generally temporary and weak -Partial positive H is
attracted to negative O, N, F -Ex: Water! -Gives the glue-like
property of adhesiveness (using moisture to stick a cup to a
surface) and cohesiveness (water attaching to itself) -Responsible
for more of the chemical reactions in our body Slide 12 Gizmo:
Element Builder Slide 13 Independent Assignment Work SILENTLY On
page 40 answer the CONCEPT CHECK 1-3 Q+A Outline from pg. 40-42
starting at Parts of a Molecule. At least 2 sentences per paragraph
as well as all terms and definitions Slide 14 Biochemicals
Biochemicals: Organic molecules produced by chemical reactions in
living organisms Obtained by eating plants, or animals that have
eaten plants. 2 major categories: 1. Bioactive 2. Structural Slide
15 Bioactive Molecules Carry out / promote reactions in the body
Ex: Caffeine Slide 16 Structural Molecules Components of the body
Ex: Tendons, Nails, Fat Some biochemical have both bioactive &
structural properties, such as sugar Slide 17 Biochemical
Components Made up of Carbon skeleton and Functional group Carbon
Skeleton: carbon atoms held by covalent bonds (can be straight
chain, branch, ring, etc) Functional Group: one or more elements
responsible for chemical activities Slide 18 Functional Groups
Hydroxyl (Alcohol): Made of O ; Helps other molecules dissolve in
water. Carbonyl: Transfer electrons and help in bonding Carboxyl:
Acid, exchanges hydrogen ions with other atoms Amino: Made of N ;
Make up proteins and parts of DNA Phosphate: Made of P, captures
and releases energy in body processes Sulfhydryl: Made of S ; Gives
unique shapes to molecules when bonded Slide 19 Isomers Same
molecular formula, but different structural formula (bonding and
arrangement of atoms) May have different physical and chemical
properties Ex: Propanol can be 1-propanol (perfumes) or 2-propanol
(rubbing alcohol) Slide 20 Chirality The mirror image of itself
Described as left handed or right handed, the way your hands are
mirror images of each other Ex: Right-handed glucose (sugar) and
Left-handed glucose (poison) Slide 21 Independent Assignment
Complete the Concept Check on page 42 Questions and Answers On a
separate sheet of paper Due Today Please work SILENTLY Slide 22
Acids & Bases pH: How many hydrogen ions are in the water Bases
/ Alkaline solutions: low concentration of H Bland taste, slimy
feel Acids / Acidic solutions: high concentration of H Sharp taste,
like lemons and vinegar Slide 23 Acids & Bases Buffers help to
neutralize acids and bases to pH of 7 Very important in blood and
body fluids Slide 24 CSI Re-Visit Knowing a little more about
elements and their role in the body now, is there any new idea you
have about our CSI patient? Could an acidic or basic reaction be
happening his blood? Slide 25 Human Molecules 4 major organic
chemical groups: Lipids Carbohydrates Peptides Nucleic Acids Slide
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