Urban Inequality and State Initiatives in Urban Inequality and State Initiatives in Urban Inequality and State Initiatives in Urban Inequality and State Initiatives in

Punjab : Punjab : Punjab : Punjab :

A Case Study of Amritsar

Dr. R. S. Sandhu

Professor, Department of Sociology

B.S. SekhonB.S. Sekhon

G.R. School of Planning

G N D University

Amritsar

National Seminar on Developing Harmonious and Sustai nable cities in India for a Better Urban Future,20-21 March 2009

Organized by Association of Municipalities and Devel opment Authorities, In partnership with UN-HABITAT

Global Picture of Poverty & Inequality

• In the 21st century we are living in a period of profoundtechnological, social, economic and cultural changes. Theglobalization is leading to inequalities and unprecedentedprosperity and also helping in persistence and perpetuation ofpoverty. In deed, poverty affects half the world’s population. Itis spreading and it is putting tremendous pressure on theenvironment and global equilibria. The figures areapocalyptic:

2

apocalyptic:• 8 million children die each year because of poverty• 150 million children under the age of five suffer from extreme

poverty• 100 million children live in the streets• Every three seconds, poverty kills a child somewhere

Poverty vs InequalityPoverty has received more attentionfrom National and International agencies, but inequality which is manifestation of poverty has been ignored intentionallybecause it high lights the privileged position of higher income groups in relation to the rest of urban population in terms of :

Housing,

Safety

Urban Land InfrastructureUrban Land Infrastructure

Public funds

Over all environment

Inequality means unequal access to home, land, basic services, educationas well as safe non exploitative employment. It is because of market approach and perception of government.

The inequality is increasing in the south as well as in the north i.e. developing and developed countries.

Inequality is increasing all over the World

In India, the inequality is increasing in urban areas as compared to rural.

The inequality is increasing in China.

The current gap in annual incomes is also increasing in USA. The gap was only 42-1 in 1980, 107 to 1 in 1990 and 411-1 in 2007. The fact is

India (Gini Coefficient)

Year 1983 1987-88

1993-94 2004-05

Urban 33.9 35.0 34.4 37.6

Rural 30.4 29.9 28.6 30.5

China

Year 2003 2004

Gini Coff. 40.7 47.3

was only 42-1 in 1980, 107 to 1 in 1990 and 411-1 in 2007. The fact is that income inequality is real and it has been rising for more than 25 years.

Indian Scene

Since 1947 India has made significant progress in severalareas of economic and human development and economyhas diversified substantially.Size of population has grown from 340 million to one billionLevel of urbanization has increased from 17.2 percent to27.8 percent in absolute number –62 million to 285 million.27.8 percent in absolute number –62 million to 285 million.Trend of urbanization:Increase in number of towns, metropolitization andincrease in class one towns.Urbanization of poverty: one fourth population is livingbelow poverty line Limited achievements in povertyeradication.

The major proportion of population in urban India.(as per Census 2001)1. About 40 percent families live in one-room to

themselves. In case of Mumbai and Kolkata morethan 70 to 80% families live in one room houses.

2. There is acute shortage of housing but 11% houses arevacant.

3. In one third of urban families, a house does not include

Quality of Life- URABN INDIA

6

3. In one third of urban families, a house does not includea kitchen, a bathroom, a toilet and in many cases nopower and water supply. .

4. Only 44% urban houses have concrete roof.5. About 20 to 50 percent urban population lives in slums.

Slums suffer large scale deprivation in water supply, sanitation, primary health and primary education.

6. The private toilets are limited to 15% of the urban households and 21% to community toilets where as morethan 60% of urban households resort to open spaces fordefecation.

The above facts clearly depict the marginalization of thepoor and increasing inequality in India inspite 50 years of continuous planning.

……..Quality of Life- URABN INDIA

7

continuous planning.

Inequality in India continue to increase because of government policies that favors the rich.

Rather it is the rich getting richer faster than the poor.

Inequality in Punjab

Punjab is the one of the most prosperous and urbanized states of India. Its level of urbanization has increased from 22.9 % to 33. 95% in the last four decades where as India’s urbanization has increased from 17.97 % to 27.78 % during the same period.

Gini coefficient in PUNJAB, increased from 28.1 to 40.2( 1993-94 to 2004-05)

This is mainly because of fast rate of urbanization in the state of Punjab.

Punjab State

India (Gini Coefficient)

Year 1983 1987-88

1993-94

2004-05

Urban 33.9 35.0 34.4 37.6

Rural 30.4 29.9 28.6 30.5

Punjab

Urban 33.9 28.8 28.1 40.3

Rural 29.2 29.7 28.1 29.5

Infrastructure Inequality in Infrastructure Inequality in Infrastructure Inequality in Infrastructure Inequality in Class I cities of PunjabClass I cities of PunjabClass I cities of PunjabClass I cities of Punjab

Share of Households having Share of Households having Share of Households having Share of Households having

Bathroom Within HouseBathroom Within HouseBathroom Within HouseBathroom Within House

Provision of Bathrooms

80%100%

Per

cent

age

Only Mohali has 90% above closed drainage systems.

Jallandhar and Patiala has more than 60% Closed Drains.

Majority has less than 50% Closed Drains

0%20%

40%60%

80%

Ludh

iana

Am

ritsa

r

Jalla

ndha

r

Pat

iala

Bat

hind

a

Pat

hank

ot

Hos

hiar

pur

Bat

ala

Mog

a

Abo

har

SA

S

Mal

erko

tla

Kha

nna

Pha

gwar

a

Cities

Per

cent

age

Open Drn.

ClosedDrainsBathrooms

Provision of WATER in Class I Provision of WATER in Class I Provision of WATER in Class I Provision of WATER in Class I cities of Punjabcities of Punjabcities of Punjabcities of Punjab

Share of Households having Tap or Hand Pump Water SourceShare of Households having Tap or Hand Pump Water SourceShare of Households having Tap or Hand Pump Water SourceShare of Households having Tap or Hand Pump Water Source

Cities Share having TAP Water

SAS, Jalandhar, Pathnkot,Phagwara, Malerkotla

> 80 %

Amritsar, Moga, Abohar, 60—80 %Amritsar, Moga, Abohar, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana

60—80 %

Bathinda, Batala, Khanna 40-60 %

SAS Nagar is an Exception which is a New Town Planne d with different systems.

Tap Water assumed to be better– Rest either hand pump or other source,

Use Shallow Aquifer and Prone to water Based Diseases

Housing Condition in Class I cities Housing Condition in Class I cities Housing Condition in Class I cities Housing Condition in Class I cities of Punjabof Punjabof Punjabof PunjabHouse Condition

Cities House Condition Good

House Condition Livable

SAS, > 90 % 6%

Patiala, Bathina, Pathankot , Hoshiarpur

70-75 % 21-25%

Amritsar, Jallandhar, Moga, Khanna

60-65 % 30-32 %

Ludhiana, Batala, Malerkotla, Abohar

40-60 % 33 – 40 %

House Condition is considered to be Satisfactory in only few Cities.

Much Need to be done for the Improvements in the Qua lity of life in the emerging Metropolitan cities

State Initiatives

Liberalization of government controlsPrivatization of Urban Development

inInfrastructure DevelopmentResidential DevelopmentResidential Development

TourismPoverty Eradication Programmes

e-Governanceothers

URBANISATION IN NEW TOWNS --MOHALI

EXISTING CITYIncorporate New Concept in the Hands of Pvt Developers

Urban Expansion with private partnersUrban Expansion with private partnersUrban Expansion with private partnersUrban Expansion with private partners

SWIMMING POOL,CLUBS

GREEN AREASGREEN AREASGREEN AREASGREEN AREASINDOOR GAMESINDOOR GAMESINDOOR GAMESINDOOR GAMES

Hosing-large size plots

Shopping Shopping Shopping Shopping –MALLS, MALLS, MALLS, MALLS, MULTIPLEXESMULTIPLEXESMULTIPLEXESMULTIPLEXES

There is rise of Spatial There is rise of Spatial There is rise of Spatial There is rise of Spatial Inequality in Mohali with Inequality in Mohali with Inequality in Mohali with Inequality in Mohali with the establishment of New the establishment of New the establishment of New the establishment of New

Private TownshipsPrivate TownshipsPrivate TownshipsPrivate TownshipsPrivate TownshipsPrivate TownshipsPrivate TownshipsPrivate Townships

Project Sanctioned in Punjab

Infrastructures: Augmentation of Water and SewerTechnical Education: polytechnic and ITI colleges on

BOT Basis

Mega Projects, Malls, Residential Township, IT park, Road Improvements, Infrastructures Up gradations, Bus Terminals, Express Ways

BOT BasisTransport Sector Bus Terminals– Up gradation and Modernization Roads, Bridges, Ring roads, Express

ways, Public Transport Tourism Sector: Development of Hotels, Palaces, Forts and

Museums

●●

Amritsar Jalandhar

Status of projects in the different cities

Most of the Projects are concentrated in three Cites

There Exists a Spatially Inequality in the state

●●●●●

LudhianaSr. No.

Name of the city

Number of major projects

Number of minor

projects

1 Mohali 121 92

2 Ludhiana 16 29

3 Amritsar 13 06

4 Jalandhar 12 04

Mohali

Harmonious Development in Harmonious Development in Harmonious Development in Harmonious Development in PUNJABPUNJABPUNJABPUNJAB

INFLUENCED BY THE ACTIVITES AND LIFE IN MAJOR CITES—due to Economic, Accessibility and Spatial Dominance

Housing a Housing a Housing a Housing a Prime Urban Prime Urban Prime Urban Prime Urban

Functioning of Functioning of Functioning of Functioning of urban urban urban urban Prime Urban Prime Urban Prime Urban Prime Urban

ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesurban urban urban urban CommunitiesCommunitiesCommunitiesCommunities

Provision of Services and Availability of Different Facilities that effect the harmonious Life in Cities of Punjab

INEQUALITY and State INEQUALITY and State INEQUALITY and State INEQUALITY and State Initiatives in AMRITSAR:Initiatives in AMRITSAR:Initiatives in AMRITSAR:Initiatives in AMRITSAR:

A CASE STUDYA CASE STUDYA CASE STUDYA CASE STUDYA CASE STUDYA CASE STUDYA CASE STUDYA CASE STUDY

INEQUALITY IN AMRITSAR BACKGROUND:

Central Old area:

Narrow roads

High rise structures

Widening of roads and GATED areas.

Expansion of Civil Line Areas, Malls and New Trends of Life Styles

Development Bungalows and Broad Acre House

Physical and Social Inequality in terms of Housing types, Provision of Infrastructures.

INEQUALITY IN AMRITSAR BACKGROUND:

Roots of Inequality Lies Roots of Inequality Lies Roots of Inequality Lies Roots of Inequality Lies in Historical in Historical in Historical in Historical DevelopmentsDevelopmentsDevelopmentsDevelopments Development in Development in Development in Development in

Colonial Colonial Colonial Colonial PeriodPeriodPeriodPeriod– New New New New AreasAreasAreasAreas

Old City- Neglected and few Administrative Schemes in Colonial Period

INEQUALITY IN AMRITSAR BACKGROUND:

Expansion of City as Expansion of City as Expansion of City as Expansion of City as per Planned per Planned per Planned per Planned Government SchemesGovernment SchemesGovernment SchemesGovernment Schemes

Inequality in the provision of the Decent housing areas

The major Highways and communication Lines are the

Spread of vast Unplanned Housing Areas

Lines are the Dividing line of vast UNPLANNED POOR HOSUING AREAS

INEQUALITY IN AMRITSAR BACKGROUND:

Expansion of City as Expansion of City as Expansion of City as Expansion of City as per Planned per Planned per Planned per Planned Government SchemesGovernment SchemesGovernment SchemesGovernment Schemes

Inequality in the provision of the Decent housing areas

The major Highways and communication Lines are the

Spread of vast Unplanned Housing Areas

Lines are the Dividing line of vast UNPLANNED POOR HOSUING AREAS

INEQUALITY IN AMRITSAR BACKGROUND:

CASE STUDY AREAS

RANJIT AVENUE(POSH AREA)

INDERPURI AREA

(Unplanned slums)

Type of Housing Ranjit Avenue Area

House in the Ranjit Avenue area

Public scheme provide Water in the Areas

Type of Housing Ranjit Avenue Area

Good quality houses Large size plots, Surrounded by green areas

Parks and Open Spaces Developed as part of Planned scheme of the Area.

INDERPURI Character of Area

Back Flow of Water

Chocked Drains in other areas too

Chocked Streets temporary arrangements

Back Flow of Water in streets

Railway track used as open space

recreational and social activity area

Ad-hoc approach to plan and development, raised streets lower plinth level of buildings

INDERPURI Character of Area

Streets are used as Trash areas, vacant corners are

breeding grounds for all kinds of diseases.

INDERPURI Character of Area

Chocked drains with house wastes

The bathrooms are mostly from hand pumps and used for bathing purposes. The vacant land adjacent railway track is used for open spaces and or defecate in open.

AGE

Years % Age

1 20-35 50

2 36-50 36.7

3 51-65 10

4 >65 3.3

There is majority of the people are either Young or Middle age.

Case Study Area INDERPURI (south of Amritsar)

Education

Literacy % age Share

Illiterate 30

up To Primary 26.7

Middle 26.7

Matric 10

Sr. Sec 6.7

About one third of them are totally illiterates and majority are School drop outs.

The occupational Pattern shows that 94.3 % are engaged in unorganized / informal sector which is usually a low paid sector and without any social security of employees.

Three fourth of them are earning less than US $ 110

Income / Month

7%

30%

10%

13%

Less Than 1500

1501-3000

3001-4500

4501-6000

Above 6000

Family Income in case Study Area

than US $ 110 (Rs.4500) / month

40%

In Inderpuri locality (study area) there are more than 50 % families are staying in single room accommodation.

On the other hand there are about 70 % families having in three room or more accommodation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

% age Families

One Room Two Room Three orMore room

No of rooms

Housing: Number of Rooms

Amritsar city

Inderpuri Locality

S No Ranjit Avenue (Planned Area)North of Amritsar Area

Inderpuri (Slum, Poor housing area)South of Amritsar city

1. House Level

1.1 Plot Area( av.) 450 sq ydOr 4050 sq feet

Plot Area (Av.) 55.56 sq yd or 500 sq ft

1.2 Cover Area 66 % as per bye laws Covered Area 100 %(Projections are made in streets)

1.3 Setbacks- Front and Back for light Setbacks—no setbacks, some houses have

Inequality in Amritsar City-- Comparative study of two Areas

1.3 Setbacks- Front and Back for light ventilations

Setbacks—no setbacks, some houses have court yards or open to sky are along one side.

1.4 Bathrooms- 3 to 5 bathrooms Bathroom- only 50 % have access to bathrooms

1.5 Kitchen-Modular kitchen designs with modern fittings

Kitchen- Only one third have kitchens in the houses

1.6 Mode of Transport-Cars even two per family

Mode of transport- 63 % uses bi cycle

1.7 Floor Area – 668 sq ft per person Floor Area – 48 sq ft per person

1.8 No of Rooms/ Person -- 1.75 No of Rooms/ Person – 0.33

1.9 Av. Room Size – 300 sq ft Av. Room Size – 80 sq ft

S No Ranjit Avenue (Planned Area)North of Amritsar Area

Inderpuri (Slum, Poor housing area)South of Amritsar city

1.7 Floor Area – 668 sq ft per person

Floor Area – 48 sq ft per person

1.8 No of Rooms/ Person -- 1.75 No of Rooms/ Person – 0.33

1.9 Av. Room Size – 300 sq ft Av. Room Size – 80 sq ft

Inequality in Amritsar City

Housing

1.10 Land Value $ (US) 600 (Rs 25000 per sq yd

Land Value $ (US) 50 (Rs 2000 per sq yd

1.11 Cost of House -- $ (US) 312 500

Cost of House $ (US) 5275

The Value of house in planned Areas is 60 times higher than the value in poor areas

S No Ranjit Avenue (Planned Area)North of Amritsar Area

Inderpuri (Slum, Poor housing area)South of Amritsar city

2.0 Infrastructures:

2.1 Water Supply—Public supply lines + Own sources submersible pumps (ground water available easily) pvt filtration process

Water Supply—No public water supply, Use hand pumps or shared with neighbors

2.2 Sewerage—Septic tank in each Sewerage—no sewer connection,

Inequality in Amritsar City

Infrastructure

2.2 Sewerage—Septic tank in each house sewer connection to city lines

Sewerage—no sewer connection, sewage flows in open drains

2.3 Drainage—Combined and Partially combined areas, used in parks and road side green areas

Drainage—open drains or streets, no flow of water as area developed in low lying areas.

2.4 Electricity—separate transformer after every 100 houses, regular supply

Electricity—Open wires, sharing of electric loads, frequent power failures.

2.5 Parks—Well defined parks, semi maintained by public agencies

Parks—No provision of parks, public land or railway track is the open space available.

S No ITEMS Ranjit Avenue (Planned Area)North of Amritsar Area

Inderpuri (Slum, Poor housing area)South of Amritsar city

1. CAR YES(More than one) NO

2. MOTOR BIKES YES Negligible (3 %)

3 CYCLE YES YES 63 %

4. AIR CONDITIONER YES NO

5. WATER COOLER YES NO

6 ELECTRIC FAN YES YES

7 INVERTOR YES NO

8 T V YES (More than one) Many (73%)8 T V YES (More than one) Many (73%)

9 WASHING MACHINE

YES NO

10. MIXIE GRINDER YES NO

11 ELECTRIC PRESS YES One Eighth people

12 GAS CONNECTION YES Only 50 % uses

13 MOBILE YES (Multiple Connections) Only 23 %

14 BANK ACCOUNT Yes 23 %

15 CREDIT CARD Yes No

Efforts in Amritsar

18

3950

0

4943

48

44

42

Ward Wise Net Population Density of Amritsar

LEGEND

63 - 140141 - 300301 - 517518 - 779

10 - 62( P / ha )

Hatched area is Hatched area is

( P / ha )

10 - 62

518 - 779301 - 517141 - 30063 - 140

LEGEND

18

3950

0

4943

48

44

42

Maximum Population Concentrated in South of Amritsar

18

19

34

25

1732

35

4636 45

24

42

41

23

38

15

3037 1428 5 233

16

1

31 2726

40

8

3

6

29

22

7 219

2012

1311

4

10

0 6 Kilometer s

Hatched area is Highly densed

Ward 37 is the old Village Chherata

Hatched area is Highly densed

Ward 37 is the old Village Chherata

0 6 Kilometer s

18

19

34

25

1732

35

4636 45

24

42

41

23

38

15

3037 1428 5 233

16

1

31 2726

40

8

3

6

29

22

7 219

2012

1311

4

10

Map No 6

Railways.shp

AcessCollectorDistributoryMajorMinor

# Bus Stand# Railway Yard( Rly Station

LEGEND

To Lopoke

To Ajanala

Fateh Garh

ChurianTo Majitha

To Batala

Transport Network of Amritsar City

Infrastructure Improvement in the Infrastructure Improvement in the Infrastructure Improvement in the Infrastructure Improvement in the CityCityCityCity

#

#

#

%U

0 6 Kilometers

To Lahore

To Khem-Karan To Tarn_Taran

oke

To Jallandhar

Golden Temple

Construction of Elevation Road

Railways.shp

AcessCollectorDistributoryMajorMinor

# Bus Stand# Railway Yard( Rly Station

LEGEND

To Lopoke

To Ajanala

Fateh Garh

ChurianTo Majitha

To Batala

Transport Network of Amritsar City

New areasNew areasNew areasNew areas

Expansion of new areas in AmritsarExpansion of new areas in AmritsarExpansion of new areas in AmritsarExpansion of new areas in Amritsar

Villas, Apartments, Planned Housing

Green Areas, Malls, Hotels, Clubs

GATED AREAS

#

#

#

%U

0 6 Kilometers

To Lahore

To Khem-Karan To Tarn_Taran

oke

To Jallandhar

Golden Temple

DISTRIBUTION OF FUNDS (JNNURM)

Proposed Projects in Amritsar

The Funds provided under JNNURM to improve the Urban condition

The Urban Transport Sector consumed major Share– Cons truction of elevation road, Bus Terminals and road Improvements.

The share of urban basic Services is just 4 % (Addition of Integrated water)while there is more than 70 % area unplanned and devoid of basic services.

CDP prepared under JNNURM is unable to address the problems of POOR

DISTRIBUTION OF FUNDS (JNNURM)

82%

4%

4%

10%

Urban TranportImprovement

Basic Service toUrban Poor

Conservation andTourisum

Water and Sanitation

There is very little effect on making city harmonious and to reduce inequality

Proposed Projects in AmritsarS No Project Type Amount in Rs. CRORES

Identification of Projects - Urban TransportRoad Development, Pedestrians Movement in Walled City,Parking Management, Visual Intrusions– Cables, Poles etc.

95

Road Network Improvements—Bridges, Elevated Road, Culverts, ROB and South Ring Roads etc.

1720

Mass Transit System Development 752

TOTAL URBAN TRANSPORT 2567

Housing/Basic Services for Urban PoorWeaker SectionHousing, Urban basic Services

120

Reforming & computerization of the existing system in MCA and other Zonaloffices including purchasing of software, Institutional strengthening, Capacity building, Communication and Citizen Participation Programme

10

Conservation, preservation and development of heritage,culture (Urban Renewal)

36

Promotion of tourism 105

Integrated Water and Sanitation Project 312

GRAND TOTAL 3150

New Urban Development Projects

Projects Developed under the liberalized policy in the Peripheral areas.

GTAED RESIDENTIAL TOWNSHIPS

HOTELS AND SHOPPING MALLS

DEVLOPED ALONG ALL LEADING ROADS

UPGRDATION OF ROADS IMPROVE ACCESSIBILTY UPGRDATION OF ROADS IMPROVE ACCESSIBILTY TO NEW AREAS

FUITHER WIDENED THE INEQUALITY

INFRASTRUCTURES UPGRDATION IN A SLUM AREA

M. CORP. OF AMRITSAR IDENTIFES 63 SLUMS

BUT…………….

THERE IS NO CLEAR DEMARCATION OF SLUMS

Identification of slum area, type and Identification of slum area, type and Characteristics to upgrade the Infrastructure provisions

Generation of Spatial Data Base– An Integrated Approach

Identification of Gaps and Existing Sewer system

Aspiration and Socio-economic Character of

people

Augmentation of Sewer system and Sanitation in AMRITSAR

Conclusions:There is large unequal distribution of housing resources in Cities. The planned residential areas have better urban environment, but its share is just 30 % in the total city.

There is high level of income inequalities and this gap is further widening in cities of Punjab.

The service providers should make people first approach. The The service providers should make people first approach. The allocation of funds under JNNURM is not concerned with the inequality situation in Amritsar.

The CDP prepared is not integrated with Infrastructure requirement of the city.

Privatization and state policies are further enhancing the Inequalities.

There is need to identify and demarcate the slums, provide then the urban support system.

The functioning of ULB is not favoring and pro-poor in urban development.

The infrastructure up gradation programme need to address the wider community and public health issues

In order to achieve Harmonious Urbanization in PUNJAB

the wider community and public health issues

The planned development efforts are limited

to very small section of the society.

In order to bring spatial harmony there is

need to shift the policies of the government

Harmonious Urbanization in PUNJAB

…..seems to be a myth As

Neither the STATE policies nor the functioning of ULB are attempting to reduce functioning of ULB are attempting to reduce the inequalities.

The polices need to be framed with the direct coordination of the community with local support systems

Social GroupsTechnicalTransparency

On Line Project

Identification

Harmonious Society and Cites in PUNJAB

Administration

On Line Participation

IT Literacy

Identification

Financial Participation

Innovative Leadership

Decision Making—political / Administrative

Integrated Decision making System / Approach

…….thanks