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Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Agenda
Today 2/3
“Three Cups of Tea” check-Go over midterms
Tomorrow 2/4
WWI Notes
* HW: for next Tuesday read the introduction and chapters 1-3 in “Three Cups of Tea”
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Crises and Achievement Unit
Science and technology brought many benefits to society in the late 1800, and early 1900s. In most industrialized countries, life expectancy increased and standards of living rose. People became hopeful, for they had experienced peace for many years.
However, the forces of nationalism, militarism, and imperialism were moving the world toward war.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Crises and Achievement Unit
By the time World War I was over, people understood how science and technology could change their lives in negative ways.
The war caused new social and economic problems.
In Russia, a communist revolution produced a totalitarian state. Perhaps worst of all, the problems that had led to World War I remained unresolved. A second global conflict erupted in 1939, resulting in even greater destruction than the first.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Crises and Achievement Sections
1. World War I
2. Russian Revolution
3. Between the Wars
4. World War II
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
World War IAs the 1900s began the people of Europe had
enjoyed nearly a century of relative peace. At the same time, forces were pushing the
continent toward war.Although the world seemed at peace in the early
1900s, powerful forces were pushing Europe toward war.
These forces included nationalism, militarism, imperial rivalries, alliance systems, and the decline of the Ottoman empire.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Causes
M.A.I.N
MilitarismDuring the late 1800s, militarism, the
glorification of military power, arose in many nations of Europe.
This development led to fear and suspicion as nations became more willing to use military force to attain their national goals.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Causes
M.A.I.N
MilitarismThere was an arms race, in which the great
powers competed with each other to expand their armies and navies.
One of the fiercest rivalries was between Britain and Germany.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Causes
M.A.I.N
Alliance System Increased tensions and suspicions led nations to
form alliances. Nations agreed to defend each other in case of
attack. By 1914, there were several alliances.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Causes
M.A.I.N
Alliance SystemThe two most important were the Triple
Alliance and the Triple Entente. The triple Alliance consisted of Germany,
Austria- Hungary, and Italy. The Triple Entente consisted of Britain, France, and Russia.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Causes
M.A.I.N
Imperialism and Economic RivalryBritain, France, Germany, and other nations
competed for colonies and economic power. France and Germany competed especially for
colonial gains in Africa.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Causes
M.A.I.N
Imperialism and Economic RivalryBritain and Germany competed industrially. Germany had industrialized rapidly, and the
British felt threatened by this. Because of their mutual competition with
Germany, Britain and France began to form close ties with each other.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Causes
M.A.I.N
NationalismAs you have learned, nationalism can bring
people together. It can also, however, be a source of conflict. In Europe in the early 1900s, aggressive nationalism was a source of tension.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Causes
M.A.I.N
NationalismNationalism was strong in both Germany and
France. Germany, now unified, was proud of its growing
military and industrial strength. France, meanwhile, wanted to regain its position
as a leading European power.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Causes
M.A.I.N
Nationalism It had lost the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. Besides having to pay money to Germany,
France lost the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. Many of the French people wanted revenge on Germany.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Causes
M.A.I.N
NationalismRussia had encouraged a form of nationalism in
Eastern Europe called Pan-Slavism. The movement tried to draw together all Slavic
peoples. Russia was the largest Slavic country, and it was ready to defend Serbia, a young Slavic nation in the Balkans.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Causes
M.A.I.N
NationalismThroughout the Balkans, in fact, small Slavic
populations looked to Russia for leadership in their desire for unity.
The multinational empire of Austria-Hungary opposed Slavic national movements.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
Other situations also set the stage for war. The Ottoman empire had become weak. British
relations with the empire became strained after Britain signed an agreement with Russia.
Germany, on the other hand had taken an interest in establishing good relations with the Ottoman empire.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
The Armenian MassacresNationalistic feelings had caused periodic waves
of violence against Armenians since the 1890s. New violence was a brutal result of the rivalry
between Turkey, which ruled the Ottoman empire, and Russia.
The Muslim Turks distrusted the Christian Armenians, believing that they supported Russia against the Ottoman empire.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
The Armenian MassacresWhen Armenians protested oppressive Ottoman
policies, the Turks unleashed a massacre on the Armenians.
Additional massacres leading to the deaths of a million or more Armenians occurred over the next 25 years.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
The Balkan Powder KegThe Ottoman empire's control over the Balkans
had weakened over time. Serbia declared its independence in 1878,
hoping, to build a Slavic state in alliance with Russia.
Serbia wanted control of Bosnia and Herzegovina, two provinces that would give landlocked Serbia an outlet to the Adriatic Sea.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
The Balkan Powder KegThese provinces, however, were Ottoman
provinces administered by Austria-Hungary. Austria opposed Serbian ambitions, fearing
that the same kind of nationalism would spread to its own multinational empire.
Also, Austria-Hungary feared Russian expansion.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
The Balkan Powder KegTensions grew, and in 1912, Serbia and its allies
attacked the Ottoman empire. The great European powers were all interested
in gaining lands from the crumbling empire. By 1914, the Balkans were known as the
"powder keg of Europe." Any small spark was likely to lead to an
explosion.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Agenda
Monday-WWI Notes-Midterm GradesCollect Chap 28 Sec 1-3,5Tuesday-Go Over Midterms-Bring in the “Three
Cups of Tea” book. Read the introduction.Wednesday-WWI NotesThursday-Quiz on WWI.Friday- WWI NotesNext Wednesday (2/18) Test on WWINext Thursday (2/19) Quiz on Chapters 1-3 in
“Three Cups of Tea”
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
The Spark and its Aftermath
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
The “Spark”Not surprisingly, World War I began in the
Balkans. Although many Serbs lived in Bosnia, it was still ruled by Austria-Hungary. Serbian nationalists felt that Bosnia belonged to Serbia.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the heir to the Austrian throne. On June 28, 1914, the duke and his wife were traveling through Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Gavrilo Princip, a member of a radical Slavic nationalist group that opposed Austrian rule, shot and killed the archduke and his wife.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
The Ultimatum
On July 23, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum, a set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid severe consequences.
The ultimatum demanded that Serbia allow Austro-Hungarian officials to suppress all Serbian subversive movements and to investigate the archduke’s murder.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
After the Assassination The major nations of Europe responded. Each hostile
action led to another hostile action.
1. Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the murders of the archduke and his wife and made harsh demands in Serbia.
2. Serbia refused to comply with any of the demands.
3. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28.
4. Russia, a Slavic nation and a friend of Serbia, mobilized its forces in preparation for war.
5. Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
After the Assassination 6. Germany declared war on France, an ally of
Russia.
7. Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914, so that German forces could enter France more easily.
8. Britain declared war on Germany.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Central Powers and Allied PowersThe two opposing sides in World War I were the
Central Powers and the Allied Powers. The Central Powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman empire (later joined by Bulgaria).
On the other side were the Allied Powers: Britain, France, and Russia. Italy at first remained neutral, but it eventually joined the Allies. Other nations, including the United States, also joined the Allies later.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Who is to blame?
1. Germany
2. Russia
3. Austria-Hungary
4. Britain
5. France
In your opinion, who was to blame for WWI? State the country and the reason why they are to blame.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Agenda for Today
Today-Notes on WWITomorrow-Quiz on WWI.Next Wednesday (2/18) Test on WWINext Thursday (2/19) Quiz on Chapters 1-3 in
“Three Cups of Tea”
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
The War
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Central Powers and Allied PowersThere were three major fronts in Europe where
fighting occurred. The Western Front extended across Belgium
and northeastern France to the border of Switzerland.
The Eastern Front ran from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea.
The Southern Front ran between Italy and Austria-Hungary. Fighting also took place in Africa and the Middle East.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Battle of the MarneOn September 5, 1914, the French and German
armies collided in northeastern France in the Battle of the Marne.
After four days of shelling, the French finally pushed the Germans back a distance of about 50 miles from Paris, saving the city.
Although German forces continued to hold much of France’s heavily industrialized areas, the German retreat made it clear that neither side was capable of defeating the other quickly or easily.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Tannenberg
By August 13, 1914, the Russians had invaded East Prussia from the south and from the east, diverting German troops from the Western Front.
At the end of August, Russian and German troops met at Tannenberg in present-day Poland. There the Germans were able to encircle and destroy the Russian army.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Stalemate
After the Battle of the Marne, the Germans and the Allies began a series of battles known as “the race to the sea,” with each attempting to reach the North Sea first and outflank the other.
By November 1914, the war had reached a stalemate in a line extending from the Swiss border to the English Channel.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Trench WarfareHeavy fighting took place along the Western
Front, a 600-mile stretch from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Germans hoped to win an early victory there, but French and British troops stopped them. For four years, neither side could make any significant gains.
Trench warfare began, so called because the troops dug trenches, along the front. Very little ground was gained by either side in this way, and many soldiers were killed.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Verdun and the Somme
In February 1916, the Germans staged a surprise attack against French forces at Verdun, a massive fortress in northeastern France on the Meuse River.
The French, under General Henri-Philippe Pétain, held firm for six months until the Germans abandoned their attack.
The Battle of Verdun was one of the bloodiest of the war, causing both sides to suffer more than a half-million casualties.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Verdun and the Somme
Later that year, the British, aided by France, launched a similar offensive against the Germans in the Somme River valley in northern France.
The Battle of the Somme turned out to be as terrible and inconclusive as the one at Verdun, costing the Germans about 500,000 men, the British 400,000, and the French 200,000.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Industrialized WarWorld War I was a war between groups of major
industrial powers. New technology made this war an enormously
destructive one. For example. Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel had
invented dynamite in 1867. Used in mining and construction, it also became important in weaponry. Many of the other recent inventions of the time—the internal combustion engine, the airplane, and communications devices—were also put to military use.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
New Air and Sea WeaponsWorld War I was the first war to make full use of
modern technology and machinery. Technology changed methods of warfare greatly.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Civilian Life and Total WarThe war was fought at home as well as on the
battlefield. A war fought in this way is called a total war.
In a total war, all of a nation's resources go into the war effort.
Governments drafted men to fight in the war.Governments raised taxes and borrowed
money to pay for the war.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Civilian Life and Total War
Governments used the press to print propaganda, the spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause.
Women at home took jobs that the soldiers had left behind. Some women joined the armed services. Other women went to the fronts as nurses.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Agenda
Today-Finish notes on WWI and go over propaganda posters
Next Wednesday (2/18) Test on WWINext Thursday (2/19) Quiz on Chapters 1-3 in
“Three Cups of Tea”Who needs to take the WWI quiz?
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Major Turning Points
Several events that took place during World War I are seen as major turning points. They include the withdrawal of Russia from the war and the entry of the United States into the war.
Russian Withdrawal In Russia, low morale contributed to a
revolution in 1917. Early in 1918, Russia's new leader signed a treaty with Germany that took Russia out of the war.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
The U.S. Enters the WarAlthough the United States had allowed
American ships to carry supplies to the Allies, the country had tried to remain neutral (not supporting either side) in the war.
In 1917, however, Germany used unrestricted submarine warfare, meaning that it attacked any ships on the Atlantic, even if they were carrying American passengers. This policy brought the United States into the war in April 1917.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Lusitania
RMS Lusitania was a British luxury ocean liner was torpedoed by the German submarine, U-20, on May 7, 1915.
The Americans were particularly enraged by the Lusitania disaster. One hundred twenty-eight Americans were lost on the British ship out of 197.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Lusitania
This was after many protests of Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare, in which many neutral ships, including those of the United States, were sunk, and some without warning.
On May 13th, President Woodrow Wilson sent the first of four Lusitania notes to Germany.
Anti-German protests and political cartoons appeared.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Zimmerman Telegram In January of 1917, British cryptographers
deciphered a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Minister to Mexico, von Eckhardt, offering United States territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause.
Zimmermann himself dispelled initial suspicions regarding the telegram's authenticity by giving a speech in which he confirmed its existence.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
The US Tips The Scales
Russia’s withdrawal from the war was offset by the entry of the United States into the conflict.
American intervention boosted Allied morale and gave the Allies much needed resources, both industrial and human.
The Allies Win!
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Costs of WarOn November 11, 1918, an armistice, or an
agreement to end the fighting, was declared. The costs of World War I were enormous. It would take many years for people and nations to recover.
Human CasualtiesThe costs of the war in terms of human lives
were staggering.More than 8.5 million people had died.More than 17 million had been wounded.Famine threatened many regions.Disease was widespread in many regions.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
Costs of War
Economic LossesAll over the world, there were also economic
and political losses.Factories, farms, and homes had been
destroyed.Nations had huge war debts to repay.The Allies, bitter at the destruction, insisted that
the Central Powers make reparations, payments for war damage they had caused.
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
WWI Propaganda Posters (1)
Mr. Rizzo GII: Crises and Achievement 1900-1945
WWI Propaganda Posters