MR. LIPMAN’S APUS MR. LIPMAN’S APUS POWERPOINT POWERPOINT

CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 4

Chesapeake Chesapeake Colonies in Colonies in

the the Seventeenth Seventeenth

CenturyCentury

Diseases ravaged the people in the Diseases ravaged the people in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Low life expectancy Low life expectancy

The Chesapeake grew slowly in the 1600s The Chesapeake grew slowly in the 1600s and mostly from new immigrants from Europe, and mostly from new immigrants from Europe, not natural birthnot natural birth

Most immigrants were single men Most immigrants were single men

BY THE EARLY 1700S MANY MORE FAMILIES BY THE EARLY 1700S MANY MORE FAMILIES HAD TAKEN HOLD AND ILLNESS BECAME HAD TAKEN HOLD AND ILLNESS BECAME LESS FREQUENTLESS FREQUENT

The Chesapeake good for tobacco but it ruined the soil

Settlers moved inland for more new land, thus pushing the Indians further west and causing increased conflicts.

As production of tobacco increased, the price dropped, causing farmers to grow more to remain profitable.

This increased the need for more labor, and with the price of slaves very high, the need for indentured servants grew.

Indentured servants Indentured servants were white English farmers were white English farmers displaced by the enclosure movement displaced by the enclosure movement They voluntarily mortgaged their labor for They voluntarily mortgaged their labor for

several years to get a transatlantic passage and several years to get a transatlantic passage and “freedom dues” after their time was up (a few “freedom dues” after their time was up (a few barrels of corn, clothing, and possibly a small barrels of corn, clothing, and possibly a small piece of land) piece of land)

The The headright system headright system encouraged indentured encouraged indentured servants to come:servants to come: for every indentured servant for every indentured servant who was brought over the master, or payer, who was brought over the master, or payer, would receive 50 acres of land. This led to a would receive 50 acres of land. This led to a rapid expansion of indentured servitude and rapid expansion of indentured servitude and the need to push settlers further West for the need to push settlers further West for more land.more land.

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion In 1676 1,000 Virginians, most former In 1676 1,000 Virginians, most former

indentured servants who had moved indentured servants who had moved west to the Piedmont area for available west to the Piedmont area for available land, rebelled. Led by Nathaniel Baconland, rebelled. Led by Nathaniel Bacon Resented Governor Berkeley’s relations Resented Governor Berkeley’s relations

with the Indians and how he monopolized with the Indians and how he monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the the fur trade with the Indians in the Chesapeake Chesapeake • He also refused to retaliate for Indian He also refused to retaliate for Indian

attacks on frontier settlementsattacks on frontier settlements

Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion Rebels attacked the Indians Rebels attacked the Indians Governor Berkeley was driven from Governor Berkeley was driven from

Jamestown and rebels burned the city Jamestown and rebels burned the city Bacon suddenly died of disease Bacon suddenly died of disease After they lost their leader, Gov. After they lost their leader, Gov.

Berkeley crushed the rebellion and 20 Berkeley crushed the rebellion and 20 rebels were then hung as punishment rebels were then hung as punishment for their actions. for their actions.

Rebellion exposed resentment between Rebellion exposed resentment between the frontiersman and the rich gentry on the frontiersman and the rich gentry on their their TidewaterTidewater coastal plantations coastal plantations

The rich planters searched for The rich planters searched for workers less likely to rebel and this workers less likely to rebel and this led to large-scale use of African led to large-scale use of African slavesslaves

Before this most slaves had been Before this most slaves had been transported to the British West Indies transported to the British West Indies and the Caribbeanand the Caribbean

The Atlantic Slave Trade before BaconThe Atlantic Slave Trade before Bacon

In 1619 slaves first introduced in In 1619 slaves first introduced in JamestownJamestown

By 1670 slavery was still only a small %By 1670 slavery was still only a small %

Reason few slaves were imported is Reason few slaves were imported is because struggling white colonists could because struggling white colonists could not afford $ for slaves who might die not afford $ for slaves who might die soon after arrivalsoon after arrival

White indentured servants were far White indentured servants were far less costly than Africansless costly than Africans

During the 1680s, changes in Europe During the 1680s, changes in Europe and America led to African enslavementand America led to African enslavement Rising wages in England so less Rising wages in England so less

people were willing to sell themselves people were willing to sell themselves as indentured servants as indentured servants

Large planters were fearful of large Large planters were fearful of large numbers of former servants (as numbers of former servants (as demonstrated by Bacon’s Rebellion)demonstrated by Bacon’s Rebellion)

Established planters now had income Established planters now had income to spend on slavesto spend on slaves

As slaves increased, white colonists acted to As slaves increased, white colonists acted to put down any possible racial threat put down any possible racial threat

““Slave codes” were adopted, setting strict Slave codes” were adopted, setting strict conditions of slavery conditions of slavery • blacks (and their children) became blacks (and their children) became

property (“chattels”) for the life of their property (“chattels”) for the life of their white masters white masters

• Some colonies made it a crime to teach Some colonies made it a crime to teach a slave to read or writea slave to read or write

• Even conversion to Christianity did not Even conversion to Christianity did not qualify a slave for freedom qualify a slave for freedom

Slave revolts did occur, but overall there were Slave revolts did occur, but overall there were few of them few of them

In 1712 a rebellion in New York occurred in In 1712 a rebellion in New York occurred in which 12 whites were killed and 21 blacks which 12 whites were killed and 21 blacks were executed as revenge.were executed as revenge.

In 1739, the In 1739, the Stono Rebellion Stono Rebellion in South in South Carolina occurred Carolina occurred Blacks rebelled and tried to march to Spanish Blacks rebelled and tried to march to Spanish

Florida and freedom but were stopped by the Florida and freedom but were stopped by the white militia white militia

Southern SocietySouthern Society At top were rich plantation owners with large At top were rich plantation owners with large

tracts of landtracts of land Second were small landowners who owned Second were small landowners who owned

one or two slaves (these were the majority of one or two slaves (these were the majority of colonists)colonists)

Third were the poor, non-landowning, non-Third were the poor, non-landowning, non-slave owning whites who worked for other slave owning whites who worked for other whites whites

Fourth were indentured servants Fourth were indentured servants Black slaves were at the lowest level Black slaves were at the lowest level

Southern Society vs. New England SocietySouthern Society vs. New England Society

Southern society revolved around the Southern society revolved around the plantation so few cities developed plantation so few cities developed

an urban professional class (like an urban professional class (like lawyers, bankers) was slow to emerge lawyers, bankers) was slow to emerge Poor roads meant that most transportation Poor roads meant that most transportation

was done over waterways was done over waterways

New England enjoyed a much healthier New England enjoyed a much healthier climate than the South climate than the South Clean water and cool temperatures Clean water and cool temperatures

stopped the growth of disease stopped the growth of disease

Better transportation system because Better transportation system because of better roads and navigable water of better roads and navigable water ways.ways.

New Englanders generally migrated as New Englanders generally migrated as familiesfamilies Population grew from natural Population grew from natural

reproduction reproduction Early marriage and women had Early marriage and women had

children every 2 years until children every 2 years until menopausemenopause

The typical woman would have 10 The typical woman would have 10 children (with 8 surviving past children (with 8 surviving past infancy) infancy)

Many women died during childbirth Many women died during childbirth and women came to fear pregnancy and women came to fear pregnancy

Southern women’s rights were more Southern women’s rights were more advanced because men frequently died advanced because men frequently died young and there were fewer of them young and there were fewer of them Women in the South were allowed to keep Women in the South were allowed to keep

separate rights to property (from their husbands) separate rights to property (from their husbands) and to inherit their husband’s estate and to inherit their husband’s estate

New England women gave up property rights New England women gave up property rights upon marriageupon marriage Puritan lawmakers worried about dividing men and Puritan lawmakers worried about dividing men and

women in marriage based on property women in marriage based on property WidowsWidows did have secure rights to property (in did have secure rights to property (in

contrast with England) contrast with England)

The Scarlet The Scarlet LetterLetter

Life in the New England TownsLife in the New England Towns

Towns with over 50 families were Towns with over 50 families were required to provide an elementary required to provide an elementary educationeducation

1/2 adults were literate in New England1/2 adults were literate in New England In 1636, In 1636, Harvard CollegeHarvard College was was

established to train local boys for the established to train local boys for the ministry ministry The first college (William and Mary) was The first college (William and Mary) was

not established in Virginia until 1693 not established in Virginia until 1693

The Half-Way Covenant The Half-Way Covenant and the and the Salem Salem Witch TrialsWitch Trials

In the mid 1600s, religious enthusiasm began In the mid 1600s, religious enthusiasm began to die down:to die down: To combat this, Puritan preachers began using the To combat this, Puritan preachers began using the

“jeremiad”, “jeremiad”, or strong calls to repentance and or strong calls to repentance and stronger faith values stronger faith values

In 1662 In 1662 the Half-Way Covenant the Half-Way Covenant introduced introduced

Weakened the purity of the original settlementsWeakened the purity of the original settlements

Eventually, Puritan church was opened to all, Eventually, Puritan church was opened to all, purity was sacrificed for wider participationpurity was sacrificed for wider participation

The Salem Witch trials began in 1692 in Massachusetts :

Young girls claimed to be possessed by older women who they claimed were witches

In the ensuing “witch hunt”, 20 people were killed, 19 by hanging; 1 by pressing; 2 dogs were also hanged

Causes of Salem reflected the widening of economic classes in New England and fear that Puritanism was being corrupted by commercialism

Most of the accused witches came from families associated with Salem’s growing market economy in town

The accusers came mostly from subsistence farming poor families

Key is it is based on economic jealousy

The Geography of Witchcraft: The Geography of Witchcraft: Salem Village, 1692Salem Village, 1692

By 1693, the witchcraft hysteria had By 1693, the witchcraft hysteria had ended in Salemended in Salem

The Massachusetts governor acted The Massachusetts governor acted (because of accusation against his (because of accusation against his wife) and prohibited further trials and wife) and prohibited further trials and pardoned convicted witches pardoned convicted witches

20 years later, state legislature annulled 20 years later, state legislature annulled the convictions of accused witches and the convictions of accused witches and paid reparations to their heirspaid reparations to their heirs

New England differences with South New England differences with South

Difficult farming because of rocky soilDifficult farming because of rocky soil Back-breaking work shaped strong character Back-breaking work shaped strong character Less ethnically diverse (immigrants were not Less ethnically diverse (immigrants were not

attracted to farms or harsh religious life)attracted to farms or harsh religious life) Climate led to diversified agriculture and industry, Climate led to diversified agriculture and industry,

instead of relying on a few staple crops instead of relying on a few staple crops Mostly small farms due to geographyMostly small farms due to geography Because slavery was not profitable on small farms Because slavery was not profitable on small farms

the colonists relied less on slave labor. the colonists relied less on slave labor. Used harbors for shipping and commerce, leading Used harbors for shipping and commerce, leading

to shipbuilding and the use of foreststo shipbuilding and the use of forests

Most immigrant colonists were middle classMost immigrant colonists were middle class Upper classes had no reason to leave Europe Upper classes had no reason to leave Europe

(“Dukes don’t emigrate”)(“Dukes don’t emigrate”) Poor lacked money to emigrate Poor lacked money to emigrate

Colonists tried to prevent class distinctions Colonists tried to prevent class distinctions Society much more egalitarian than Europe, especially Society much more egalitarian than Europe, especially

northern and middle coloniesnorthern and middle colonies

Rebellions of lower classes against upper classes Rebellions of lower classes against upper classes occurred, such as Bacon’s Rebellion, Maryland Protestant occurred, such as Bacon’s Rebellion, Maryland Protestant rebellion (1676), Leisler’s Rebellion (1689 – 1691) NYCrebellion (1676), Leisler’s Rebellion (1689 – 1691) NYC

KEYS TO THE CHAPTERKEYS TO THE CHAPTER

Head right SystemHead right System Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion Middle PassageMiddle Passage Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant Differences between Northern and Differences between Northern and

Southern coloniesSouthern colonies