Chemistry for Anatomy and Physiology

Mr. Cengel

Chemistry for A & P

Matter- Anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) Solid Liquid Gas

Changes

Physical Changes- Do not alter basic nature of substance Ex- Ice Melting to become water

Chemical Changes- Do alter basic composition of the substance Ex- Chemical digestion of food

Energy

The ability to do work or put matter into motion

Kinetic Energy- Energy in motion

Potential Energy- Inactive or stored energy

Types of Energy

Chemical- Stored in the bonds of chemical substances, released when bonds are broken Ex. Energy from the foods we eat

Electrical- Results from the movement of charged particles. Ex. Charged particles moving across cell membranes

Mechanical – Movement of matter Ex. Muscle contraction

Radiant- Energy of the electromagnetic spectrum Ex. Body turning sunlight into Vitamin D

Atoms

Protons- Located in Nucleus, Positive charge

Neutrons- Located in Nucleus, neutral charge

Electrons- Located in orbitals around the Nucleus, Negative charge that is equal in strength to positive charge of protons

Two or more atoms form a molecule

Molecules

Monomer- One molecule

Polymer- Two or more molecules bonded together

Compounds

Organic compounds- Carbon containing compounds Ex. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

Inorganic- Lack carbon and tend to be simpler , smaller molecules Ex. Water, Salts

Chemical Bonds

Ionic Bonds- Electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Covalent Bonds-electrons are shared between atoms

Hydrogen Bonds- weak bond, electrons and protons are attracted to each other

Water

The most abundant inorganic compound in the body

High Heat capacity- Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat

Solvent Properties- Substance can easily be dissolved

Chemical Reactivity- Helps chemical reactions take place Ex. Breakdown carbohydrates (hydrolysis)

Cushioning- Protection ex cerebrospinal fluid

Salts

Most common in the body are calcium and phosphorus

Vital to body function

Electrolytes- Substances that conduct an electrical current in a solution

pH

Acids-Sour Taste, Proton donor

Bases- Bitter Taste, Proton Acceptor

pH scale- Measures acidity of substances

Acids/Bases

Carbohydrates

Sugars and Starches

Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen

Classified according to size- Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, and polysaccharide

Monosaccharides

Meaning one sugar

Known as simple sugars

Single chain

Examples-Glucose, Fructose and Galactose

Glucose

Disaccharides

Meaning double sugars

Formed when two simple sugars are joined by dehydration synthesis

Examples- Sucrose (Glucose and fructose), Lactose (Glucose and Galactose) and Maltose (Glucose and Glucose)

Must be broken down during digestion to be absorbed

Lactose

Starch

Polysaccharides

Meaning many sugars

Long branching chains of simple sugars

Lack the sweetness of simple and double sugars

Examples-Starch (Stored Sugar in Plants) and Glycogen (Stored Glucose in animal muscle)

Lipids

Large and diverse group of organic compounds

Food Sources- Animal products, dairy products, nuts, seeds, oils

Examples-Neutral fats, phospholipids, cholesterol, bile salts, Vitamin D, hormones, and steroids

Made of Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

Insoluble in water

Saturated Fat

Protein

Account for over 50% of organic matter in the body

Construction materials of cells Made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

and nitrogen Amino Acids are the building blocks

of proteins. 20 varieties. 8 essential Amino Acids are joined to form

complex protiens

Protein Cont.

Fibrous- Structural proteins, provide strength to tissues Collagen- Found in bones, cartilage and tendons.

Most abundant protein in the body. Keratin- Found in skin, hair and nails

Globular- Functional proteins Hormones-Regulate growth and development Antibodies-Provide immunity Enzymes- regulate almost every chemical

reaction that occurs in the body.

Protein Molecule

Nucleic Acids

Monomer- Nucleotides

DNA- Contains genetic information

RNA- Carries out Protein synthesis

ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate

Provides a form of chemical energy for the cell

Created through cellular respiration Occurs in the mitochondria

Glucose and Oxygen are reactants

ATP and Carbon Dioxide are the products