T~p chi Khoa h<_>c va Cong ngh~ bi~n T7 (2007). SB 4. Tr 80 - 93

MQT so DA.NG TAI NGUYEN v~ THE BIEN vr¢T NAM

TRAN DUC THANH

Tom tat. 6 V i¢t Nam, tai nguyen vi the' duc;c nhdc din trong ccic win bdn qudn ly, tuy

nhien chua c6 nhie'u nghien dru de' cdp dln CIY sJ khoa h9c de' dinh dgng tai nguyen nay. Bai

viet nay de' cr,lp den tai nguyen vi the' bie'n Vi¢t Nam vii c6 the' xem. ddy nhu Ia co sJ cho cdc

ban lugn tie/J theo.

Xudt plui t ILl' nhdn tlui:c thuc te' va tharn khdo m(!t so' tL( lieu /11{0C ngoai. c6 the' cho rang

tai nguyen bie'n Vi¢t Nam bao g6m cac nh6m tai nguyen sinh va t, phi sinh v¢t va tai nguyen vi

thl Tai nguyen vi the' bie'n duoc hie'u Ia cac lc;ti ich c6 dLrc;tc tL't: m(!t khu vLrc, mot no'i J bie'n

hor]c ven biei1, dLrc;tc ddt trong mol quan h¢ kh6ng gian CLia khu vue iiy. noi iiy. Tai nguyen v!

the' bien bao hiun cd cdc hc;tp phan tai nguyen sinh vdt va phi sinh vf:lt c6 trong khu v~rc ay, noi

dy , nhung clni dao Ia cdc l9'i ich c6 dt(l?'c tL'r gia tri hlnh tid vii vi trf khong gian CLta n6.

C6 the' xac dinh cac dang tai nguyen vi the' co bdn J biei1 Viet Nam Ia cac he thol1g thuy

VUC hoac dia he nam trong pham vi ChLi quye'n Quoe gia , bao gorn CclC VLtng bo, dao, tflll )) VtlC

ven bo va CclC VLtng 11LCrYc ngoai kf10i VOi CG ba hc;tp phan ne'n ddt ( hoac day) , /1L(rYc va khong

'khi. Bai viet nay gi6i thieu m(!t so' dr;mg tai nguyen vi the' cu the' g6m vLing dra song, da'm phd,

viing v{nh va cac ddo v6i danh gia to'ng quan ve' tie'm ndng phcit triei1 CLta chltng.

I. MO DAU

0 Vi¢t Nam, vi the duqc nhk nhieu trong cac van li¢u kinh te va quan ly [22]. Co sa khoa hQC CUa tai nguyen vi the cho phat tri~n kinh te-xa h(>i con la van de m6i me 0 nUOC

ta va cilng chua ph6 bien tren The gi6i. Tuy nhien, day la huang rat quan trQng rna vi¢c

nMn thuc dung dan se t;:to ra m¢t each nhln moi ve si'r dt,mg hqp l.Y tai nguyen, t6 chuc

khong gian va quy ho;:tch phat tri~n kinh te- xa h¢i hqp ly va Mn vfrng.

Vi~t Nam c6 vi the d~c bi¢t quan tn;mg 6 Dong NamA nha c6 m¢t vung lanh th6 tnh

dai tren ba nghin km 6 ria Tay Bi~n Dong va m¢t vung lanh hai r¢ng gap ba liln di¢n tich

lanh th6, khoang m(>t tri¢u km2. Bi~n Vi¢t Nam nam trong khu vt,rc nhi¢t d6i gi6 mua, c6

cac song 16n co The gi6i rna luu vt,rc nam tren sau nu6c d6 vao; gifr vai tro quan trQng ve

moi truang, sinh thai Bi~n Dong va khu vt,rc; la vung chuyen tiep d~c bi¢t gifra An D¢

Duong va Thai Blnh Duong ve m~t dia ly sinh v~t va hang Mi. St,r phat tri~n kinh te bi~n

80

trong boi canh c6ng nghi~p hoa va hi~n d~i hoa chac chan phai gan ket v6'i tiem nang tai

nguyen vi the to l6'n cua bi~n.

Bai viet nay trlnh bay ket qua tlm hifu bu6c dau v~ tai nguyen vi the va m<)t so d~ng

tai nguyen vi the bi~n va ven bi~n Vi~t Nam - m<)t phan ket qua cua cong trlnh nghien cuu

duqc ho trq cua H<)i dong khoa hQC Tt,r nhien .

11. D~NH DA.NG T AI NGUYEN v~ THE BIEN

1. Tai nguyen thien nhien va tai nguyen bi~n

Tcii nguyen Ia con nguai , tai san , nguyen vat lieu, nguon von c6 th~ su· d1,1ng d~ dat

dtrQ'c m<)t m1,1c dich. Tai nguyen thien nhien la tai nguyen xuat hi~n trong tt,r nhien c6 th~ st:r

dl,lng dtrQ'C d~ t~o ra lqi ich. D6 Ia m<)t dac tinh hoac m<)t hqp phan cua moi truang tt,r nhien

c6 gia tri plwc vt,.t cho nhu du cua con nguai nhu dat, nu6c, d<)ng v~t, tht,rc v~t, .. . Tai

nguyen thien nhien c6 gia tri kinh te va gia tri phi kinh te [8]; Ia tu· li~u san xuat W nhien

chuy~n thanh hang hoa cho qua trlnh dau tu ket cau h~ tang (dat, g6, khoang san, .. . ), dUQ'C

coi Ia tai san va quan h~ phap ly cua m¢t Quoc gia trong he thong kinh te The gi6'i . Tai

nguyen thien nhien la hang hoa dtrQ'c ltrQ'ng gia du6'i d~ng w nhien, c6 khi duQ'c sa che nhu

tach, lQC thanh san ph~m khac v6'i nguyen mau.

Tai nguyen bie'n (marine resources) la m<)t ph~m tru r<)ng d~ chi cac tai nguyen sinh

vat bi~n (d<)ng va tht,rc v~t), nu6'c va dong chay, day bi~n va ba bi~n c6 chu thl N6 con

bao gom cac tai nguyen van hoa c6 chu th~, tu xac tau dam, den bi~n cho den cac di chi

kbao c6, lich su· van hoa cua c¢ng dong ban dia. Chu th~ dtrQ'C xac l~p M bao v~ cac vung

c6 m<)t hoac nhieu d~c trung tt,r nhien va van hoa. Tai nguyen bi~n thuang gan lien v6'i

quyen tai phan Quoc gia.

Tcli nguyen bo (coastal resources) Ia m<)t khu vt,rc ho~c d~c tinh W nhien nam trong

ho~c gan m<)t vung b(J bi~n rna Sl,l' ton t~i cua no phl,l thUQC vao b(J bi~n, ho~C tai nguyen

dtrQ'C CO gia tri ve kinh te, moi trtrang, giai tri, van hoa, th~m my Va cac gia tri khac, dtrQ'C

tang len nha nam trong vung ba bi~n [25]. Theo dinh ngh!a nay, tai nguyen ba da bao ham

yeu to vi tri va kh6ng gian . Ngoai cac d~ng tai nguyen ba Cl,l th~ (bai bi~n, cac vung cu·a

song, cac sinh vat bi~n, ... ) chi c6 hoac phl,l thu<)c vao vung ba bi~n, n6 con bao gom cit gi6,

b1l'c X~ m~t trai, dat (ven bi~n va tren dao) Va khoang san (co Jo~i chi CO 0 vung ba bi~n nhu sa khoang bi~n, .. . ).

Tai nguyen bi~n, theo phuang each truyen thong, dtrQ'C phan theo cac nh6m, lo~i

khac nhau [6,7 ,10]. Theo ban chat w nhien, tai nguyen bi~n dtrQ'c chia thanh: Tai nguyen

81

phi sinh v(a va tai nguyen sinh v(it; theo kha nang tai t~o , tai nguyen bien duqc chia th~mh

tai nguyen tai tqw va kh6ng tai tgo, tai nguyen tieu hao va kh6ng tiht hao. Tai nguyen tai

t;:tO CO the t\! t;:tO m6'i, pbl,lC hoi CJ ngang ffiUC chung dUQ'C lay ra neu kh6ng bi khai tbac qua

muc, thuang la tai nguyen sinh v~t va m<)t so d~ng tai nguyen phi sinh vat (nang luqng gi6,

thuy trieu, song bi~n va buc X~ m~t trai, ... ). Tai nguyen kh6ng tai t~o di~n hlnh la dat ng~p

nu6c va khoang san.

2. Tai nguyen vi the bi~n

Ngay nay , tai nguyen thien nhien khong con hi~u theo tu duy truyen thong (chi la

nhung d~ng v~t chat lay ra duqc va c6 gia tri si'r dt,mg cho myc tieu kinh te nao d6), rna da

duqc hi~u la tat ca cac yeu to tl;l' nhien c6 th~ si'r dl;lng 6 cac hlnh thuc khac nhau, ho~c

kh6ng su dt,mg nhung st.,r ton t~i cua tt.,r n6 mang l~i lQ'i ich cho con nguai [Hoi 2005]. Nhu

v~y, c6 the de dang thay rang canh quan w nhien d~p la m(>t d~ng tai nguyen qui gia,

khong c6 kha nang tai t~o neu bi huy ho~i, nhung c6 the dung mai mai neu each khai thac

gia tri kinh te cua n6 hqp ly . Trong khi d6, khoang san la tai nguyen khong tai t~o, tai

nguyen sinh v~t c6 the tai t~o va nang luqng nhi~t, gi6, thuy trieu c6 the coila vo t~n [15].

Theo each hieu truyen thong, nhieu lqi fch l6n, d~c bi~t la st.,r phat trien ket cau h~

tang va cac khu kinh te trQng di~m duqc dua l~i tu cac yeu to, hi¢n tu'Q'ng va qua trlnh tt.,r

nhien c6 tfnh t6ng hqp theo khong gian Hinh th6, vung bi~n kh6ng g~n v6i tai nguyen

truyen thong cy th~ nao, chi duqc coi la lqi the phat tri~n . D6 la nguon goc d<in den thieu

tu duy ca ban trong t6 chuc lanh th6/quy ho~ch phat tri~n kinh te-xa h¢i. Trong khi nhung

quyet sach kinh te tht,rc te quan tn;mg nhat cua m<?t vung lai chfnh la tai nguyen vi the. Tlnh

tr~ng nay dan dUQ'C nh~n thuc fO cung v6i qua trlnh phat tri~n kinh te, quan ly va khoa hQC­

c6ng ngh¢.

Tren tht,rc te, v~n dl;lng CCi s6 tai nguyen vt the ngay cang m6 r<)ng va c6 dinh hu6ng

r6 rang, nhung CCi SO' ly lu~n CUa van de nay chUa dUQ'C dinh hlnh, con nhieu b~m luan.

Chia Lin Sien (1992) da chfnh thuc xem lqi the dta ly cua vung ba la m<)t d~ng tai nguyen

va chia tai nguyen ba Singapor thanh ba nh6m: dat ven ba va khong gian bi~n, tai nguyen

tai t~o va tai nguyen khong tai t~o [15]. Nam 2002, C<)ng dong Chau Au da phan lo~i tai

nguyen thien nhien, trong d6 c6 tai nguyen vt the (kh6ng gian) ra lam 5 d~ng (hlnh 1).

82

Tiri nguyen kh6ng tieu hao ,-----------r--------------

Tai nguyen tieu hao

(1) (2)

Tai nguyen dong: m~t trO'i, gi6, song, Tai nguyen sinh v~t: rLrng, ca, sinh mroc mua kh6i Tai

nguyen

tai tao

Tai nguyen ngu6n: khong khf (6xy, Tai nguyen ngu6n: cac bon mroc

Tai nguyen

kh6ng tai tao

C02), dai dUO'ng (nu6'c) ngc;>t, nu6'c ngam, dat mau

----' ' ' ' ' ' ----

Tai nguyen co the' tai che:

kim lo<;ti

-------- ------------ -------- ----------------

-

-----Tainguyen v! the (5) --------- --

----- ------- ------------- -----------

Da,'t b1"e"'n Khoang khong ' ' ~ ~

(3)

Tai nguyen co th~ thu hoi: cac khoctng san khac, dat

(4)

Tai nguyen kh6ng t{ti t~o va khong thu hoi: nhien li~ u hoa th<;tch nhLf dau mo, ga, than

Hinh 1: Phtm lo;:ti tai nguyen thien nhien cua C¢ng dong Chttu Au [9]

' ' I ' '

Theo each phan lo;:ti tren, tai nguyen vi the ham chtl'a ca bon lo;:ti tai nguyen con l;:ti ,

nhu: nang luqng m~t troi, gi6, tai nguyen nong, lam va ngu (k~ cii ti~m nang bao t6n da

d<;tng sinh h9c, .. . ). N6 c6 quan h~ v6'i m9i ho;:tt d¢mg cua con ngu·oi lien quan den su dt,mg

tai nguyen, vf dt,~lam nha, xay dt,rng CO' so h;:t tang va giao thong. Do v~y, vi the du·qc coila

d;:tng tai nguyen then chat. Cach phan lo;:ti nhu v~y dt,ra vao d(>ng thai tai nguyen: khii nang

tai t;:to - tieu hao tai nguyen , con neu phan theo nguon goc thl tai nguyen thien nhien gom

c6 ba nh6m chu yeu: tai nguyen sinh v~t; tai nguyen phi sinh v~t va tai nguyen vt the.

Trong van li~u Vi~t Nam, Nguyen Chu H6i (2005), da ban lu~n v~ tai nguyen vi the va xep

n6 vao nh6m tai nguyen phi sinh v~t [10]

Ro rang, trong h~ thong tai nguyen bi~n, tai nguyen vt the cling dong vai tro then

chat. D6 la kh6ng gian bi~n va ven bi~n, n6i va ngam g6m lu6ng l;:tch, ben b~ii , dat dai ven

bi~n, ban dao va hili dao, bai cat bi~n, them da, hang d(>ng, ... Tai nguyen vi the bi~n khong

chi dan thuan la nguon goc tl,l' nhien, rna con mang cac yeu to tai nguyen nhan van, bao

gom: de di tfch Itch sil:, khiio c6, van h6a, cau true c(>ng dong, .. . Tai nguyen vt the dung

theo each n6i tieng Vi~t trong nhi~u van ban quan ly hien nay c6 le mang ham y r(>ng han

quan ni~m cua cac tai li~u nu6'c ngoai, bao ham d gia tri dua l;:ti cua kh6ng gian trong

moi quan M v~ vi trf dia ly cua n6 v6'i cac trung tam, dau moi kinh te chfnh tri khu VI,I'C,

83

quan h~ voi cac vanh dai , hanh lang kinh te tren bi~n , ven bi~n , . .. [ 11]. Tuy nhien, tai

nguyen vt the bi~n c6 n(>i ham rieng, mang tfnh ban chat -·- la cac yeu to hlnh th~ va v~ tri

trong khong gian. D6 cling chfnh la cac gia tr! w ban cua d<;1ng tai nguyen nay ma nho d6

Singapor da biet phat huy d~ tr6 thanh m(>t quoc dao giau c6. Sl.r dl,lng hqp ly tai nguyen vt

the bi~n la m(>t dinh huang ca ban cho phat tri~n ben vung [24].

Vi~c dtnh gia tai nguyen vt the bi~n rat quan tn;mg nham xac dinh tiem nang va d!nh

huang sl.r dl,lng chung. T6ng gia trt kinh te (TEV-Total Economic Value) cua tai nguyen vt

the bi~n duqc tinh bang ti~n rna xa h¢i phai chtu thiet neu lqi ich vt the va lqi ich moi

truong bt mat. N6 cling bao ham cac gia tri bao gom cac gia trt sl.r dl,lng tn,rc tiep, Slr dung

gian tiep, gia tr) M gianh (hay con gQi la gia tr! ti~m nang) va cac gia tr! phi Slr dl,lng

[7 ,26]. Den nay, nguai ta chu yeu quan tam den gia tri sit d~:~ng tn,.rc tiep, chua chu y den

cac gia tr! gian tiep va gia tr! lt.ru ton ma doi khi lon han nhieu gia tr! Slr dl,lng tn,.rc tiep cua

tai nguyen bi~n n6i chung, vt the bi~n n6i rieng.

Tai nguyen vt the bi~n Vi~t Nam c6 ti~m nang sl.r dl,lng rat 16n cho cac lqi ich phat

tri~n kinh te- Xa h(>i nhU phat tri~n giao thong- cang [4), du l!ch Va d!ch Vl,l [3), nghe Ca

bi~n [2], phat tri~n Cong nghi~p, CCi SO h<;l tang va do th! h6a va cac I.inh Vl:fC kinh te khac .

D~ phat tri~n cac llnh Vl:fC nay, truoc het can Slr d~:~ng yeu to khong gian (dao, bi~n, thuy

Vl:fC ven bO) Va yeu to vt trf d!a ly d~C thu CUa tai nguyen vt the, sau d6 la Slr dl,lng hqp ly

cac yeu to tai nguyen sinh v~t va phi sinh v~t nam chinh trong khong gian phat tri~n (tt!

t<;ti) va ngoai khong gian phat tri~n (sue hut) .

Phat tri~n cac khu bao ton bi~n la m¢t hlnh thuc Slr dl,lng cac gia trt sl.r dung gian tiep

ho~c duy trl cac gia tr! d~ gianh , luu l<;ti cua tai nguyen vt the bi~n . Lqi fch va tam quan

trQng cua cac khu bao ton bi~n rat lon, bao gom d lqi fch kinh te trt:fc tiep (du Itch sinh

thai, phat tri~n nguon lQ'i 0 vung chuyfn tiep ), lQ'i fch gian tiep (van hoa, khoa hQC va giao

dl,lc) va lqi ich Ian toa (duy trl nguon giong cho cac ngu truong lan c~n, nai 6" cho d(>ng v~t

di tru, . . . ).

Tai nguyen vt the c6 y nghia d~c bi~t quan trQng doi voi dam bao an ninh Quoc

phong va chu quy~n Quoc gia tren bi~n. Khong gian bi~n va ven bif n Vi~t Nam lanai c6

lqi the ve an ninh Quoc phong, duqc khai thac va sl.r dl,lng tri~t d~ trong chien tranh chong

ngo<;1i xam. Vi~c bo trf phong thu cling nhul~p cac phuang an tac chien truoc het phai dt:fa

vao cac yeu to cua vt the nhu d~c di~m tt:f nhien, d~c bi~t la d!a hlnh va vt tri d!a ly. Cac

dao, vung Clra song, vung th~m ll,!C dta rat CO gia tri trong phan dinh ranh gioi va chu

quy~n Quoc gia tren bi~n .

84

III. MOT so TAI NGUYEN v~ THE QUAN TRQNG 6 viJNG BIEN

VA VEN BO VI~T NAM

V 6i quan di~m neu tren, co th~ xac dinh tai nguyen vi the vung bi~n va ven ba Vi~t Nam Ht cae thuy h¢ ho~e dta h¢ v6'i cii ba hqp phan nen dat (ho~e day), nu6e va khong khf,

nam trong ph~m vi chu quy~n Quoc gia, bao gom cac vung ba [16,18], cac dao [1,23], cac

thuy Vl,l'C ven ba [21] va cac vung nu6c ngoai khai. Du6i day chi gi6i thi~u m<?t so d~ng tai nguyen vi the la cac dia h~ ven ba va cac dao v6i danh gia t6ng quan gia tri cho m<)t so vi the cl,l thl

1. Cac vimg cica song

Nam a vung nhi~t d6i nong ~m , mua nhi~u va co vo phong hoa phat tri~n , he thong

song ngoi Vi~t Nam phat tri~n kM day dac, co tai luqng nu6c va boi tich dang kl Hang

nam, cac dong song dua ra bi~n khoang 870 ty m 3 nUOC va 250 trieu tan bun cat, dUQ'C phan

bo tren 10 luu vl,l'c song chfnh la: cac song Quang Ninh, song Hong - Thai Blnh, song Ma,

song Ca, song Gianh - Quang Tri - Huang, song Thu Bon, song Tra Khuc , song Ba, song

Dong Nai va song Me Kong. Cac song d6 vao bi~n qua khoang 114 cua (river mouth), m<)t

con song co th~ d6 vao bi~n qua m<?t ci'ra ho~c nhi~u ci'ra. Cac vung eua song co th~ rna ra

a vung bi~n ha ( cac cua song mi~n Trung, Me Kong), vao vinh l6n ( ctra song Hong mo vao

vjnh Bac b<)) , cac vinh nho (cU:a song Han mo vao vinh Da Nang) ho~c mo vao cac dam

pha (ci'ra song Huang m6 vao pha Tam Giang). Dac trung vung ci'ra song pht,! thu<)c vao

tfnh chat luu VUC, tai lU"Q'ng nUOC, bun cat tlr song Va d~c di~m d<)ng ll,l'C song, thuy tri~u

ven bO'. Vai tro thong tri cua cac yeu to d<)ng ll,l'c song, song hay thuy tri~u anh huang rat

I6n den hlnh thai va mue d<? dong kin eua cau true ciia chung [21].

Cae vung cua song duqe chia thanh hai ki~u Ia chau th6 va vung cU:a hlnh ph~u . Vi~t

Nam co hai chau th6 16n la song Hong 6 phfa Bac va Me Kong a phia Nam. 6 Trung b<? co

cac chau th6 nho nhu- Ma, Ca, Thu Bon, Da Rang , .. . Cac chau th6 16n hlnh thanh tren nen

Sl,lt v6ng cua cac bon trilng Kainozoi. Chau th6 song Hong co dien tich khoang 17 nghln

km2. Hang nam he thong song Hong du-a ra bi~n 137km' nu-6c va 125 tri~u tan bun cat.

Gan m<?t the ky qua, chau th6 song Hong boi Ian ra bi~n trung blnh 28m/nam, co nai 100-

120m/nam nhu a eua Ba L~t vacua Day. Chau th6 Me Kong I6n nhat Dong NamA (di~n tich 35000 km2 phan Vi~t Nam), t~i mili Ca Mau, toed<? Ian bi~n t6i 150m/nam. Dong dQc

ba di chuy~n boi tich v~ phfa Tay Nam boi tl,l nen ban dao Ca Mau m6 Ian nhanh ra bi~n ,

t~o nen mili nho kh6ng 16 lan sau vao vjnh Thai Lan.

Vung ci'ra song hinh ph~u (estuary) Ht m<?t vung h~ luu song, thu-O'ng co d~ng hlnh

pheu, bj ng~p chlm khong d~n bu boi tich, va thuy tri~u co vai tro quan trQng. Cac vung

85

eva song hinh ph~u 16n va di~n hinh cua The gi6i nlm Xen, Jironda (Phap), Thame,

Mersey (Anh), Rein , Maas (Ha Lan) , Potomac (My) , La-plara (Nam My), Duong Ttr

(Trung Quoc) [21, 27]. 6 Viet Nam, cac vung eva song hlnh ph~u thuc:mg nam a cac

vung ba c6 thuy trieu bien d9 l6n, di~n hinh la vung eva song Dong Nai nam a ria phfa

Bile chau th6 song Me Kong va vung ctl'a song Bl,lch Dang nam a ria Dong Bik chau th6

song Hong. Vi vay' hai vung eva song hlnh ph~u 0 c6 Sl,l' tuong dong vt tU' nhien, rai

nguyen va tiem nang phat tritn kinh te- xa h9i cho cac thanh pho Ho Chf Minh, Vilng

Tau va Hai Phong. V 6i titm nang tai nguyen vt the cua m<)t vung eva song hlnh ph~u

nhtr cau true thuy Vl:fC nVa kfn CO tht h(;ln che SOn.g gi6 16n tV bit n, thuy trieu bien d<) 16n,

kha nang sa boi it va luang l<;1ch sau r<)ng nho d(>ng ll:fc trieu thong tr! t(;lo nen xam thuc

sau, cac vung eva song hinh ph~u thuang la nai phat tritn cac cang 16n va cac hoat d<)ng

cong nghi~p, hang hili , d!ch "l:l va du l!ch di kern . Nhieu cang bi~n thu<)c lo<;1i l6n nhat

The gi6i nam t~p trung a vung eva song hlnh ph~u , ditn hinh la Rotterdam cua Ha Lan,

Liverpoon va London cua Anh va La Havre cua Phap, .. .

Cang Sai Gon va nhu·ng lqi ich mang l<;li cua n6 m6'i chi la phan nh6 dUQ'C khai thac

cua tiem nang cang a vung eva song hinh ph~u Dong Nai, gan day m6'i dtrQ'C phat huy

v6i Sl:f phat tritn cac Cl;lffi cang Sao Mai - Ben Dinh, Th! v ai - Phu My va cac khu cong

nghi~p di kern . Cl;lm dng Hai Phong gan litn v6'i vung eva song hlnh ph~u Bach Dang,

sau bao thang tnim do n(;ln sa boi, nay tiep tl;!C duqc kh~ng d!nh v6i viec Chinh phu quyet

dinh chu truang xay dl;I'ng cang eva ng6 Lach Huy~n . Hai Phong la eva ng6 hu6'ng ra

bitn a phfa Bac cua ca nu6'c va Ba Rta - Vilng Tau la eva ng6 ra bit n a phia Nam trong

moi quan h~ phat tri~n cac vung tam giac kinh te tr9ng di~m Ha N<;>i - Hai Phong -

Quang Ninh a phia Bac va thanh pho H6 Chi Minh - BaRta- Vilng Tau a phia Nam .

2. Dam pha

Dam pha (coastal lagoons) la m<)t lo<;1i hinh thuy vl;I'c ven ba, nu·&c lQ', man boac

sieu m~n, thuang CO hlnh dang keo dai , dUQ'C ngan each v6'i bi~n b6"i he thong de cat va

c6 eva thong noi v6'i bi~n . Cva dam pha c6 th~ m <) t hoac nhieu, rna thuong xuyen hoac

b! dong kin d!nh ky. Dam ph a ven bo c6 m~t a nhieu noi , chi em khoang 13 % chieu dai

duong bo D<;1i duang The gi6'i . 6 Vi~t nam , dam pha tap trung 6" mit n Trung, nai giau

nguon boi tich cat ven bo va d<)ng ll,l'C song m(;lnh va thuy trieu thuang khong l6'n . Tv

Thva Thien - Hue t6i Ninh Thuan, c6 12 dam pha tieu bit u, t6ng di~n tfch chi khoang

458km2, phan bo tren khoang 21 % chieu dai duong bo bi~n Vi~t Nam [5,17] .

H~ dam pha Tam Giang - Cau Hai ch(;ly dai 70km d9c bo bi~n tlnh Thu·a Thien -

Hue, r(>ng 216 km\ de;> sau khong l6'n, trung blnh 1-2m, it khi t6'i 4-Sm . Tuy nhien , ct:ra

86

va khu V\!C sat ci'ra bien c6 th ~ d~t d¢ sau 10- lSm. D6la m(>t dam pha ven bo vi d¢ thap,

n6ng am, c6 quy mo l6n nhat Dong NamA, thu(>c lo~i 16n cua The gi6i va dien hlnh cho

ki~u gan kfn nhi~t d6i . H~ dam pha c6 tiem nang l6n ve tai nguyen thien nhien phl,!C Vl,l

phat tri~n kinh te - xa h¢i . V 6i tinh Thl.ra Thien - Hue, day la ci'ra ng6 huang ra bi~n , la

m(>t trong bon vung tl! nhien chu yeu la doi ntli, dong blmg, dam pha va bi~n . H~ dam

pha lien quan tn,rc tiep t6'i cu¢c song cua 1/3 dan so cua tinh va c6 anh hua ng quan trQng

doi v6'i toan b¢ doi song kinh te - xa h(>i cua ca tinh, gian tiep lien quan den Sl,f hinh

thanh va phat tri~n cua do th! Hue. H~ c6 vai tro quan trQng doi v6'i cac llnh V\!C kinh te

thuy san, giao thong , nong nghiep Va du itch dtch Vl,l Va quan h~ ch~t che den moi trLXOng ,

thien tai ven bi~n .

Gia tri tai nguyen vi the l6'n nhat cua h~ dam pha Tam Giang - C1u Hai la t~o nen

moi truo·ng song cho tren 30 van dan cu tren va ven dam pha, lien quan den vung dat c6

dien tfch 89 .000ha, trong d6 c6 26 .000ha mat nu6'c dam pha, 49 .000ha dat dong bang va

19 .OOOha dat cat con bai ven bi~n . S!! c6 mat cua dcim pha da dieu hoa d~ t~o nguon nu6'c

ngQt cho nong nghi~p va sinh boat , t~o ca sa dat dai cho xay d!!ng ket cau h~ tang , cac

khu dan cu [19] .

Day la nai thu~n lqi phat tri~n ket cau h~u dn nghe ca khai thac tai ch6 va ngoai

bi~n. H~ dam pha c6 gia tri d~c bi~t ve tai nguyen sinh hQC v6i nhieu loai sinh v~t c6 gia

tr! khai thac va nu6i trong va c6 kha nang tra thanh m¢t khu bao ton w nhien , m¢t khu

du tru· sinh quy~n hay vung dat ngap nu6'c c6 tam quan tr9ng Quoc te . Dam pha c6 gia tr!

la vung neo dau tranh gi6 bao (moi khi c6 bao, khoang 5 - 7 nghln phuang ti~n tau

thuyen 16n nho vao dam pha tru d~u) va phat tri~n giao thong thuy, cling v6i cac song tao

nen m~ng lu6i giao thong thuy n(>i dta quan trQng va t~o nen h~ thong giao thong thuy b¢

lien hoan. Cang Tan My c6 kha nang phat tri~n cho phep tau 3.000 tan c~p ben . Vung

dam pha con c6 nhieu di tich khao c6, l!ch si'r, gia tr! tham my va tinh than, tao nen

nhiing net van h6a (phong tl,!C, t~p quan Va 1 ~ h(>i g~n VOi tfn ngLXO'ng Va tht,rc ti ~n lao

d¢ng san xuat) c6 ban sac rieng g6p phan phat tri~n kinh te du l!ch d!a phuang va c6 kha

nang l6'n phat tri~n du l!ch sinh thai. Day la dia ban tot d~ tham quan , tht,rc tap ve moi

trLXong, sinh thai va tai nguyen va CO gia tt) doi v6'i nghien cu·u khoa hQC ba bi~n .

3. H¢ thong vung, v~nh

Viing , vinh ven ba bi~n Vi~t Nam duqc hi~u la m¢t phan cua bi~n 16m vao ll,lc d(a

ho~c do dao ch~n t;;to thanh m¢t vung nu6'c khep kin a muc d¢ nhat d(nh rna trong d6

d¢ng lt,rc bi~n thong tr(. Ccic viing v(nh ven ba Vi~t Nam duqc chia th~mh 3 cap ca ban:

Cap 1: v(nh bi~n (gulf - vinh Bac b¢ va Thai Lan); Cap 2 : v(nh ven bo (vinh H~ Long, Da

Nang, ... ); Cap 3: viing (bight va shelter - vung Ro, Xuan Dai , ... ). Khong k~ cac vtnh

bi~n , a Vi~t Nam vung va vinh ven ba c6 d¢ sau khong qua 30m. Cac vung c6 di~n tich

87

du:ai 50 km2, cac vinh ven ba c6 di~n tfch tu 50 km2 tr6 len, t6ng so 48 vung, vinh vai

t6ng di~n tich khoang 4000 km2• Cic vilng, vinh ven ba phan b6 theo 4 vung dia ly : vung

ba B~c b9, B~c Trung b9, Nam Trung b<? va vung cac dao phia Nam [20,21].

Bai Tu Long thu(>c chu yeu dia phiim huy~n Van Don tinh Quang Ninh, sat gan

vung bi~n bien giai Trung Qu6c. Day Ia mot vinh c6 gia tri tai nguyen vi the' rat Ian, c6 di~n tfch khoang 560 km2

, dQ sau trung blnh 4m, CI,I'C dai 12m, dU:Q'C dao chan, cau true

nl.ra kin, ba da goc. Tren vinh c6 tren ngan hon dao da voi va da ll;lC nguyen, c6 ti~m

nang to lan phat tri~n dng, nuoi trong thuy san, du Itch, bao ton tl,l' nhien va phong thu. Quan h~ u:u tien cho phat tri~n kinh te' - bao ton w nhien - dam bao an ninh Quoc phong cho vinh Bai Tu Long du:qc xac dinh la c6 ti:im quan tn:mg ngang nhau. Co cau u:u tien phat tri~n kinh te' Vtnh dU:Q'C xac dtnh la: du ltch - dtch Vl;l (trQng tam la du ltch sinh thai) ; giao thong - cang; thuy san (trQng tam la nuoi thich nghi) va nong lam nghiep tren cac dao va ven vinh. Ty trQng uu tien dau tu phat tri~n du lich - dich Vl;l cao nhat (35 % ). Du

ltch sinh thai dU'Q'C ChQn la lo(;li hlnh du ltch trQng tam ben C(;lnh da d(;lng hoa cac lo(;li

hlnh khac. Doi tUQ'ng du lich quan trQng la ciinh quan va he sinh thai da d<;lng cua m(>t

vung vinh - dao, cac di tich van hoa, lich su va cac hoat d<?ng kinh te', van boa. Giao thong - cang dUQ'C dinh hu6ng U:U tien phat tri~n du·ng thU hai (30%) nhung gifr vi trf nlt

quan trQng trong h~ thong cac nh6m cang phia B~c nha ti~m nang h~ thong luang vao

cac ciing Cua Ong, Nam Cau Trang, Han Net, Cai Rong (Van Don), Mui Chua (Tien

Yen), Y<;1n Gia (Vinh Thl,l'c) va ciing V<;1n Hoa. PMt tri~n thuy san 6 vi tri u·u tien thtl' ba

(25 % ), theo cclC huang phl:IC hoi va duy trl nguon ]Q'i cho vung bi~n ven bO, bao Ve da

d<;1ng sinh hQC bi~n; phat tri~n h~u can cho nghe khai thac xa ba, khong che' bien san ph~m quy mo cong nghi~p d~ tranh o nhi~m. Phat tri~n nuoi trong thuy san v6i cac doi tuQ'ng c6 gia tri kinh te cao bang long be va nuoi thii w nhien tren bai tri~u , h<;ln che toi da vi~c d~p dam nuoi . Phat tri~n nong - lam nghi~p 6 vi tri ll,l'a chQn thap hon cii (1 0% ). Theo huang hQ'p ly va b~n vfrng, khong m6 r(>ng di~n tich dat nong nghiep, bao v~ va

phl;lC hoi 1l;l' nhien tham thi,I'C V~t ban dta, bao V~ tbam thl,l'c V~t ng~p m~n khoi bt tri~t pha

lam dam nu6i thuy san. Chi khai thac rung tren dao cho du lich sinh thai va rung d~c

dl;lng.

Di san thien nhien The gi6i vtnh H<;l Long da du:qc UNESCO cong nh~n ve gia tri th~m my (canh quan), gia td dia chat hQc va s~p t6i la gia tri da dang sinh hQc bi~n . Yinh Bai Tl.r Long k~ can cling c6 cii ba gia tri tl,l' nhien nay, c6 du di~u ki~n m6 r(>ng khu di san vinh H<;1 Long sang vinh Bai Tu· Long. Yinh Bai Tl.r Long c6 gia tri tai nguyen quan

sl,l' d~c bi¢t nho h¢ thong dao l6n nho chan ngoai dtnh hu6~1g Dong Bac- Tay Nam, Iuong l<;1ch sau va cii hang d(>ng. Trong chie'n luqc phong thu ba bi~n Vi~t Nam, vinh Bai Tl.r

Long- H<;l Long an ngfr cua ngo Dong Blic, gan bien gi6i Vi~t- Trung, a vi tri nh<;ly cam

va quan trQng.

88

4. H~ thong dao

Vi~t Nam c6 khoang 3000 hon dao ven b0 v6i di~n tfch han 1600 km2, trong d6 tren 66

di10 c6 khoang 155 nghin dan sinh song, t~p trung chu yeu 6 vung ven b0 Dong Bac [1,23]. Tru

dao Phti Quy ngan each v6i them ll,lC dia hien d<;ti qua m<?t trilng nu6c sau va cac quan dao san h6

Truong Sa, Hoang Sa gifra Bifn Dong, tit ca cac dao gan b0, kf ca B<;tch Long Vy, Con Dao va

Phu Quoc d~u nam trong ph<;tm vi th~m lye d~a . Vung day bifn quanh cac dao tlmO'ng 19 da goc,

la n~n m6ng phat trifn cac ran san ho vi~n b0. Dao c6 nhi~u gia tr~ guy nhu dat sinh cu, du l~ch

sinh thai , xay dyng ket cau h<;t tang khai thac bi~n. M<?t so dao nhu Th6 Chu, Con C6, Dao

Tran, . . .la cac di~m moe c6 gia trj tren duong ca sa cua lanh hai T6 quoc.

Hai quan dao san ho xa b0 mang l<;ti lQ"i fch nhi~u m~t va lau dai cho dat nu6c. Quan

dao Hoang Sa nam tren cao nguyen ngam r<)ng hem 100 ngan km2, bao gam han 100 dao

n6i, da, bai nong, bai ngam v6i tren 60 nai da duqc d~t ten (c6 16 dao n6i) thu<)c v~ 3 cym

l6n la Lu6'i Li~m , Vinh An va Mac-lec-phin. Quan dao Truong Sa nam tren cao nguyen

ngam r<)ng han 300 ngan km2, bao gam hang tram dao n6i, da, bai nong, bai ngam v6i tren

130 nai da duQ'c d~t ten (c6 23 dao n6i), thu<)c v~ 8 ct,1m 16n la Song Tu, Thi Tv, Lo<;ti Ta,

Nam Yet, Sinh Ton, Blnh Nguyen, Truong Sa va Tham Hifm [18] .

Quan dao Con San gam 16 hon dao 16n nho, cau t<;to chu yeu tl.r cac da macma xam

nh~p va phun trao, nam each Vilng Tau 185km, each cua song H~u (Can Tho) khoimg

83km, di~n tfch ty: nhien khoang 75 ,15km\ ba bifn dai 66km. l-Ion Con Dao dao 16n nhat

51 ,52km2 [12]. Ba bifn dai 200km, c6 nhi~u bai bifn d~p nhu bai Dat Doc, Bai C<;tnh, bai

Dam Trau, bai Hon Cau , bai Hon Tre, . . . Con Dao n6i tieng v6i cac di lfch lich su thai ky

chong Phap va chong My. Quan dao Con San nam tren vung th~m lye dia, thuoc loai r<)ng

cO' The gi6i, giau ti~m nang dau khi, sat gan nhat tuyen hang h<:\i Quae te noi An D9

Duong va Thai Blnh Duong va hanh lang tau bifn Singapor - NMt Ban. Quan dao c6 ti~m

nang va the m<;tnh bao ton ty: nhien va phat trifn du ljch, khai thac che bien hili san, phat

tri~n cang bi~n, dich Yl,l dau khf Va hang hai.

Con Dao c6 ti~m nang to l6n v~ bao ton bifn, nam trong danh myc 15 khu bao ton

bifn dang trlnh Chfnh phil phe duyet. Yuan Quae gia Con Dao hi~n c6 duqc thanh l~p theo

Quyet d~nh so 135/1993/QD-TTg cua Thu tu6ng Chfnh phu ngay 31/3/1993, c6 t6ng di~n

tich khoang 20.000 ha, gam gan 6000 ha dat dao va 14000 ha bifn. Da d<;tng sinh hQC rat cao

v6i 2083 loai sinh V~t, trong do 650 loai thy:c V~t tren C<;tn, 108 loai thu, chim, bo sat Va lUO'ng

CU' va 1.325 loai d<)ng thy:c v~t bifn. Nhi~u loai c6 gia tri kinh te l6n, c6 44 loai dUQ'C ghi vao

Sach d6 Vi~t Nam nhu Du gong, Rua bifn, ... [13]. Con Dao c6 the m<;tnh phat tri~n du l!ch

tam bi~n va nghi du6'ng, du ljch sinh thai (l~n, cau ca, leo mli, tham quan rung bifn, sinh v~t

bi~n ... ) va tham quan di tfch ljch Slr. Con Dao con la trung tam ngu tru0ng khai thac hai san

89

6 phfa Nam, each duong hang hili Quoc te chi 60km, se nam 6 nga tu giao thong bi~n Quoc

te khi kenh dao KRA 6 Thai Lan m6 n6i An D¢ Duong va Thai Blnh Duong. Theo quy

hoach, tai Ben Dam se xay dyng cac cang: cang ca 6 khu Vl,I'C nu6c sau 6 - 8m da hoan th~mh ,

d mg dau khf 6 kim Vl,I'C mr6c 8 - 15m 6 dra vyng Ben Dam. va d ng hai quan . Con Dao se

phat tri~n thanh klm kinh te- du lich va dich vy Chell luqng cao, den nam 2010 se hlnh thanh

cac thi tran Con San, Ben Dam va Co Ong v6i quy mo dan so khoang 14 ngan nguoi. Den

nam 2020 se hlnh thanh do thi hi~n d~i , toan dao la mc;>t do thi 16n. Con Dao can duqc coi la tam di~m bao ton tl;l' nhien bi~n va chi bao ton tl;l' nhien bi~n m6i t(_lO ca h¢i cho du Itch va dich vy. Vl v~y , do thi t<_li Con Dao can phai la me)t mo hlnh "do thi sinh thai bi~n" .

IV. KET LU~N

Cling v6i nhu cau va ti~m ll,l'c phat tri~n kinh te-xa h¢i, vai tro tai nguyen vi the bi~n Viet Nam ngay cang n6i b~t va chiem vt trf quan tr9ng hang dau trong he thong tai nguyen bi~n vl nhilng gia tr! va lQi ich to 16n ve nhieu m~t ma nh6m tai nguyen nay mang lai. Su dung tai nguyen vt the chinh la vi~c t6 chuc kh6ng gian bi~n va guy hoach phat trit n kinh te bi~n , ma trU6c day chi dUQC coi Ja yeu tolQi the, ttl'c Ja yeu to phy va kh6ng dUQ'C xem Ja tai nguyen.

Tai nguyen vt the bi~n la van d~ con m6i me v~ ca sa khoa hQC, phuang phap Juan

nghien CUU va Slr dyng hqp ly vl myc tieu phat tri~n b~n vfrng va can duqc dau tU XUng dang cho nghien cuu va dieu tra danh gia. Nhfrng bai hQC thl,I'C tien, ca thanh c6ng va that b<.ti cho thay can phai c6 nhfrng nhln nh~n dung dan han ve lo<_li tai nguyen d~c biet nay.

SiX dyng hQ'P ly tai nguyen vi the d~ phat tritn ben vfrng c6 nhfrng ca h¢i l6n, nhung con nhieu cam go, thach thuc , dac biet la ap lvc phat tri~n kinh te, dan s6 va tac de)ng cua thien tai. Bai toan can giai quyet cho su· dyng hqp ly tai nguyen vi the bi~n Vi~t Nam la tien hanh xay dy·ng va thl,l'c hi~n chuang trlnh quan ly t6ng hqp vung bi~n va vung ba bi~n .

TAl LitU THAM KHAO

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kinh te xa h¢i h~ thong cac dao ven bo Vi~t Nam trong chien luqc phat tri~n kinh te

- xa h(>i bi~n . Bao cao de tai KT. 03 - 12.

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90

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92

SOME KINDS OF COASTAL AND SEA SPACE RESOURCES IN VIETNAM

TRAN DUC THANH

Summary: Recently. th e space resources have been reported in the management

documents. however. there have been not yet researches on the scientific basis for definition of

these resources. The paper mentioned the coastal and sea space resources in Vie tnam, and

could be regarded as a basic step fo r th e f urther discussions.

Referencing in terna tiona l literatures and starting jro111 rea listic awareness. it is

realizes that the coastal and sea resources in Vietnam composes of living. non - living and sea

space. The sea space resources could be defined as th e benefits from an area or a site on sea.

or in coastal areas. and situated in th e spatial relations of this area or site. The sea space

resources includes also living and non li ving components. however. their key benefits must be

get frorn values of sea/land fo rms and their spatial situations.

The principal space resources in Vie tnam seas and coasts can be de termilled such as

systems of coastal wa ter bodies or geosyste111 s under the state sovereignty. They are included

the coastal areas, islands , coastal water-bodies. offshore waters with the components of land

(or bottom ), warer and air. This paper presenTed some typical kinds of sea space resources in

Vie tnam. included es fll ary . lagoon. coastal bay and islands with the general esti111arion on

developmental potentials.

Ngity nh~n biti: { o .t . .<.. oo=r- Dja chi: Vi¢n Tai nguyen va Moi twang bi6n

Ngtrifi nlt~n xet: PGS,TS. Nguy~n Chu H6i

93