[MP] v Bishop State Community College 5-1-08

8/8/2019 [MP] v Bishop State Community College 5-1-08

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UPNPM IA NCNFNLNAnhv @hulhuunc Nep Omnvhkd

WLZ\#Mlzcixmm#

q ALEU Ki+ :?,::8=6

FHUOIZ UPNPM EILL]KHPX EICCMDM#Mlzcixmv+

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY)

IZHKHIK IA POM OMNVHKD IAAHEMV IK MLZCIXMV‘U LIPHIK PI VMEIKUH@MV

Lnx ># 6::?

Aiv pom Mlzcixmm2

N+ B+ Eiizmv Eiizmv Cnt# ZE6> U Umephik Upvmmp

Anhvoizm# NC 51=56

Vnxlik` Fmcc# Bv+Fmcc ! N`nlu>?6 Up+ Avnkehu Upvmmp# U}hpm 5::Lifhcm# NC 511:6

Aiv pom Mlzcixmv2

@nqh` L+ I‘FvhmkBmaavmx D+ Lhccmv Uhvipm ! Zmvl}pp# ZE

> Up+ Ci}hu Emkpmv# U}hpm >:::Lifhcm# NC 511:6



6

H+ Pom Zviem`}vnc Ziup}vm Ia Pom Enum

Ik Amfv}nvx 6# 6::?# pom }k`mvuhdkm` tnu nzzihkpm` nu omnvhkd iaahemv hk

pohu enum }k`mv pom Ncnfnln Anhv @hulhuunc Nep /–A@N“(# Ncn Ei`m ¤¤ 51,61,

>:: mp um~+# fmptmmk Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdm /–Mlzcixmv“ iv

–Eiccmdm“( nk` hpu mlzcixmm# WLZ\ /–Mlzcixmm“(+ Ik Lnveo 5# 6::?#

Mlzcixmm ei}kumc umvqm` pom Mlzcixmm‘u Liphik pi Vmhkupnpm Znx aiv Fhuoiz‘u

Anhc}vm pi Zviqh`m @}m Zviemuu /–Mlzcixmm Liphik“(+ Ik Lnveo 61# 6::?#

Mlzcixmv ei}kumc umvqm` pom Vmuzikum ia Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdm pi

Mlzcixmm‘u Liphik pi Vmhkupnpm Znx /–Mlzcixmv Vmuzikum“(+ Ik Lnveo 5>#

6::?# pom omnvhkd iaahemv huu}m` pom Izhkhik ia pom Omnvhkd Iaahemv ik

Mlzcixmm‘u Liphik pi Vmhkupnpm Znx /–Izhkhik ik Mlzcixmm Liphik“ iv

uhlzcx –IMML“(+ >

Pom omnvhkd iaahemv dvnkpm` pom Mlzcixmm Liphik hk znvp nk` `mkhm` hp hk

znvp# u}llnvhrhkd ohu iv`mvu nk` umpphkd pom ueom`}cm aiv pom enum nu aiccitu2

/H( Pom Mlzcixmv aivpothpo uoncc z}p pom Mlzcixmm fneg ik hpu znxviccthpo fmkmahpu nk` dhqm omv fneg znx aiv pom zmvhi` `}vhkd toheoomv znx onu fmmk u}uzmk`m`+

/HH( Thpohk ahapmmk />=( `nxu ia pom `npm ia pohu izhkhik# pom Mlzcixmv

uoncc umvqm }zik pom Mlzcixmm‘u ei}kumc nk` pom omnvhkd iaahemv nvmqhum` upnpmlmkp ia pom anepu uoithkd ponp pom pmvlhknphik hu pngmkaiv ikm iv livm ia pom vmnuiku chupm` hk Umephik 51,61,>:6+

> Zviemm`hkdu tmvm# pomvmaivm# eillmkem` –ki cmuu ponk 5: `nxu nk` ki livm ponk 1: `nxu aiccithkd pomnzzihkplmkp ia pom omnvhkd iaahemv#“ nu vm~}hvm` fx Ncn Ei`m ¤ 51,61,>:0/n(+



5

/HHH( Thpohk ahapmmk />=( `nxu ia pom `npm ia pohu izhkhik# pom Mlzcixmmuoncc umvqm }zik pom Mlzcixmv nk` pom omnvhkd iaahemv nk hpmlhrm`chup ia omv ecnhlu aiv vmhlf}vumlmkp# nk` pom znvphmu pomk nvm pinppmlzp pi kmdiphnpm n umppcmlmkp ia poium ecnhlu+

/HQ( Pom omnvhkd hu ueom`}cm` aiv B}km 6# 6::?# }kcmuu pom znvphmu ndvmmipomvthum+

/Q( ]kcmuu pom znvphmu ndvmm ipomvthum# ik iv fmaivm Lnx ># 6::?# pom znvphmu uoncc u}flhp pi pom omnvhkd iaahemv# thpo n eizx pi pomizziuhkd znvpx# ìe}lmkpu u}zzivphqm ia# iv hk eikpvnqmkphik pi#pom nephik# nu tmcc nu n chup ia thpkmuumu pi fm enccm` np u}eoomnvhkd+ IMML J 66,65+

Ik Nzvhc >0# 6::?# Mlzcixmm ei}kumc umkp n cmppmv pi Mlzcixmv ei}kumc#

chuphkd $68#856+=4 hk ecnhlu fx pom Mlzcixmm aiv vmhlf}vumlmkp# cnvdmcx aiv

lm`henc m zmkumu hke}vvm` nu n vmu}cp ia omv ciuu ia hku}vnkem eiqmvndm+ Ik

Nzvhc >=# 6::?# Mlzcixmv ei}kumc umvqm` n Liphik pi Vmeikuh`mv /–Mlzcixmv

Liphik“(# eikpmk`hkd ponp pom Eiccmdm‘u –uoivp nk` zcnhk upnpmlmkp ia pom anepu“#

Xi} eillhppm` ahknkehnc hlzvizvhmphmu hk vmcnphik pi pom vmemhqhkd ia ahknkehnc nh`# pi ancuhaxhkd xi}v dvn`m hk n ei}vum# nk` pi ancuhaxhkd nkmlzcixmm nk` ̀ mzmk`mkp p}hphik tnhqmv+

u}aahemu pi unphuax pom kiphem vm~}hvmlmkpu ia Ncn Ei`m ¤ 51,61,>:5/n(+ Pom

Eiccmdm ncui eikpmkù ponp hp enkkip fm vm~}hvm` pi vmhlf}vum pom Mlzcixmm aiv

pom fmkmahpu ponp uom onu ciup nu n vmu}cp ia pom u}uzmkuhik ia omv znx+ Pom

Eiccmdm onu xmp pi z}p pom Mlzcixmm fneg ik pom znxvicc iv znx omv fneg znx# nu

iv`mvm` fx pom omnvhkd iaahemv hk ohu Izhkhik ik Mlzcixmm Liphik+

Pom Mlzcixmm‘u Vmuzikum pi Eiccmdm‘u Liphik pi Vmeikuh`mv tnu umvqm`



0

Nzvhc 68# 6::?# thpoi}p m ohfhpu+ N vmqhum` qmvuhik thpo m ohfhpu /–Mlzcixmm

Vmuzikum“( tnu umvqm` Lnx ># 6::?7 pom m ohfhpu nvm enpncidm`hkavn+

Hp hu hlzivpnkp pi fmnv hk lhk` ponp pom kiphem zviqh`m` fx Ncn Ei`m ¤

51,61,>:5/n( hu pom mlzcixmv‘u –eilzcnhkp“ ndnhkup pom mlzcixmm# nk` pom

omnvhkd pi toheo nk mlzcixmm hu mkphpcm` }k`mv ¤ 51,61,>:0/n( hu pom

mlzcixmm‘u –pvhnc“ ik pom eonvdmu ump aivpo hk pom kiphem+ Pom ikcx upnp}pivhcx

lnk`npm` u}zzcmlmkp pi pom kiphem hu pom m eonkdm ia –ìe}lmkpu

u}zzivphqm ia# iv hk eikpvnqmkphik pi# pom nephik# nu tmcc nu n chup ia thpkmuumu

pi fm enccm` np u}eo omnvhkd“# }k`mv ¤ 51,61,>:0/n(+ Np upngm hk pomum

zviemm`hkdu hu nk mlzcixmm‘u chqmchoii`+

Eikuzhe}i}ucx nfumkp avil pom Mlzcixmv Liphik hu nkx b}`hehnc n}poivhpx

hk u}zzivp ia hpu ziuhphik# `muzhpm pom anepu ponp pom –uoivp nk` zcnhk“ cnkd}ndm ia

pom A@N hu pngmk `hvmepcx avil pom zcmn`hkd upnk`nvù ia NVEZ ?/n(/>(# toheo

hk p}vk hu pngmk avil AVEZ ?/n(/6(# nk` k}lmvi}u enumu onqm fmmk `meh`m`

}k`mv poium v}cmu+ IMML J >>+ Pom unlm cnkd}ndm hu ai}k` ncui hk ¤ >1,60,

8/n( ia pom Pmneomv Pmk}vm Nep# Ncn Ei`m ¤¤ >1,60,>mp um~+# toheo znvnccmcu pom

A@N# xmp pom Eiccmdm ehpmu kip n uhkdcm ei}vp `mehuhik pi f}ppvmuumu hpu nvd}lmk

Fmen}um pom Eiccmdm iaamvu ki eilzmcchkd vmnuik tox pom IMML uoi}c` fm

eonkdm`# pom Mlzcixmv Liphik hu ̀ mkhm`# nu livm znvphe}cnvcx m zcnhkm` fmcit+



=

HH+ Tonp Pom Eikuphp}phik Vm~}hvmu

HkThcuik q Ln`huik Ei}kpx Finv` ia M`}enphik # 6::4 Ncn CM_HU 6517

64 HMV Enu /FKN( 66?7 6::4 TC 565?4>?# pom Ncnfnln U}zvmlm Ei}vp omc`

ponp n omnvhkd iaahemv hk n Pmneomv Pmk}vm Nep enum –l}up nzzcx Ncnfnln cnt nu

ump aivpo hk pom kmt Nep nk` ei}vp `mehuhiku hkpmvzvmphkd pom kmt Nep nk`

zviqhuhiku ia pom ic` Nep ponp vmlnhk }keonkdm` fx pom 6::0 nlmk`lmkpu+“

6::4 Ncn CM_HU J "6>+

Tohcm pom hkupnkp enum nvhumu }k`mv pom Anhv @hulhuunc Nep#

Pi hkpmvzvmp pom Anhv @hulhuunc Nep# pom ei}vpu onqm vmamvvm` pi poPmneomv Pmk}vm Nep nk` pi `mehuhiku nzzcxhkd ponp Nep# hk nk maaivp pi`mahkm nk` ecnvhax pom zviqhuhiku ia pom Anhv @hulhuunc Nep+ Umm m+d+

Cm`fmppmv q+ Bneguik Ei}kpx F`+ ia M`}e+#=:? Ui+ 6` 600 /Ncn+ >8?4(7 Hgm q+ Finv` ia Ueoiic Eill$vu ia Lifhcm Ei}kpx# u}zvn7 ]tngicnl q+ O}kpuqhccm Ehpx F`+ ia M`}e+#==0 Ui+ 6` >:51 /Ncn+ Ehq+ Nzz+ >8?8(7 O}domu q+ Fvhpkmcc#==0 Ui+ 6` >:0> /Ncn+ Ehq+ Nzz+ >8?8(+

Npomku Upnpm Eiccmdm q V}po# 48= Ui 6` 4:5# 4:1 /Ncn Ehq Nzz >888(+ Pom

omnvhkd iaahemv pomvmaivm ciigu pi Ncnfnln cnt# hkec}`hkd enumu `meh`m` }k`mv

pom Pmneomv Pmk}vm Nep+ Pom ]U Eikuphp}phik hu# ia ei}vum# nk hkpmdvnc znvp ia

Ncnfnln cnt+ Eikup# Nvp QH# Ecn}um 6 /U}zvmlnex Ecn}um(+

Avhrrmcc q N}pn}dn Ei}kpx Finv` ia M`}enphik # 846 A U}zz =10 /L@ Ncn

>884(# tnu n `}m zviemuu enum fvi}dop }k`mv 06 ]UE ¤ >8?5 nk` hu ehpm` fx pom

Eiccmdm hk Mlzcixmv Vmuzikum J >:+ Pomvm pom am`mvnc `hupvhep ei}vp upnpm`2

@mamk`nkpu ì kip `huz}pm ponp }k`mv pom Ncnfnln Pmneomv Pmk}vm Nep#Ncn+ Ei`m ¤ >1,60 mp um~+# zcnhkphaa onu n zvizmvpx hkpmvmup hk ohu eikphk}m`



1

mlzcixlmkp+ Umm Finv` ia Vmdmkpu q+ Vipo# 0:? ]+U+ =10# =44# 55 C+ M`+6` =0?# 86 U+ Ep+ 64:> />846( /oic`hkd ponp upnpm cnt `mpmvlhkmum hupmkem ia zvizmvpx hkpmvmup(+ HkEcmqmcnk` F`+ ia M`}e+ q+ Ci}`mvlhcc #04: ]+U+ =56# ?0 C+ M`+ 6` 080# >:= U+ Ep+ >0?4 />8?=( pom U}zvmlmEi}vp omc` ponp nk mlzcixmm u zvizmvpx hkpmvmup hk eikphk}m` mlzcixlmkpenkkip fm ̀ mzvhqm` thpoi}p nzzvizvhnpm zviem`}vnc unamd}nvù+ H`+np =0>+

846 A U}zz J =1=+ Hk pom hkupnkp enum# pom Eiccmdm ìmu kip `huz}pm ponp pom

Mlzcixmm onu n zvizmvpx hkpmvmup hk omv eikphk}m` znx nk` mlzcixlmkp+ Ncn

Ei`m ¤ 51,61,>:6+

Hk neeiv` ponp pom lhkhl}l zviemuu `}m hu ponp naaiv`m` fx pom ]U

Eikuphp}phik huTmccu q @nccnu Hk`mzmk`mkp Ueoiic @hupvhep # 485 A6` 148# 1?6

/=po Ehv >8?1(# n enum lmkphikm` hk pom Mlzcixmv Vmuzikum J >:2

N z}fche mlzcixmm thpo n zvizmvpx hkpmvmup hk ohu eikphk}m` mlzcixlmkphu mkphpcm` }k`mv pom Ai}vpmmkpo Nlmk`lmkp pi pom aiccithkd lhkhl}l`}m zviemuu vhdopu hk eikkmephik thpo pmvlhknphik ia ohu umvqhemu2 />( pi

fm n`qhum` ia pom en}um ia pom pmvlhknphik Wiv ia pom eonvdmu pi fm omnv`\hk u}aahehmkp `mpnhc pi zmvlhp ohl pi uoit nkx mvviv ponp lnx m hup7 /6( pi

fm n`qhum` ia Wha om ìmu kip ohlumca omnv\ pom knlmu nk` knp}vm ia pompmuphlikx ia pom thpkmuumu ndnhkup ohl7 /5( pi fm naaiv`m` n lmnkhkda}cizzivp}khpx pi fm omnv` hk ohu itk `mamkum thpohk n vmnuiknfcm phlm nk`/0( fmaivm n pvhf}knc ponp ziuumuumu uilm m zmvphum nk` nk nzznvmkphlznvphnchpx pitnv` pom eonvdmu+ Cmqhpp q+ ]khq+ ia Pm nu np Mc Znui# 4=8A+6` >660# >66? /=po Ehv+ >8?=(+ Ha n upnpm iv cienc diqmvklmkp `mlnkùponp hpu iaahehncu naaiv` n livm mcnfivnpm zviemuu ponk pom Eikuphp}phikvm~}hvmu# hpu `mlnkù ncikm enkkip m znk` pom fi}k`nvhmu ia tonpeikemvku }u omvm2 am`mvnc eikuphp}phiknc `}m zviemuu+ Md}hn q+ Pilzghku #

4=1 A+6` >>5:# >>54 /=po Ehv+ >8?=(+ Umm ncui Cmqhpp q+ ]khq+ ia Pm nu# u}zvn# 4=8 A+6` np >65:+

Po}u pom povmuoic` pmup hu tompomv pom Eiccmdm‘u kiphem pi pom Mlzcixmm# huu}m

z}vu}nkp pi pom –uoivp nk` zcnhk upnpmlmkp ia pom anepu“ vm~}hvmlmkp ia Ncn Ei`m



4

¤ 51,61,>:5/n(# unphuahmu pom kiphem vm~}hvmlmkpu ia pom ]U Eikuphp}phik+ Pom

omnvhkd iaahemv ndnhk eikec}`mu ponp hp ìmu kip+

Pomvm hu nlzcm enum cnt `muevhfhkd tonp kiphem hu nk` hu kip u}aahehmkp+ Hk

IMML J >6# pom omnvhkd iaahemv ifumvqm` ponp –ha pom nccmdm` lhueik`}ep hu

uhlzcm# n fvhma upnpmlmkp u}aahemu+“ Fhvlhkdonl Finv` ia M`}enphik q Oichahmc` #

1:0 Ui 6` 0>? /Ncn Ehq Nzz >88:(# hu nk m nlzcm ia n uhlzcm enum2

Hk Umzpmlfmv >8??# z}vu}nkp pi pom nep# pom mlzcixmm vmemhqm` tvhppmkkiphem avil pom finv` ia pom zvizium` pmvlhknphik ia ohu mlzcixlmkp+

Pom dvi}kù aiv pom zvizium` pmvlhknphik tmvm hku}fiv`hknphik nk` dii`nk` b}up en}um+ Pom cmppmv a}vpomv upnpm` ponp pom zvizium` nephik tnu

fnum` }zik pom aiccithkd eik`}ep2 &Ziuumuuhik ia n d}k np ZvnppMcmlmkpnvx Ueoiic ik B}cx >8# >8??# hk qhicnphik ia Ueoiic Finv` Zichex% 5>5>+& 1:0 Ui 6` J 0>?,0>87 mlzonuhu u}zzchm`+

Pom uhkdcm }k`mvchkm` upnpmlmkp ecmnvcx m zcnhkm` tonp pom nccmdm` nep tnu

/–Ziuumuuhik ia n d}k“(# tomvm hp tnu eillhppm` /–np Zvnpp Mcmlmkpnvx

Ueoiic“(# tomk hp tnu eillhppm` /–ik B}cx >8# >8??“(# nk` tox hp tnu tvikd

/–hk qhicnphik ia Ueoiic Finv` Zichex % 5>5>“(+ Pom Eiccmdm‘u kiphem ilhpu

qhvp}nccx ncc u}eo anep}nc hkaivlnphik+

Tmccu q @nccnu Hk`mzmk`mkp Ueoiic @hupvhep # 485 A6` 148 /= po Ehv >8?1(#

lmkphikm` hk pom Mlzcixmv Vmuzikum J >:# hu livm eilzcm 2

Tm nvm zmvu}n`m` ponp lnpmvhnc huu}mu ia anep `h` m hup nu pi tompomv Tmccu vmemhqm` kiphem ia pom en}um ia ohu `hueonvdm hk u}aahehmkp `mpnhc pmknfcm ohl pi uoit nkx mvvivu+ Tmccu vmemhqm` n cmppmv `npm` Kiqmlfmv >0# >848# kiphaxhkd ohl ia pom N`lhkhupvnphqm Ei}kehc omnvhkd+ Pom cmppmv a}vpomv zviqh`m`2



?

Np pom omnvhkd pom N`lhkhupvnphik thcc zvmumkp mqh`mkem thpovmdnv` pi pom aiccithkd lnppmvu nk` eonvdmu aivlhkd pom fnuhu ia xi}v pmvlhknphik2

>+ Kmdchdmkem nk` lhueik`}ep hk pom lnkndmlmkp nk` u}zmvqhuhikia pom nephqhphmu nk` naanhvu ia pom ̀ mznvplmkp }k`mv xi}v eikpvic+6+ Hku}fiv`hknphik nk` `huifm`hmkem hk znvphehznphkd hk pomm me}phik ia n lnkndmlmkp eikpvnep thpo pom Ai}k`nphik aiv ^}nchpx M`}enphik hk `hvmep izziuhphik nk` `mahnkem ia iv`mvu ia pom Dmkmvnc U}zmvhkpmk`mkp+5+ Kmdchdmkem nk` lhulnkndmlmkp fx xi} hk xi}v ndvmmlmkp pipmvlu nk` eik`hphiku nk` m me}phik ia ìe}lmkpu vmcnpm` pi n

zcm`dm ia vmpnhkndm fx Ln tmcc Eikupv}ephik Eilznkx pi pomLmveonkp u Upnpm Fnkg+

0+ Nzzviqnc fx xi} nk` zmvuiku }k`mv xi}v ̀ hvmep u}zmvqhuhik nkèikpvic ia znxlmkpu aiv eonvdmu ponp xi} gkmt iv uoi}c` onqmgkitk tmvm }kvmnuiknfcm nk` m emuuhqm ik qnvhi}u eikupv}ephiknk` vmznhv bifu zmvaivlm` povi}doi}p pom @hupvhep+=+ Anhc}vm pi mku}vm n`m~}npm bif uhpm u}zmvqhuhik mhpomv fx @HUupnaa iv i}puh`m nveohpmepu nk` mkdhkmmvu }k`mv eikpvnep pi pom@hupvhep aiv u}eo z}vziumu+1+ Nppmlzphkd# fx hkphlh`nphik iv ipomv lmnku# pi vm~}hvm

zvhkehzncu nk` ipomv zmvuiku np qnvhi}u ueoiicu nk` bif uhpmu pihlzvizmvcx nk` ancumcx nzzviqm tivg zmvaivlm` ik anehchphmu }k`mv pomhv eikpvic nk` u}zmvqhuhik+4+ Anhchkd pi lnhkpnhk n`m~}npm zviem`}vnc nk` ipomv unamd}nvù nupi eilzmphphqm fh``hkd+?+ Nf}um nk` lhu}um ia pom mlmvdmkex eikpvnep zviem`}vmu nkìzmk z}veonum iv`mv zviem`}vmu ia pom @hupvhep fx xi} nk` poium}k`mv xi}v u}zmvqhuhik nk` eikpvic+

Eonvdmu pti nk` povmm tmvm nccmdnphiku ia lhu`mmù hk uzmehaheehve}lupnkemu# zmvlhpphkd Tmccu pi zvmznvm ohu `mamkum+ Pom ipomv

eonvdmu# oitmqmv# nvm qnd}m nk` anhc pi ump i}p pom uzmehahe ehve}lupnkemuia pom ecnhlm` lhu`mmù+ Np pom qmvx cmnup# pomum qnd}m eonvdmu zmvlhpeikachephkd hkamvmkemu nu pi tompomv Tmccu vmemhqm` u}aahehmkp kiphem ipom eonvdmu ndnhkup ohl+ Pom mkpvx ia u}llnvx b}`dlmkp tnu pomvmaivm hkmvviv+ 485 A6` J 1?6,1?57 mlzonuhu u}zzchm`+

Hk pom hkupnkp enum# pom Eiccmdm‘u kiphem eikpnhku kikm ia pom uzmehahehpx ai}k



8

eonvdmu 6 nk` 5 hkTmccu+

N li`mc m nlzcm ia n kiphem }k`mv pom A@N enk fm ai}k` hk Zmvhkm q

Gmkkm`x# ?1? Ui 6` >>65# >>6=,>>61 /Ncn Ehq Nzz 6::5(# n enum hkqicqhkd pom

Eiccmdm hpumca nu pom mlzcixhkd mkphpx2

&Pohu hu pi kiphax xi} ponp hp hu lx hkpmkphik pi eikahvl xi}v mnvchmv vmuhdknphik)pmvlhknphik ia mlzcixlmkp thpo Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpxEiccmdm# toheo tnu maamephqm B}cx >5# 6:::+ Hk pom mqmkp ponp H `meh`mpi eikahvl xi}v mnvchmv vmuhdknphik)pmvlhknphik ia mlzcixlmkp# xi}thcc vmemhqm nkipomv cmppmv avil lm# uzmehaxhkd ponp H thcc fm pnghkdu}eo nephik+

&Xi}v pmvlhknphik hu fnum` }zik xi}v }knzzviqm` nfumkem avil tivg aiv livm ponk povmm /5( eikume}phqm tivg`nxu# nu H upnpm` hk lx cmppmv pi xi}# `npm` N}d}up ># 6:::# n eizx ia toheo hu mkecium`+ Pomiaahehnc vmeivù ia pom Eiccmdm hk`henpm ponp xi} tmvm nfumkp aviltivg# thpoi}p nzzviqnc# avil B}cx >:# 6:::# }kphc N}d}up ># 6:::+@}m pi xi}v }knzzviqm` nfumkemu# pom aiccithkd Upnpm Finv` ia M`}enphik zichex# vmdnv`hkd Nfnkìklmkp ia Ziuhphik# hu nzzchenfcm pixi}v mlzcixlmkp2

&Zichex % 1>?+:># Umephik >+6 ,, Nkx mlzcixmm toi hu nfumkpavil tivg aiv povmm /5( eikume}phqm tivg`nxu thpoi}p nzzviqncuoncc fm eikuh`mvm` pi onqm nfnkìkm` pom ziuhphik nk` pi onqmvmuhdkm` avil pom mlzcixhkd hkuphp}phik+

&]k`mv pom v}cmu ia pom Ncnfnln Upnpm Finv` ia M`}enphik# xi} nvmmkphpcm`# u}fbmep pi pom pmvlu nk` eik`hphiku ia pom Anhv @hulhuunc Nep#pi nzzmnc lx `mehuhik uoi}c` H `mpmvlhkm ponp xi}v pmvlhknphik ‡ thcc

fm hlzium` iv eikahvlm`+ Ha xi} hkpmk` pi nzzmnc pom pmvlhknphik# ha

hlzium` iv eikahvlm`# xi} l}up kiphax lm hk tvhphkd thpohk ahapmmk/>=( `nxu ia xi}v vmemhzp ia pohu cmppmv# ia xi}v hkpmkp pi eikpmup pompmvlhknphik# ha hlzium` iv eikahvlm`+ Ha xi} ì kip hkpmk` pi nzzmncpom pmvlhknphik# Wha\ hlzium` iv eikahvlm`# xi} kmm` kip vmuzik` pipohu cmppmv+&

Pom kiphem upnpm` pom eonvdm# pom zichex qhicnpm`# pom `npmu ia qhicnphik# nk` pom



>:

mqh`mkem ndnhkup pom mlzcixmm+ Hk pom hkupnkp enum# pom Eiccmdm‘u kiphem hu u

ik mqh`mkphnvx anepu+

HkEhpx ia Ivnkdm Fmneo q @}ddnk # 4?? Ui 6` >01# >=6 /Ncn 6:::(# pom

Ncnfnln U}zvmlm Ei}vp ehpm` Ecmqmcnk` Finv` ia M`}enphik q Ci}`mvlhcc # 04:

]U =56 />8?=(# aiv pom aiccithkd zviziuhphik2

Pomvmaivm# pom U}zvmlm Ei}vp eikec}`m` ponp }k`mv am`mvnc zviem`}vnc,`}m,zviemuu cnt ncc ponp hu vm~}hvm` hk n zvmpmvlhknphik omnvhkd hu –ivnc iv tvhppmk kiphem ia pom eonvdmu ndnhkup Wpom mlzcixmm\# nk m zcnknphik ia pom mlzcixmv‘u mqh`mkem# nk` nk izzivp}khpx Waiv pom mlzcixmm\ pi

zvmumkp ohu uh`m ia pom upivx+ H` + np =01+ /Mlzonuhu u}zzchm`+(

Pom Eiccmdm‘u kiphem pi pom Mlzcixmm tnu `mqih` ia nkx lmkphik ia hpu

mqh`mkem ndnhkup omv+ Ci}`mvlhcc # 04: ]U J =54 /–pom qnc}m ia zvmumkphkd

mqh`mkem zvhiv pi ̀ hulhuunc“(+

Hk pom Mlzcixmv Vmuzikum J >:# pom Eiccmdm ~}ipmu pti enumu toheo

pmk` pi }k`mvlhkm hpu ziuhphik+ Pom ei}vp hk Anhvahmc` Finv` ia M`}enphik q

Neiaa # ?1? Ui 6` >>:= /Ncn Ehq Nzz 6::5(# ~}ipm` avil Tmccu q @nccnu Hk`mz

Ueo @hup # 485 A6` 148# 1?5 /= poEhv >8?1(2

Nkx eonvdm` zmvuik hu eikuphp}phiknccx mkphpcm` ikem pi fm pic` tonp om hueonvdm` thpo nk` ik tonp mqh`mkem ‡ /Mlzonuhu u}zzchm`+(

Pom Eiccmdm‘u kiphem pi pom Mlzcixmm unh` kipohkd nfi}p pom mqh`mkem ik toheo

pom Eiccmdm vmchm` pi eikec}`m ponp uom tnu d}hcpx+

Uhlhcnvcx# hk Avhrrmcc q N}pn}dn Ei}kpx# 846 A U}zz =10# =1= /L@ Ncn

>884(# Mlzcixmv Vmuzikum J >:# pom mlzcixmm tnu hkaivlm` ia pom eonvdmu



>>

nk` mqh`mkem ndnhkup ohl2

Omvm# pom vmeiv` hu ecmnv ponp Zcnhkphaa vmemhqm` kiphem ia pom eonvdndnhkup ohl# pom knlmu ia pom thpkmuumu pom finv` m zmepm` pi encc nkèizhmu ia pom ìe}lmkpu toheo pom finv` hkpmk`m` pi vmcx }zik pi u}zzivphpu zvizium` enkemccnphik+ Pohu hu ncc pom zviemuu Zcnhkphaa hu `}m }k`mv pomAm`mvnc Eikuphp}phik+ /Mlzonuhu u}zzchm`7 aiipkipm ilhppm`+(

Omvm pom Eiccmdm kmhpomv zviqh`m` pom Mlzcixmm thpo nkx ìe}lmkpnphik kiv

`muevhfm` hpu mqh`mkem ndnhkup omv ui ponp uom nk` omv nppivkmx ei}c` zvmznvm aiv

pom zvmpmvlhknphik eikamvmkem+

Pom Mcmqmkpo Ehve}hp u}eehkepcx u}llnvhrm` pom `}m zviemuu

vm~}hvmlmkpu hk pom z}fche mlzcixlmkp enum ia Ecmliku q @i}domvpx Ei}kpx#

Dmivdhn# 1?0 A6` >51=# >540 />>po Ehv >8?6(2

@}m zviemuu vm~}hvm`#np cmnup # ponp Ecmliku fm n`qhum` ia pom eonvdmundnhkup ohl hk u}aahehmkp `mpnhc anhvcx pi mknfcm ohl pi uoit nkx mvviv ponplhdop m hup# nk` ponp om fm omnv` fx nk hlznvphnc pvhf}knc+ /Mlzonuhu hkivhdhknc+(

Nk mlzcixmm nk` omv nppivkmx nvm mkphpcm` pi gkit pom mqh`mkem ponp pomx onqm

pi ei}kpmv# mcum pomx thcc fm }knfcm pi zvmznvm pomhv `mamkum+ Hk pom hkupnkp e

pom Eiccmdm `h` kip kiphax pom Mlzcixmm iv omv ei}kumc ia pom eonvdmu hk

u}aahehmkp `mpnhc iv vmamv pi nkx mqh`mkem ndnhkup omv+

HHH+ Pom Eiccmdm‘u Maaivpu Pi U}zzcmlmkp Pom Kiphem

Hk IMML J >5# pom omnvhkd iaahemv vmlnvgm`2

Pom Mlzcixmv‘u upnpmlmkp ia anepu eikem`m`cx hu –uoivp“# f}p hp huonv`cx –zcnhk“+ Kip mqmk pom omnvhkd iaahemv enk pmcc avil pomMlzcixmv‘u fvhma `muevhzphik tonp pom Mlzcixmm u}zzium`cx `h` iv



>6

tox pom Mlzcixmv hu eikqhkem` ia omv e}cznfhchpx+ Pom Mlzcixmv‘uVmuzikum zviqh`mu chppcm n``hphiknc hkaivlnphik nfi}p mqmkpu+

Pom Mlzcixmv Liphik J 1,4 ahknccx a}vkhuomu uilm z}pnphqm anep}nc

hkaivlnphik nfi}p pom Eiccmdm‘u eonvdmu ndnhkup pom Mlzcixmm# n``}em` np n

zvmchlhknvx evhlhknc omnvhkd ik N}d}up ?# 6::42

Np pom omnvhkd# pom Upnpm‘u thpkmuu pmuphahm` ponp Lu+ WZ\ tnu fmheonvdm` thpo pomap fx `memzphik aiv $>#0=: hk Zmcc Dvnkp a}kù hk pomUzvhkd ia 6::= nk` aiv $5#=:: hk Zmcc Dvnkp a}kù hk pom 6::=)6::1nen`mlhe xmnv+ Uzmehahenccx# pom Upnpm‘u thpkmuu pmuphahm` ponp Lu+ Wpiig n uiehicidx ecnuu# UIE604# hk Uzvhkd 6::= nk` vmemhqm` nk

hkeilzcmpm dvn`m+ Napmv vmemhqhkd pohu hkeilzcmpm dvn`m# uom ti}cònqm fmmk vm~}hvm` pi vma}k` pom Zmcc Dvnkp a}kù f}p uom `h` kip ìui+ Hkupmn`# uom eonkdm` omv dvn`m avil nk hkeilzcmpm pi nk –N+“ Nu nvmu}cp# uom tnu nfcm pi gmmz pom Zmcc Dvnkp a}kù+ Thpo vmuzmep pi poma}kù vmemhqm` hk pom 6::=)6::1 nen`mlhe xmnv# Lu+ WZ\ vmzvmumkpm` piFhuoiz Upnpm ponp uom on` n upmz`n}dopmv knlm` Uomqik`n Nveohfcmnk` ponp Lu+ Nveohfcm tnu ikm ia omv `mzmk`mkpu+ @mzmk`mkpu ia Fhuoiz Upnpm mlzcixmmu nvm mchdhfcm aiv p}hphik tnhqmvu+ Oitmqmv# hpp}vku i}p ponp Lu+ Nveohfcm hu kip Lu+ WZ\‘u upmz`n}dopmv# nk` pomx nvmkip vmcnpm` np ncc+ Pohu }cphlnpmcx nccitm` Lu+ Nveohfcm pi hlzvizmvcxvmemhqm n Zmcc Dvnkp ntnv` hk 6::=)6::1 hk pom nli}kp ia nzzvi hlnpmcx $5#=::+

Pohu hu zvmehumcx pom pxzm ia anep}nc hkaivlnphik ponp pom Eiccmdm tnu

vm~}hvm` pi zviqh`m hk hpu kiphem pi pom Mlzcixmm+6 Pom Eiccmdm nzzmnvu pi

eika}um –n uoivp nk` zcnhk upnpmlmkp ia pom anepu“ thpo –n uoivp nk` zcnhk

upnpmlmkp ia pom nccmdnphiku“# pom cnppmv ia toheo hu kmhpomv eikuphp}phiknc

kiv upnp}pivhcx u}aahehmkp+

Pom Eiccmdm }vdmu ponp pom Mlzcixmm nk` omv ei}kumc on` nlzcm

6 Pom omnvhkd iaahemv znuumu ki b}`dlmkp nu pi pom pv}po iv ancuhpx ia pom –anepu“ upnpm`7 pomx ntnhp zviia+



>5

gkitcm`dm ia pom anepu2

A}vpomv# Lu+ WZ\ nk` omv ei}kumc tmvm hkaivlm` np pom zvm,pmvlhknphik`}m zviemuu eikamvmkem ik N}d}up 68# 6::4# ponp pom uzmehahe anepuu}zzivphkd pom `mehuhik pi pmvlhknpm Lu+ WZ\‘u mlzcixlmkp nk` omv eilzmkunphik ik pom fnuhu ia livnc p}vzhp}`m nvm pom unlm nu pom anepuhkqicqm` hk omv znvnccmc evhlhknc enum+ Zvhiv pi pom zvm,pmvlhknphik `}m

zviemuu eikamvmkem# Lu+ WZ\‘u zvmchlhknvx omnvhkd hk omv evhlhknc enumtnu omc` ik N}d}up ?# 6::4+ Lu+ WZ\ nk` omv ei}kumc tmvm zvmumkp npponp omnvhkd# nk` omv ei}kumc eviuu,m nlhkm` pom Upnpm‘u thpkmuupoivi}docx+ N eizx ia pom pvnkuevhzp avil Lu+ WZ\‘u zvmchlhknvxevhlhknc omnvhkd hu nppneom` omvmpi nu M ohfhp –L+“ Mlzcixmv LiphikJ 17 aiipkipmu ilhppm`+

]kaivp}knpmcx aiv pom Eiccmdm# pohu hu kip tonp pom Eikuphp}phik nk` pom

A@N vm~}hvm+ Hp }kì}fpm`cx hu pv}m ponp n zmvuik toi eillhpu n evhlm onu

nep}nc gkitcm`dm ia ncc nuzmepu ia pom evhlm# f}p pom nee}um`‘u itk

gkitcm`dm hu ki u}fuphp}pm aiv pom diqmvklmkp‘u kiphem ia eonvdmu+ Pom

z}vzium ia pom kiphem }k`mv Ncn Ei`m ¤ 51,61,>:5/n( hu pi mknfcm pom

mlzcixmm iv omv nppivkmx –pi uzmng pi pom finv` ik lnppmvu vmcmqnkp pi u}eo

pmvlhknphik+“

Thpoi}p n`m~}npm n`qnkem kiphem ia pom eonvdmu# kmhpomv mlzcixmm kiv

nppivkmx onu n vmnuiknfcm izzivp}khpx pi zvmznvm n vmf}ppnc+ Pom Eiccmdm

zvmumkpu ki mqh`mkem ponp# hk n`qnkem ia pom zvmpmvlhknphik eikamvmkem# po

Mlzcixmm iv omv ei}kumc mqmv tmvm pic` –ponp pom uzmehahe anepu u}zzivphkd

pom `mehuhik pi pmvlhknpm Lu+ WZ\‘u mlzcixlmkp nk` omv eilzmkunphik ik pom

fnuhu ia livnc p}vzhp}`m nvm pom unlm nu pom anepu hkqicqm` hk omv znvnccmc



>0

evhlhknc enum+“

HQ+ Pom Ueizm Ia Nk A@N Zviemm`hkd Nk` Pom Vmlm`hmu Nqnhcnfcm

Hk IMML J >?,6># pom omnvhkd iaahemv m zcnhkm` tox om fmchmqmu ponp

pom Mlzcixmm hu mkphpcm` pi zvmumkp omv ecnhlu aiv vmhlf}vumlmkp hk pohu

zviemm`hkd+ Hk pom Mlzcixmv Liphik# pom Eiccmdm lngmu ki maaivp pi vmf}p pom

omnvhkd iaahemv‘u vmnuikhkd# znvphe}cnvcx ohu ifumvqnphik ponp –znx“ hu n acm hfcm

pmvl+ Hk Mlzcixmm Vmuzikum J 1# ei}kumc zihkp i}p ponp pom Eiccmdm hpumca }um`

pom livm hkec}uhqm pmvl –eilzmkunphik“ hk hpu cmppmvu pi pom Mlzcixmm+

Mlzcixmv Vmuzikum# M ohfhpu F ! E+ Pom Eiccmdm ncui }umu ponp unlm fvin`mv

pmvl povi}doi}p pom Mlzcixmv Vmuzikum nk` pom Mlzcixmv Liphik+

Finv` ia Ueoiic Eillhuuhikmvu ia Lifhcm Ei}kpx q @}kk # 816 Ui 6`

?>0 /Ncn 6::4(# `meh`m` }k`mv pom Pmneomv Pmk}vm Nep# hu hkupv}ephqm nu pi pom

n}poivhpx ia n omnvhkd iaahemv pi anuohik nk nzzvizvhnpm vmlm`x2

Pom vmuzikuhfhchphmu ia pom omnvhkd iaahemv nvm ai}k` hk ¤ >1,60,>:/n(2

&Pom omnvhkd iaahemv uoncc eik`}ep n `m kiqi omnvhkd nk` uonccvmk`mv n `mehuhik fnum` ik pom mqh`mkem nk`)iv hkaivlnphiku}flhppm` pi pom omnvhkd iaahemv+ Pom omnvhkd iaahemv uoncc`mpmvlhkm toheo ia pom aiccithkd nephiku uoi}c` fm pngmk vmcnphqmpi pom mlzcixmm2 Enkemccnphik ia pom mlzcixlmkp eikpvnep# n

u}uzmkuhik ia pom mlzcixmm# thpo iv thpoi}p znx# n vmzvhlnk`#ipomv `huehzchknvx nephik# iv ki nephik ndnhkup pom mlzcixmm+ Pomomnvhkd iaahemv uoncc vmk`mv n tvhppmk `mehuhik# thpo ahk`hkdu ia anepnk` eikec}uhiku ia cnt# thpohk 5: `nxu napmv hpu omnvhkd+&

Nk ivm pmk}u omnvhkd tnu omc` ik Nzvhc 4# 6::=+ Ik Nzvhc 5:# 6::=# pomomnvhkd iaahemv vmk`mvm` ohu tvhppmk `mehuhik+ Pom omnvhkd iaahemv ai}k`



>=

fmxik` ~}muphik &ponp pom Finv` onW`\ vmnuiknfcx nk` u}fupnkphnccx zviqmk ponp @}kk mkdndm` hk umvhi}u lhueik`}ep# nu ump aivpo hk pom ahqmeonvdmu ln`m hk pom u}zmvhkpmk`mkp u vmeillmk`nphiku pi pom Finv`+&Oitmqmv# pom omnvhkd iaahemv `h` kip enkemc @}kk u mlzcixlmkp eikpvnep+Hkupmn`# om iv`mvm` ponp @}kk fm fnvvm` avil nkx eineohkd ziuhphik aiv ai}v xmnvu# ponp om fm u}uzmk`m` thpoi}p znx aiv 5: `nxu# nk` ponp omnzicidhrm pi ohu zcnxmvu ivnccx nk` pi mneo ia pomhv znvmkpu iv d}nv`hnku hktvhphkd+ @}kk u mlzcixlmkp nu n uehmkem pmneomv tnu kip pmvlhknpm`+816 Ui 6` J ?>=,?>17 aiipkipm ilhppm`+

Umephik >1,60,>:/n( dhqmu pom omnvhkd iaahemv pom n}poivhpx pi `mpmvlhkmpom nzzvizvhnpm `huehzchknvx nephik+ Hk m mvehuhkd pohu n}poivhpx# &pomnvhkd iaahemv lnx eikuh`mv pom mlzcixlmkp ohupivx ia pom pmneomv#hkec}`hkd# f}p kip chlhpm` pi# lnppmvu iee}vvhkd hk zvmqhi}u xmnvu+& ¤ >1,

60,6:/e(+ Hk pohu enum# pom omnvhkd iaahemv u `mehuhik ecmnvcx vmacmepu envma}c eikuh`mvnphik ia @}kk u mkphvm &mlzcixlmkp ohupivx#& hkec}`hkdpom dii` nu tmcc nu pom hk`mamkuhfcm+ Ikcx napmv ìhkd ui `h` pomm zmvhmkem` omnvhkd iaahemv `mpmvlhkm tonp om eikuh`mvm` pi fm pomnzzvizvhnpm unkephik aiv @}kk u lhueik`}ep+ Ncpoi}do tm lnx `hundvmmthpo pom thuìl ia pom `mehuhik# tm lnx kip u}fuphp}pm i}v b}`dlmkp aiv ponp ia pom omnvhkd iaahemv+ Hk i}v izhkhik# pom omnvhkd iaahemv u `mehuhik hkip nvfhpvnvx# fmen}um hp hu ecmnv ponp om m nlhkm` ncc pom anepu# nvphe}cnpn unphuanepivx m zcnknphik aiv ohu nephik# nk` upnpm` n vnphiknc eikkmephik

fmptmmk pom anepu nk` pom ̀ huehzchkm om hlzium`+ 816 Ui 6` J ?65,?60+

Po}u n omnvhkd iaahemv onu fvin` ̀ huevmphik hk anuohikhkd nk nzzvizvhnpm vmlm`x+

HkEingmv q Tnuohkdpik Ei}kpx Finv` ia M`}enphik # 101 Ui 6` 5? /Ncn

Ehq Nzz >885(# n u}hp fvi}dop fx nk mlzcixmm eiqmvm` fx pom A@N# pom ei}vp

kipm` pom mlzcixmm‘u vmemhzp ia eilzmkunphik aiv lm`henc m zmkumu2

Ik N}d}up >8# >88># Eingmv ahcm` n liphik aiv zvmchlhknvx hkb}kephikpi zviohfhp ohu pmvlhknphik+ Pom pvhnc ei}vp eik`}epm` ivm pmk}u

zviemm`hkdu ik Eingmv u liphik ik Iepifmv 8 nk` Kiqmlfmv 6:#>88>+ Lmnktohcm# ik Kiqmlfmv 1# >88># Eingmv neemzpm` numppcmlmkp znxlmkp avil pom Upnpm Finv` ia N`b}uplmkp hk pom nli}kpia $>6#>4>+05# vmzvmumkphkd n eilzmkunphik ia $>>#4:>+00 aiv 50tmmgu ia ciup tndmu fmdhkkhkd ik Bnk}nvx 61# >88:# nk` n



>1

eilzmkunphik ia $018+88 aiv }khku}vm` lm`henc m zmkumu aiccithkdohu uoi}c`mv hkb}vx+

Hk pom zvmumkp enum# pom Finv` eikem`mu ponp Eingmv kmdiphnpm` aiv chdop `}px nuuhdklmkpu nu znvp ia pom umppcmlmkp+ Om neemzpm` numppcmlmkp ndvmmlmkp eikpnhkhkd n zviqhuhik ponp om vmemhqm ikcx chdop`}px# f}p om `h` kip vmemhqm chdop `}px+ Nu n vmu}cp# om kip ikcx ciup pomizzivp}khpx pi u}m pom Finv` aiv hpu anhc}vm pi oic` n omnvhkd fmaivmpvnkuamvvhkd ohl pi n bif thpo citmv znx# f}p om ncui on` pi mk`}vmomnqhmv `}px nuuhdklmkpu+ Hp hu }k`huz}pm` ponp pomum nuuhdklmkpuen}um` Eingmv pi u}aamv a}vpomv hkb}vhmu+

Neeiv`hkdcx# pohu enum hu vmqmvum` nk` pom en}um vmlnk`m` thpohkupv}ephiku pi huu}m n tvhp ia lnk`nl}u `hvmephkd pom Finv` pi />(

vmhkupnpm Eingmv pi ohu ivhdhknc ziuhphik nk` uncnvx nu ia Kiqmlfmv >4#>8?4# thpo n`b}uplmkpu aiv hkevmnumu hk pom eiup ia chqhkd nk` ipomv kik`huevmphiknvx znx vnhumu7 /6( emnum a}vpomv maaivpu pi hccmdnccxpvnkuamv Eingmv7 /5( eilzmkunpm Eingmv thpo fnegznx zc}u hkpmvmupnk` n`b}uplmkpu aiv hkevmnum` eiup ia chqhkd nk` kik`huevmphiknvx znxvnhumu# avil Kiqmlfmv >4# >8?4# cmuu pom $>>#4:>+00 ponp Eingmv vmemhqm` aiv 50 tmmgu ia ciup tndmu avil pom Upnpm Finv` ia N`b}uplmkp7 nk` /0( ntnv` nkx ipomv m~}hpnfcm vmchma pi toheo Eingmv lnx fm mkphpcm`+

Ncpoi}do hkpmvmup# eiup,ia,chqhkd n`b}uplmkpu# nk` –nkx ipomv m~}hpnfcm vmchma

pi toheo Wpom mlzcixmm\ lnx fm mkphpcm`“ nvm kip lmkphikm` hk pom A@N# pom

ei}vp on` ki `haahe}cpx ntnv`hkd poml+

Pom omnvhkd iaahemv vmzmnpu ohu n`likhphik hk IMML J >8# ponp pom

Eiccmdm# fx vmuhuphkd vmuic}phik ia pom Mlzcixmm‘u ecnhlu hk pohu zviemm`hkd# hu

pnghkd n vhugx ziuhphik+ Ha pom Mlzcixmm hu aivem` pi di pi ei}vp pi zvmuu omv

ecnhlu# uom qmvx tmcc lnx fvhkd n `}m zviemuu u}hp }k`mv 06 ]UE ¤ >8?5#

ndnhkup pom Eiccmdm nk` hpu iaahehncu+ Neeiv`hkd piXi}kd q LeCmi` # ?0> Ui 6`



>4

60= /Ncn Ehq Nzz 6::>(# pom Eiccmdm iaahehncu ti}c` kip onqm hll}khpx# mqmk ha

u}hp tmvm ahcm` hk Upnpm ei}vp2

Hk hpu ahvup izhkhik# pohu ei}vp `mncp thpo pom nzzmncu ia pti hkupv}epivu npTnccnem Upnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdm# Biok LeCmi` nk` Fnvfnvn @hkghku#toi on` fipo u}m` pom eiccmdm nk` hpu pomk zvmuh`mkp# @v+ Cnvvx Fmnpx+Lu+ @hkghku umppcm` omv ecnhl thpo pom eiccmdm nk` hu kit `memnum`+ Pomeiccmdm onu n kmt zvmuh`mkp# @v+ Chk`n Xi}kd# toi onu fmmk u}fuphp}pmàiv aivlmv Zvmuh`mkp Fmnpx+ ?0> Ui 6` J 604# ak >+

&Hk dmkmvnc# ¤ >0 zviohfhpu pom Upnpm nk` hpu ndmkehmu avil fmhkd ln`m`mamk`nkpu hk nkx ei}vp+ Ncnfnln Upnpm @iegu q+ Un ik# 15> Ui+ 6` 805 /Ncn+ >880(+ Pohu zvipmephik avil u}hp ncui nzzchmu pi iaahemvu iv ndmkpu ia

pom Upnpm toi nvm u}m` hk pomhv iaahehnc enznehphmu iv hk`hqh`}nccx# tomkpom nephik hu# hk maamep# ikm ndnhkup pom Upnpm+Lhpeomcc q+ @nqhu# =8? Ui+ 6` ?:> /Ncn+ >886(7 Zohcchzu q+ Poilnu# === Ui+ 6` ?> /Ncn+ >8?8(+Oitmqmv# pom hll}khpx avil u}hp eikamvvm` fx ¤ >0 hu kip nfuic}pm+ Nupnpm iaahemv hu kip hll}km avil u}hp tomk om iv uom onu nepm` }k`mv nlhupngmk hkpmvzvmpnphik ia pom cnt# tomk pom cntu}hp hu pi eilzmc pom

zmvaivlnkem ia n cmdnc `}px iv lhkhupmvhnc nep# iv tomvm pom cntu}hp hu fvi}dop }k`mv pom @mecnvnpivx B}`dlmkp Nepu+& ?0> Ui 6` J 60?7mlzonuhu u}zzchm`+

Z}khphqm `nlndmu nk` nppivkmx‘u ammu lnx fm vmeiqmvm` }k`mv ¤ >8?5# hk

n``hphik pi nep}nc `nlndmu# nk` n b}vx pvhnc hu nqnhcnfcm aiv pom nughkd+ Pom

omnvhkd iaahemv hu ia pom izhkhik ponp hp hu fmppmv aiv fipo znvphmu pi umppcm n

ecnhlu nvhuhkd i}p ia pom Mlzcixmm‘u zvizium` pmvlhknphik hk pohu uhkdcm

zviemm`hkd+ Hk`mm`# hp ti}c` fm nkilnci}u aiv pom Mlzcixmv pi fm nfcm pi

pmvlhknpm pom Mlzcixmm‘u znx }k`mv pom A@N f}p aiv pom Mlzcixmm pi fm }knfcm

pi ifpnhk eilzmkunphik aiv tvikda}c pmvlhknphik# }k`mv ponp unlm upnp}pm+ Pom

Mlzcixmm‘u ecnhlu aiv vmhlf}vumlmkp nvm emvpnhkcx –lnppmvu vmcmqnkp pi u}eo

http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/mungo/lexseestat.do?bct=A&risb=21_T3542411542&homeCsi=3812&A=0.828392697997702&urlEnc=ISO-8859-1&&citeString=631%20So.%202d%20943&countryCode=USA
















>?

pmvlhknphik“ thpohk pom lmnkhkd ia A@N ¤ 51,61,>:5/n(+

Pom Eiccmdm eikphk}mu pi hkuhup ponp –nzzmnc“ hk Ncn Ei`m ¤ 51,61,>:5/f(

vmamvu pi pom zviemm`hkd fmaivm pom omnvhkd iaahemv+ Mlzcixmv Liphik J 4,?+ Hk

Thcuik q Ln`huik Ei}kpx Finv` ia M`}enphik # 6::4 Ncn CM_HU 651# ">:7 64

HMV Enu /FKN( 66?7 6::4 TC 565?4>?# pom Ncnfnln U}zvmlm Ei}vp tvipm hk

`hepn2

Thcuik ifbmepu pi pom Ei}vp ia Ehqhc Nzzmncu }um ia pom tiv` &nzzmnc&thpo vmamvmkem pi n pmneomv u vhdop pi &eikpmup pom finv` u `mehuhik& np

omnvhkd fmaivm n omnvhkd iaahemv+ Ncpoi}do pom tiv` &eikpmup& lhdop fmlivm zvmehum# pom nephik pngmk hu nk &nzzmnc& hk pom dmkmvnc umkum u}fbmephkd pom finv` u `mehuhik pi vmqhmt fx pom omnvhkd iaahemv+ A}vpomv#pom Ei}vp ia Ehqhc Nzzmncu vmeidkhrm` ponp pom omnvhkd tnu `m kiqi tomkhp }um` pom cnkd}ndm &napmv vmemhqhkd ivm pmk}u nk` ìe}lmkpnvxmqh`mkem& hk hpu izhkhik+ YYY Ui+ 6` np YYY# 6::1 Ncn+ Ehq+ Nzz+ CM_HU081 np "6+

Pom ei}vp `h` kip onqm fmaivm hp pom zvmehum lmnkhkd ia –nzzmnc“# nu ìmu pom

omnvhkd iaahemv+

Hkpmvzvmphkd –nzzmnc“ pi vmamv pi pom omnvhkd iaahemv ti}c` ì qhicmkem pi

pom fvin` n}poivhpx dvnkpm` ohl }k`mv Ncn Ei`m ¤ 51,61,>:0/f(2

Pom omnvhkd iaahemv uoncc `mpmvlhkm toheo ia pom aiccithkd nephiku uoi}c` fm pngmk vmcnphqm pi pom mlzcixmm2 Pmvlhknphik ia pom mlzcixmm# nu}uzmkuhik ia pom mlzcixmm# thpo iv thpoi}p znx# n vmzvhlnk`# ipomv

`huehzchknvx nephik# iv ki nephik ndnhkup pom mlzcixmm+

Hk n enum hk toheo nk mlzcixmv tvikda}ccx pmvlhknpmu nk mlzcixmm‘u znx aiv

nccmdm` livnc p}vzhp}`m# pom omnvhkd iaahemv kmqmvpomcmuu lnx `mpmvlhkm ponp p

mlzcixmm hu `mumvqhkd ia n u}uzmkuhik thpoi}p znx nk` lnx nuumuu pom





6:

/fmxik` n vmnuiknfcm ì}fp# ecmnv nk` eikqhkehkd# iv livm zvifnfcm ponk kip( ia

zviia pi fm nzzchm` hk pomum enumu+ Fipo ia pomum huu}mu nvm zvmumkpm` hk po

hkupnkp enum+ Zmnem q Mlzcixlmkp Ume}vhpx Eillhuuhik ia Kivpo Envichkn # 508

KE 5>=# 564,5687 =:4 UM 6` 646# 6?>,6?> />88?(# eikpnhku nk m emccmkp

`hue}uuhik ia pomum huu}mu hk n z}fche mlzcixlmkp enum2

Pom ]khpm` Upnpmu U}zvmlm Ei}vp onu kmqmv hk`henpm` ponp zviem`}vnc `}m zviemuu vm~}hvmu n znvphe}cnv nccienphik ia pom f}v`mk ia zviia nlikd znvphmu hk n ehqhc lnppmv+ Pom U}zvmlm Ei}vp onu# oitmqmv# n``vmuum` pom`mpmvlhknphik ia pom nzzvizvhnpm upnk`nv` ia zviia# vmeidkhrhkd ponp pom

`mpmvlhknphik ia nk nzzvizvhnpm upnk`nv` ia zviia l}up vmacmep pom qnc}muiehmpx zcnemu ik pom hk`hqh`}nc hkpmvmup ui}dop pi fm zvipmepm`+Unkpiugx#0== ]+U+ np 4=0,==# 4> C+ M`+ 6` np 1:4+ PomUnkpiugx Ei}vp }phchrm` pomLnpomtu,Mc`vh`dm fncnkehkd pmup pi `mpmvlhkm pom nzzvizvhnpm upnk`nv` ia

zviia hk n enum hkqicqhkd pom pmvlhknphik ia znvmkpnc vhdopu# vmnaahvlhkdpomLnpomtu,Mc`vh`dm pmup nu pom fmkeolnvg aiv zviem`}vnc `}m zviemuueilzchnkem+ H`+

Hk n``hphik pi pom Lnpomtu,Mc`vh`dm nkncxuhu# tm l}up ncui eikuh`mv nzzchenfcm Kivpo Envichkn cnt n``vmuuhkd pom nccienphik ia pom f}v`mk ia

zviia+ Pom Kivpo Envichkn Eikuphp}phik# chgm pom ]khpm` UpnpmuEikuphp}phik# ìmu kip eilzmc pom nccienphik ia pom f}v`mk ia zviia pimhpomv znvpx hk n &b}up en}um& mlzcixlmkp pmvlhknphik eikpviqmvux+A}vpomvlivm# pom Kivpo Envichkn Dmkmvnc Nuumlfcx onu kip uzmehahenccxn``vmuum` pom zvizmv nccienphik ia pom f}v`mk ia zviia hk &b}up en}um&pmvlhknphik enumu+ Pom Upnpm Zmvuikkmc Eillhuuhik chgmthum onu kip`hepnpm` n uzmehahe nccienphik ia pom f}v`mk ia zviia z}vu}nkp pi hpu v}cm,lnghkd n}poivhpx ai}k` hk K+E+D+U+ ¤¤ >61,0/1(# /4n(# /8(# />>( nk` >61,61+

Hk pom nfumkem ia upnpm eikuphp}phiknc iv upnp}pivx `hvmephik# pomnzzvizvhnpm f}v`mk ia zviia l}up fm &b}`hehnccx nccienpm` ikeikuh`mvnphiku ia zichex# anhvkmuu nk` eillik umkum+& > Gmkkmpo U+Fvi}k# Fvnk`hu ! Fvi}k ik Kivpo Envichkn Mqh`mkem ¤ 54 /0po m`+>885(+ Pti dmkmvnc v}cmu d}h`m pom nccienphik ia pom f}v`mk ia zviia i}puh`m pom evhlhknc eikpm p2 />( pom f}v`mk vmupu ik pom znvpx toi nuumvpu





66

liphqmu aiv enkemccnphik= }k`mv ¤ >1,60,?# Ncn Ei`m >84=# u}eo nu zichphenc iv zmvuiknc vmnuiku7 nk` /5( Tompomv enkemccnphik ia pompmneomv u mlzcixlmkp eikpvnep iv ikm ia pom ipomv ncpmvknphqmu }k`mv ¤ >1,60,>:/n( hu pom nzzvizvhnpm zmkncpx fnum` }zik pom cnt nk` pom anepu+

= Pom m hupmkem ia nk hlzvizmv liphqm aiv pmvlhknphik# n zichphenc iv zmvuiknc vmnuik# hu hk pom knp}vm ia n`mamkum+ Pom pmneomv nuumvphkd u}eo n liphqm l}up zcnem pom liphqm &np huu}m& fx uzmehahenccx zcmn`hkd pomanepu nccmdm` pi mupnfchuo nk hlzvizmv liphqm+

6::4 Ncn CM_HU J "66,65+

Huu}m />( hu pom pxzm ia huu}m hk toheo pom f}v`mk ia zviia `mqicqmu }zik

pom mlzcixmv+ Ponp hu emvpnhkcx pv}m hk nvfhpvnphik iqmv n `hueonvdm }k`mv n

eiccmephqm fnvdnhkhkd ndvmmlmkp+ Mcgi}vh ! Mcgi}vh# Oit Nvfhpvnphik Tivgu

/NFN)FKN 1 po m` 6::5( J 508# 8087 Ohcc ! Uhkhevizh# Mqh`mkem hk Nvfhpvnphik

/FKN 6 k` m` >8?4( J 58,0>+ Hk Finv` ia Ueoiic Eillhuuhikmvu ia Lifhcm

Ei}kpx q @}kk # 816 Ui 6` ?>0# ?>= /Ncn 6::4(# `meh`m` }k`mv pom Pmneomv

Pmk}vm Nep# pom omnvhkd iaahemv ai}k` –‟ponp pom Finv` onW`\ vmnuiknfcx nk`

u}fupnkphnccx zviqmk ponp @}kk mkdndm` hk umvhi}u lhueik`}ep‘+“ Hknul}eo nu

pom mlzcixmv hu vm~}hvm` pi zviqh`m vmnuiku aiv hpu nephiku }k`mv pom A@N# hp hu

vmnuiknfcm pi eikec}`m ponp pom f}v`mk hu ik pom mlzcixmv pi u}fupnkphnpm poium

nephiku np pom omnvhkd+

Pom ei}vp‘u `hue}uuhik ia n `mamkum hk aiipkipm = ia Thcuik ncui hu

dmvlnkm pi pom hkupnkp enum+ Hk Mlzcixmv Liphik J ?# pom Eiccmdm nuumvpu ponp

pom Mlzcixmm ei}c` onqm eikphk}m` omv hku}vnkem eiqmvndm fx znxhkd pom

zvmlh}lu omvumca+ Ponp nuumvphik hu hk pom knp}vm ia nk naahvlnphqm `mamkum ia



65

anhc}vm pi lhphdnpm `nlndmu+ Mcgi}vh ! Mcgi}vh# Oit Nvfhpvnphik Tivgu

/NFN)FKN 1 po m` 6::5( J >660,>66?+ Ndnhk# aiccithkd Thcuik # pom f}v`mk ia

zviia uoi}c` fm ik pom mlzcixmv# pom znvpx nuumvphkd pom `mamkum+ Hk pom hkupnkp

enum# pom Eiccmdm l}up zviqm ponp pom Mlzcixmm on` n `}px nk` pom ahknkehnc

enznehpx pi znx pom hku}vnkem zvmlh}lu `muzhpm onqhkd omv znx u}uzmk`m`+5

Livm `haahe}cp ponk pom f}v`mk ia zviia hu pom huu}m ia pom zvizmv upnk`nv`

ia zviia+ Np cmnup ai}v phlmu hk pom Mlzcixmv Liphik# pom Eiccmdm nee}umu pom

Mlzcixmm ia avn}`2

/>( Pom }k`mvuhdkm` hu ei}kumc aiv Fhuoiz Upnpm hk k}lmvi}u ia pomum A@Nenumu# lnkx ia toheo nvhum i}p ia pom unlm lnuuhqm ahknkehnc nh`#ueoicnvuohz# nk` nen`mlhe avn}` ueomlm i}p ia toheo pohu enum nvhumu+Mlzcixmv Liphik J >7 mlzonuhu u}zzchm`+

/6( Tm hkec}`m` nu M ohfhpu –M“ nk` –A“ iv`mvu avil pti `haamvmkp omnvhkdiaahemvu hk umznvnpm# poi}do qmvx uhlhcnv pmvlhknphik enumu+ Tohcm pomumenumu ì kip nvhum avil pom avn}` ueomlm i}p ia toheo pom ipomvu#hkec}`hkd pom enum ndnhkup Lu+ WZ\# nvhum# tm hkec}`m` pomum iv`mvu omvm ohdochdop pom anep ponp pomvm onu fmmk qhvp}nccx ki nvfhpvnc eikuhupmkex hpomum pmvlhknphik enumu+ Mlzcixmv Liphik J 0# ak 57 mlzonuhu u}zzchm`+

/5( Hk nkipomv A@N pmvlhknphik enum hkqicqhkd n Fhuoiz Upnpm mlzcixmmponp nvhumu i}p ia pom unlm lnuuhqm avn}` ueomlm i}p ia toheo pom enumndnhkup Lu+ WZ\ nvhumu# pom omnvhkd iaahemv `mpmvlhkm` ponp FhuoizUpnpm `h` kip zviqh`m pom mlzcixmm# Nkdmci Nveohfcm# thpo uzmehahemki}do anepu pi unphuax pom A@N‘ –uoivp nk` zcnhk upnpmlmkp ia anepu“

vm~}hvmlmkp# `muzhpm pom anep ponp Lv+ Nveohfcm tnu zviqh`m` thpo pomunlm ~}nkp}l ia anepu ponp tmvm zviqh`m` pi ncc ia pom ipomv mlzcixmmu# hkec}`hkd Lu+ WZ\+ Mlzcixmv Liphik J =7 mlzonuhuu}zzchm`+

5 F}p umm Ncnfnln @mznvplmkp ia Lmkpnc Omncpo nk` Lmkpnc Vmpnv`nphik q Ncnfnln Upnpm Zmvuikkmc @mznvplmkp # ?15 Ui 6` >>>? /6::5(+ ^}mvx# tompomv pomvm hu n `}px pi lhphdnpm }k`mv Ncnfnln cnt+



60

/0( Pom z}vzium ia pom zvmchlhknvx omnvhkd tnu pi `mpmvlhkm tompomv pomvm tnu zvifnfcm en}um aiv pom enum pi fm zvmumkpm` pi pom dvnk`

b}vx+ Pom B}`dm `mpmvlhkm` ponp zvifnfcm en}um m hupm` nk` fi}k` pomenum iqmv pi pom dvnk` b}vx+ Tm }k`mvupnk` ponp pom @hupvhep Nppivkmx‘uiaahem hu zvmznvhkd pohu nk` umqmvnc ipomv enumu vmcnpm` pi pom avn}ueomlm np Fhuoiz Upnpm aiv zvmumkpnphik pi pom dvnk` b}vx np pohu phlm+Mlzcixmv Liphik J 1# ak 07 mlzonuhu u}zzchm`+

Nu pom omnvhkd iaahemv zihkpm` i}p hk IMML J >0# ha pom Eiccmdm hu

eonvdhkd pom Mlzcixmm thpo fmhkd znvp ia n –avn}` ueomlm“# pomk hp hu hke}lfmkp

}zik pom Eiccmdm pi upnpm anepu ponp u}zzivp pom eonvdm+ Pi `npm# pom Eiccmdm onu

upnpm` kikm vmdnv`hkd nkx u}eo ueomlm+ A}vpomvlivm# pom omnvhkd iaahemv ncui

zihkpm` i}p ponp# pi pom m pmkp ponp NVEZ nk` AVEZ 8/f( zviqh`m d}h`nkem#

avn}` l}up fm upnpm` thpo znvphe}cnvhpx+ IMML J 66+ Pom Eillhppmm

Eillmkpu ik >845 Nìzphik m zcnhk2

U}f`hqhuhik /f(+ Pohu u}f`hqhuhik hu h`mkphenc thpo am`mvnc V}cm 8/f( nkùhlhcnv upnpm v}cmu+ Hp hu n ~}nchahenphik ia pom dmkmvnchrm` zcmn`h

zmvlhppm` fx V}cm ?/n(+ F}p pohu uzmehnc vm~}hvmlmkp nu pi avn}` nk`lhupngm ìmu kip vm~}hvm mqmvx mcmlmkp hk u}eo nephiku pi fm upnpm` thpo

znvphe}cnvhpx+ Hp uhlzcx eillnkù pom zcmn`mv pi }um livm ponkdmkmvnchrm` iv eikec}uivx upnpmlmkpu pi ump i}p pom avn}` eilzcnhkm` ia+Pom zcmn`hkd l}up uoit phlm# zcnem nk` pom eikpmkpu iv u}fupnkem ia pomancum vmzvmumkpnphiku# pom anep lhuvmzvmumkpm`# nk` nk h`mkphahenphiktonp onu fmmk ifpnhkm`+

65 Lheohm‘u Ncnfnln Ei`m /6::5 Vmzcnemlmkp Qic}lm( J 45+ Umm ncuiEnum

Kipmu#h` + J 4?,48# nk` 6::4 E}l}cnphqm U}zzcmlmkp J 65+

Hk n``hphik pi onqhkd pi nccmdm avn}` thpo uilm znvphe}cnvhpx# hp hu

dmkmvnccx omc` ponp n ohdomv upnk`nv` ia zviia hu vm~}hvm` pi u}upnhk nk nccmdnphik



6=

ia avn}` iv ipomv evhlhknc lhueik`}ep iv eik`}ep hkqicqhkd livnc p}vzhp}`m+ Ohcc

! Uhkhevizh# Mqh`mkem hk Nvfhpvnphik/FKN 6 k` m` >8?4( J 55,517 Mcgi}vh !

Mcgi}vh# Oit Nvfhpvnphik Tivgu /NFN)FKN 1 po m` 6::5( J 8=:,8=6+

Ohupivhenccx# pom omnvhkd iaahemv onu nzzchm` n ecmnv nk` eikqhkehkd mqh`mkem

upnk`nv` hk u}eo enumu+Umm# m+d+# HFP Cienc 58> nk` Biokuik Eikpvicu # :5,>

NVF ± 5014# 5> CNHU 686 /Nvf 6::5( /}kmlzcixlmkp eilzmkunphik avn}`

nccmdm`(7UMH] Cienc 48 nk` ]khpm` Lmpoi`hup Vmphvmlmkp Eill}khphmu# 56

CNHU 64: /Nvf 6::0( /eikuivphkd ik bif thpo zviuphp}pm nccmdm`(+

QH+ Ipomv Enumu Nk` Mxpvnkmi}u Lnpmvhnc

Hk u}zzivp ia pom Mlzcixmv Liphik# pom Eiccmdm u}flhppm` pom aiccithkd

lnpmvhnc# zvhlnvhcx avil ipomv enumu fmaivm omnvhkd iaahemvu7 pom um~}mkem fmcit

aiccitu pom Eiccmdm‘u m ohfhp cnfmcu2

N+ Zvm,Omnvhkd Iv`mv# `npm` B}cx >=# 6::4# avil Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpxEiccmdm nk` Eonvcippm Zitm# ALEU Ki+ :4,:>0:= /Zippmv# Ovd Iaa(

F+ Iv`mv# huu}m` B}km >># 6::4# avil Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdm nk` Mlln Zmvghku # ALEU Ki+ :4,:>0:1 /D}plnk# Ovd Iaa( 0

E+ Iv`mv# `npm` B}km >6# 6::4# avil Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdm nk` Lnvcmkm N+ Avmkeo# ALEU Ki+ :4,:>:=> /Dic`hm# Ovd Iaa(

@+ @mehuhik ik Mlzcixmm‘u Liphik pi @hulhuu Pmvlhknphik iv hk pomNcpmvknphqm pi Vmhkupnpm Znx# `npm` N}d}up >4# 6::4# avil Fhuoiz Upnpm

0Hk aiipkipm > ik zndm 5 ia ohu Iv`mv# Lv+ D}plnk m zcnhku# thpoi}p ehpnphik pi n}poivhpx# pom nzznvmkp

`huevmznkex fmptmmk pom cnkd}ndm ia A@N ¤ 51,61,>:5# toheo enccu aiv n `mpmvlhknphik fx –pom mlzcixhkd finv`“# nk` pom zvnephem ia cmnqhkd ncc `mehuhik,lnghkd pi pom eiccmdm zvmuh`mkp hk n enum hkqicqhkd n b}khiv eiccmdm# nk huu}m kip n``vmuum` fx mhpomv znvpx hk pom hkupnkp enum+ Zvmu}lnfcx pom zvnephem nvhumu }k`mv NEi`m ¤ >1,1:,>>>+4# toheo lngm pom zvmuh`mkp pom mlzcixhkd iaahehnc2

Pom zvmuh`mkp ia mneo b}khiv eiccmdm nk` pvn`m ueoiic uoncc nzzihkp pom ane}cpx nk` upnaa ia mneo b}khiv eiccmdm nk` pvn`m ueoiic neeiv`hkd pi ~}nchahenphiku zvmuevhfm` fx pom finv` nk` u}eo ipomv vmd}cnphiku toheo lnx fm nìzpm` fx pom finv` hk neeiv`nkem thpo Umephik >1,1:,>>>+0+



61

Eill}khpx Eiccmdm nk` Mcupik P}vkmv # ALEU Ki+ :4,:61:1/Fmk`h umk# Ovd Iaa(

M+ Iv`mv @mkxhkd Mlzcixmm‘u Liphik pi Vmhkupnpm Eilzmkunphik Zmk`hkdpom Omnvhkd nk` @mehuhik hk Pohu Lnppmv# `npm` Bnk}nvx 6?# 6::?# avil

Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdm nk` Omkvx V+ @i}dcnu# ALEU Ki+ :?,::?5= /Iìl# Ovd Iaa(

A+ Izhkhik nk` Ntnv` ik Liphik pi Vmhkupnpm Znx# `npm` Bnk}nvx 6?# 6::?#avil Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdm nk` Omvlnk Znegmv # ALEU Ki+:?,::?50 /Amhkupmhk# Ovd Iaa(

D+ Cmppmv iv`mv# `npm` Bnk}nvx 8# 6::?# avil Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpxEiccmdm nk` Bne~}mchkm Thcchnlu# ALEU Ki+ :4,::8=5 /@ikiqnk# OvdIaa(

O+ Cmppmv# `npm` N}d}up ># 6::4# pi Bne~}mchkm Thcchnlu# avil Bnlmu Citm#Bv+

H+ Cmppmv vm Liphik Pi Vmeikuh`mv# `npm` Lnveo 5:# 6::?# avil FhuoizUpnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdm nk` R}chmgn Fixghk Avnrhmv # ALEU Ki+ :?,::8=> /Pnkgucmx# Ovd Iaa(

B+ Cmppmv# `npm` N}d}up ># 6::4# pi R}chmgn Fixghk Avnrhmv# avil BnlmuCitm# Bv+

G+ Dvnkp ia nzzmnc nk` upnx# `npm` Amfv}nvx 61# 6::?# hk Ncnfnln Ei}vp ia Ehqhc Nzzmncu Ki+ 6:4:548# avil Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdm nk`

Nkdmci Nveohfcm# ALEU Ki+ :4,:0484 /Umv`n# Ovd Iaa(C+ Cmppmv fvhma# `npm` Bnk}nvx 6=# 6::?# pi Ecmvg ia Ncnfnln Ei}vp ia Ehqhc

Nzzmncu# avil Bmaavmx D+ Lhccmv# avil Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdmnk` Nkdmci Nveohfcm# ALEU Ki+ :4,:0484 /Umv`n# Ovd Iaa(

L+ Zndmu >,5# 665,640 ! 68? ia pvnkuevhzp ln`m N}d}up ?# 6::4# avil Upnpmia Ncnfnln q WLZ\ # Lifhcm Ei}kpx @hupvhep Ei}vp Ki+ :4,08>5/LeLngmk# B(

Neeilznkxhkd pom Mlzcixmm Vmuzikum tmvm pomum m ohfhpu# cnfmcm`

fmcit nu pomx nvm hk pom Mlzcixmm Vmuzikum2

N+ Vmeiv` ia Mlzcixmm‘u nvvmup avil Lifhcm Ei}kpx Uomvhaau IaahemF+ @mehuhik ik Mlzcixmm‘u Liphik pi @hulhuu Pmvlhknphik iv hk pom

Ncpmvknphqm pi Vmhkupnpm Znx# `npm` N}d}up >4# 6::4# avil Fhuoiz UpnpmEill}khpx Eiccmdm nk` Mcupik P}vkmv # ALEU Ki+ :4,:61:1/Fmk`h umk# Ovd Iaa(

E+ Iv`mv# `npm` B}km >6# 6::4# avil Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdm nk` Lnvcmkm N+ Avmkeo# ALEU Ki+ :4,:>:=> /Dic`hm# Ovd Iaa(



64

@+ Izhkhik nk` Iv`mv ia Iaahemv# `npm` @memlfmv >8# 6::4# avil FhuoizUpnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdm q Mcln Poilnu # ALEU Ki+ :4,:048?/Uovhaplnk# Ovd Iaa(

M+ V}chkd ― Ik Dvhmqnkp‘u Liphik pi Vmhkupnpm Ohu Znx# `npm` Bnk}nvx 0#6::?# avil Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdm nk` Nkdmci Nveohfcm#ALEU Ki+ :4,:0484 /Umv`n# Ovd Iaa(

A+ Iv`mv# huu}m` B}km >># 6::4# avil Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpx Eiccmdm nk` Mlln Zmvghku # ALEU Ki+ :4,:>0:1 /D}plnk# Ovd Iaa(

D+ V}chkd ik Mlzcixmm‘u Liphik pi @hulhuu iv hk pom Ncpmvknphqm piVmhkupnpm Znx# `npm` Lnveo 6=# 6::?# avil Fhuoiz Upnpm Eill}khpxEiccmdm nk` Ncnfnln M`}enphik Nuuiehnphik ) Bnlmu Uicmxk # ALEU Ki+:?,:>>11 /Thcchnlu# Ovd Iaa(

Pom omnvhkd iaahemv `h` vmn` ncc ia pom lnpmvhncu u}flhppm` pi ohl f}p ummu chppcm

qnc}m hk evhph~}hkd poml# hknul}eo nu om onu `mpnhcm` ohu vmnuiku aiv ohu v}chkdu

hk pom enum fmaivm ohl+

Hk Mlzcixmm Vmuzikum J 6# ei}kumc ummg pi hkpmvbmep Ncnfnln zichpheu

hkpi pomum zviemm`hkdu2

Lvu+ WZ\‘u enum nvhumu i}p ia pom zichphenc uomknkhdnku ia pom Vmz}fchenkDiqmvkiv ia Ncnfnln# Vheonv` Vhcmx7 n pomk Vmz}fchenk Upnpm Umknpiv#nk` kit Eonkemcciv ia pom B}khiv Eiccmdm Uxupml# Fvn`cmx Fxvkm# toilpom Diqmvkiv ti}c` chgm pi u}eemm` ohl7 nk` n `mpmvlhkm` maaivp pimlfnvvnuu nk` vmliqm n ptmkpx xmnv qmpmvnk @mlievnphe UpnpmVmzvmumkpnphqm# Xqikkm Gmkkm`x# toi umvqm` nu pom Zvmuh`mkp ia pomEiccmdm uilm pti `men`mu nk` hu pom Eonhv ia n zitmva}c eillhppmm hkpom cmdhucnp}vm+ Pomum maaivpu tmvm ncui znvp ia nk nppmlzp pi tvmup eikpvicia pom @mlievnphe ìlhknpm` cmdhucnp}vm+ Pomum zichphehnku tmvm bihkm`

fx n Biok Pxuik# eikumvqnphqm @mlievnp# nk` pom @hupvhep Nppivkmx ia

Lifhcm Ei}kpx# toi on` b}up ciup n ecium nk` omnpm` enlznhdk aiv Nppivkmx Dmkmvnc+ Pom Vmz}fchenk om ciup pi b}up onzzmkm` pi fm pom d}mupia oikiv np $=::+:: n zmvuik a}k`vnhumv np pom oilm ia pom @mnk ia Nen`mlhe Naanhvu np pom Eiccmdm# toi tnu ncui n zvhkehzcm pnvdmp ia pomhkqmuphdnphik+



6?

Pom omnvhkd iaahemv hu tmnvx ia zichpheu‐pom hkpmvlhknfcm zvmuh`mkphnc

enlznhdk7 enumu vmmghkd ia ulncc,pitk zichpheu# Zichem Iaahemvu Nuuiehnphik ia

Lheohdnk nk` Ei}kpx ia Cmmcnkn}# Lheohdnk nk` Hpu Uomvhaa # :4,6 NVF ± 5861

/Nvf 6::4(# u}zzcmlmkpnc izhkhik# :4,6 NVF ± 58647 pom nuuhdknphiku nk`

zvmqnvhenphiku ia @mpvihp‘u lnxiv# nfi}p toil Bnx Cmki ~}hzzm`# –Om‘u ueivm`

livm phlmu ponk pom @mpvihp Phdmvu+“‐nk` ìmu kip thuo omnv nkx livm+ Pom

omnvhkd thcc fm vmupvhepm` pi mqh`mkem nfi}p pom Mlzcixmm‘u nephiku nk` pom

Eiccmdm‘u maaivpu pi pmvlhknpm omv mlzcixlmkp+

QHH+ Eikec}uhik

Aiv ncc pom aivmdihkd vmnuiku2

/n( Pom Eiccmdm‘u Liphik pi Vmeikuh`mv hu @MKHM@+

/f( ]kcmuu pom znvphmu ndvmm ipomvthum# ha# thpohk umqmk /4( `nxu ia pom `npm ia

pohu Izhkhik# pom Eiccmdm onu kip eilzchm` thpo znvndvnzou /H( nk` /HH( ik

zndmu 66,65 ia pom Izhkhik ia pom Omnvhkd Iaahemv ik Mlzcixmm‘u

Liphik pi Vmhkupnpm Znx# `npm` Lnveo 5># 6::?# pom omnvhkd iaahemv thcc

mkpmvpnhk n liphik fx pom Mlzcixmm pi `hulhuu pom eonvdmu ndnhkup omv

thpo zvmb}`hem+ U}eo liphik l}up fm neeilznkhm` fx ikm iv livm

eilzmpmkp naah`nqhpu ia hk`hqh`}ncu onqhkd zmvuiknc gkitcm`dm ia pom

anepu+

/e( Hk ncc ipomv vmuzmepu# pom Izhkhik ia pom Omnvhkd Iaahemv ik Mlzcixmm‘u



Liphik Pi Vmhkupnpm Znx# `npm` Lnveo 5># 6::?# vmlnhku hk a}cc aivem

nk` maamep+

Pom omnvhkd iaahemv‘u ahk`hkdu ia anep nk` eikec}uhiku ia cnt nvm mlfi`hm` hk

pohu tvhppmk izhkhik# ncpoi}do kip m zvmuucx `muhdknpm` nu u}eo+

@npm` Lnx ># 6::? YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYM+ Avnkg Eivkmch}u# Zo@# B@Omnvhkd Iaahemv

Documents

[MP] v Bishop State Community College 5-1-08