Upload
pamela-simon
View
222
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
M+P – consulting engineersMüller-BBM groupAcousticsNoise and vibration control Air quality
Air Quality alongside motorways 1712091
Air Quality alongside motorwaysPart 1
Gijsjan van Blokland PhD, Sr. Consultant M+PLotje van Ooststroom, Rijkswaterstaat (IPL)
Air Quality alongside motorways 1712092
Content
1. Air quality and health2. Air quality in the Netherlands3. Air quality and legislation4. Source description and propagation process5. Measurements procedures6. Measures 7. Future developments
Air Quality alongside motorways 1712093
1952
2009
Air Quality alongside motorways 1712094
air polluting elements emitted by road traffic
Simple gasses: NOx =(NO+NO2);
Complex molecules: VOS en PAK’sParticles: PM10-2,5, PM2,5, PM1
Air Quality alongside motorways 1712095
health effects air pollution
▪ Lung diseases COPD
▪ Asthma and bronchitis
▪ Heart and vascular diseases
Air Quality alongside motorways 1712096
Health effect defined in Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)
DALY is the number of lost healthy life years in the Netherlands population.
It represents the weighted sum of:▪ the number of affected persons▪ the severity of the disease▪ the amount of lost healthy life years
Air Quality alongside motorways 1712097
0102030405060708090
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
'schoon''vies'
% in leven
Bereikte leeftijd
Air Quality alongside motorways 1712098
8
DALY´s related to environmental pollution
1
10
100
1000
10000
10000019
80
2000
2010
1980
2000
2020
1980
2000
2020
1980
2000
2020
1980
2000
2020
1980
2000
2010
1990
2000
1980
2000
2020
PM10long-term
Noise Radon UV Trafficaccidents
PM10short-term
Ozoneshort-term
Indoordampness
(log
) D
AL
Ys
per
mil
lion
peo
ple
Air Quality alongside motorways 1712099
Content
1. Air quality and health2. Air quality in the Netherlands3. Air quality and legislation4. Source description and propagation process5. Measurements procedures6. Measures 7. Future developments
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120910
Remote sensing of NOX concentration in W-Europe.
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120911
NOX and PM10 in NL in 2008
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120912
Yearly averaged PM10 concentration 1992 - 2007
M+P – consulting engineersMüller-BBM groupAcousticsNoise and vibration control Air quality
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120913
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120914
bron: Milieubalans, PBL, 2008
Example of NO2 pattern in city
Origin of contributions to local air pollution
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120915
Content
1. Air quality and health2. Air quality in the Netherlands3. Air quality and legislation4. Source description and propagation process5. Measurements procedures6. Measures 7. Future developments
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120916
Limit values in European Directive
Maximum annual
average
Maximum days
exceeding limit value
Maximum hours
exceeding limit
value
NO2 40 µg/m3 Max 18 hours/year
200 µg/m3
PM10 40 µg/m3 Max 35 days/year
>50 µg/m3
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120917
Limits have to be enforced in 2010
100% achievement of limits not possible. Therefore enforcement not possible.
Derogation procedure in the EU: - delayed enforcement of the limit values until 2015- combined effect of measures defined in a national
coordinated air quality program (NSL) will satisfy limit values in 2015.
- small worsening allowed (3%) in order not to block essential improvements in the road network of housing construction.
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120918
Content
1. Air quality and health2. Air quality in the Netherlands3. Air quality and legislation4. Source description and propagation process5. Measurements procedures6. Measures 7. Future developments
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120919
bron: CE, Bron van inspiratie, 2005
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120920
Exhaust emission
Tyres + brakes + road surfaces
Background
Deposition
Res
uspe
nsio
n
Transport t
o
boundary laye
r
Sources and local propagation of PM10
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120921
NO2
Background
Exhaust emission
NO and O3 NO2 Behind barrier
Transport to boundary layer
Sources and local propagation of NOX
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120922
Vehicle specific emission is very complex
example of NOX emission of three EURO 3 vehicles
as a function of engine speed and engine load
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120923
NOX emission of HDV as a function of speed, EURO 0 EURO 5
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 20 40 60 80
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Average cycle speed [km/h]
[g/k
m]
PRE EURO 1EURO 1
EURO 2
EURO 3
EURO 4
EURO 5
NOx
Source: Pischinger et al, Update of the emission functions for heavy duty vehicles in the handbookEmission factors road traffic, Bericht nr. Pi-55/01 d.d. 30.4.2002 Graz University of Technology
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120924
PM10 emission of average HDV as a function of speed, EURO 0EURO 5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Average cycle speed [km/h]
[g/k
m]
PRE EURO 1EURO 1EURO 2EURO 3EURO 4EURO 5
PM
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
[g/k
m]
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120925
Introduction of EURO classes
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120926
-exhaust
-tyre
-brake
-clutchroad surface emission
cumulation: road surface wear / brakes / tyres / salt / clay
direct emission
background
indirect emission
meteo influence
Re-suspension
deposition
Emission and local propagation of PM10
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120927
Frame work of immission determination
backgroundnpropagatiosourcereceptor CPEC .
where:
Creceptor = concentration at immission point
Esource = emission in g/km
Ppropagation = dilution, deposition and conversion associated with propagation
Cbackground = background concentration
sourcesofnumber
iilocalisourcesource PEE
__
1,, .
backgroundnpropagatiosourcereceptor CPEC .
where:
Creceptor = concentration at immission point
Esource = emission in g/km
Ppropagation = dilution, deposition and conversion associated with propagation
Cbackground = background concentration
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120928
Propagation is basically dilution by turbulent mixing
Dilution described by Gaussian plumeconcentration in plume is given by exp(-x2), width of
Gaussian bell curve increases with distance
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120929
Correct formulation, concentration of point source or line source at given distance x.
Top: point source with emission Q,
bottom: line source with source strength/m q
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120930
Plume geometry is not always straightforward, meteo is very important!
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120931
bron: Palmgren, 2003
Also local geometry is very important
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120932
Additional complicating factor:main contribution to NO2 comes from conversion from NO+O3 NO2 , reaction with limited speed
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120933
Total emission of a traffic stream (NOX or PM10)
E: total emission
N: number of vehicles/24h
fM: fraction of medium heavy vehicles
fZ: fraction of heavy vehicles
EL: emission of a light vehicle
EM: emission of a medium heavy vehicle
EZ: emission of a heavy vehicle
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120934
Concentration at receiver
E: emission per m length of road
dW: length of road section number of vehicles/24h
RB: distance from source to receiver
σZ: vertical spreading coefficient
z: height of receiver position
C: correction for effect of surface roughness
U: wind speed
n: number of wind sections
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120935
Simplified propagation calculation model (CAR)
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120936
Emission factors for road vehicles
IA; city-congested, IB: city-normal, IC: city-through road,
II: regional road, III: highway
Air Quality alongside motorways 17120937
Blk 2006. Jaargemiddelde concentratie. Weg: 28 hm: 42,7
Aantal voertuigen 58837/etmaal; Fractie vracht: 13,9%NO2 achtergrond: 19,6 µg/m³ PM10 achtergrond: 23,1 µg/m³
Gecorrigeerd voor zeezout: 4 µg/m³
NO2 PM10 PM10 Dagnorm lim. dagnorm
Afstand tot w egrand [m]1.0009008007006005004003002001000-100-200-300-400-500-600-700-800-900-1.000
Con
cen
trat
ie N
O2
[µg/
m³]
37,5
37
36,5
36
35,5
35
34,5
34
33,5
33
32,5
32
31,5
31
30,5
30
29,5
29
28,5
28
27,5
27
26,5
26
25,5
25
24,5
24
23,5
23
22,5
22
21,5
21
20,5
20
19,5
Conc
entratie PM
10 [µg/m³]
27,8
27,7
27,6
27,5
27,4
27,3
27,2
27,1
27
26,9
26,8
26,7
26,6
26,5
26,4
26,3
26,2
26,1
26
25,9
25,8
25,7
25,6
25,5
25,4
25,3
25,2
25,1
25
24,9
24,8
24,7
24,6
24,5
24,4
24,3
24,2
24,1
24
23,9
23,8
23,7
23,6
23,5
Dage
n PM
10>50
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Concentration calculation as function of distance from road.
NOX concentration
PM10 concentration