Moving Stories - The View from Brussels: Missed opportunities to call the European Union to account

7232019 Moving Stories - The View from Brussels Missed opportunities to call the European Union to account

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullmoving-stories-the-view-from-brussels-missed-opportunities-to-call-the-european 122

EDITED BY AIDAN WHITE

EthicalJournalism

Network EJN

Moving StoriesInternational Review of How Media Cover Migration



Moving Stories

Published in London by the Ethical Journalism Network

copy 2015 Ethical Journalism Network

11 Vicarage Road London E15 4HD United Kingdom

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher The

contents of this book are covered by authorsrsquo rights and the right to use of contributions with the Editor and the

authors themselves

Designed by Mary Schrider (maryschridergmailcom)

This report is published as part of a programme of assistance to the work of the EJN provided by the Norwegian

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Moving Stories






authors themselves




Moving Stories






authors themselves




Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all of the authors for their contributions and to Douglas Morrision for his skilful editing of the

report We also appreciate the help of EJN Board members and others who have helped shape the final text In

particular we thank Kieran Cooke and his colleagues at Climate News Network and Tony Bunyan at Statewatch

who assisted in the selection of contributors The quote from HG Wells on the back cover comes from Ali Smith in

The Guardian on November 20th 2015



PHOTO CREDITS

Cover image ldquoSyrian refugees crossing the Serbian-Croatian borderrdquo copy

Francesco MalavoltaIOM 2015

Page 1 ldquoEastern Chad - Universal Childrenrsquos Dayrdquo by UNHCR Freacutederic

Noy Dec2011 licensed under CC BY 20Page 3 ldquoRepatriation of IDPs in North Darfurrdquo by UN PhotoAlbert Gonzalez

Farran licensed under CC BY 20

Page 4 ldquoA Cry for Those in Peril on the Seardquo by UNHCRA Rodriguez

licensed under CC BY 20

Page 7 ldquoBorder fence at Friendship Park Tijuanardquo by BBC World Service


Page 10 ldquoMigrants and refugees in the Greek island of Lesbosrdquo copy IOM

Amanda NeroPage 15 ldquoHussein and his children from Afghanistan arrive in Presevo regis-

tration centrerdquo by Meabh SmithTroacutecaire licensed under CC BY 20

Page 16 Migrants arriving from Athens to the border between Greece and

Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia copyIOMAmanda Nero 2015



FOREWORD

Beyond theheadlinesraquo JAN EGELAND



For years the Norwegian Refugee Council and

other humanitarian actors have called out ndash too

often in vain ndash to the international community to

the media the decision makers and the public

opinion about the sufferings of millions of civilians

eeing war in Syria

As the conflict escalated and the humanitarian disaster with itcreating the biggest refugee crisis in our generation our appeals for

wider media attention with some notable exceptions fell on deaf

ears with an apparent lack of interest on the part of the vast majority

of television and radio companies and major newspapers

It was arguably only with the tragic death of Aylan Kurdi and

the publication of pictures of his body on a beach in Turkey

that Western public opinion and global media finally woke up

Immediately media lenses focused sharply on the humanitarian

crisis in the Mediterranean and both politicians and ordinary people

had to respond

But this incident only raised another question What about the many

other humanitarian crises beyond the mediarsquos radar In war-torn

South Sudan for example This country is rarely in the limelight In

2011 it gained independence from Sudan ending a generation of war

Two years later the civil war broke out resulting in massive forced dis -

placement and today the country is one of the worldrsquos impoverished

places Every two minutes another South Sudanese child becomes

severely malnourished But these stories are seldom told

A South Sudanese colleague told me it was strange to see how things

can change from one day to the other only because of international

media attention

ldquoIn Europe it was that boy on the beach Maybe we need a picture

of a boy like that in South Sudanrdquo she said while preparing to go on

a new mission to one of the worldrsquos hardest-to-reach areas where

dropping food from World Food Programme airplanes is the only

way to provide hungry people with something to eat

Too often not even stories about children dying of starvation are

enough to make headlines on the nine orsquoclock news Humanitarian

disasters that deserve our attention often go uncovered because

there is no photographer or journalist on the ground to tell the story

Only a couple of conflicts receive our attention at any given time

while most dramas get none at all Why is that

What about the many other humanitarian

crises beyond the mediarsquos radar Every

two minutes another South Sudanese

child becomes severely malnourished

But these stories are seldom told

Moving Stories International Review of How Media Cover Migration | 1



The reasons are complex It is not just a lack of humanity on the news agenda or a

matter of luck or a matter of caring more about some people at the expense of others

We need a broader lens to see what really is going on

In the Norwegian Refugee Council we annually publish a list of the worldrsquos 10 most

neglected displacement crises This year the Rohingyas have topped the list This

minority Muslim community under pressure in Myanmar is also found in neighbour-

ing Bangladesh where hundreds of thousands have sought protection

One criterion to be on the neglected crises list is a lack of media attention Other

factors include lack of funding little humanitarian presence and difficult access to

the victims of the conflict Often there is a strong correlation between the different

factors access problems can lead to lack of media attention which again can lead to

lack of donor concern which again leads to even bigger access issues This completes

a vicious circle that is not easily broken

But there is an important truth in all of this ndash decision makers pay attention to the

media and independent journalists reporting with care humanity and professional-

ism have enormous power to tell stories that create a new path

But as this report reveals mainstream media is currently under pressure with news com-panies struggling to adapt to a new reality with plummeting revenues and competition

from new media Often media will simply say they cannot afford to cover these stories

But this should not be an excuse for adopting a herd mentality ndash where media follow

each other to cover a small cluster of the most obvious stories Media around the

world are now reporting on the disastrous humanitarian consequences of the civil

war in Syria and the exodus to Europe and they are going beyond the numbers story

which has dominated news coverage so far

Yet as the poignant human tragedies from Syria takes centre stage where is the

coverage of the second largest humanitarian crisis and war on our watch in YemenHere around 21 million people are in urgent need of emergency relief They suffer

from external and internal bombardment blockade and totally inadequate assis-

tance and protection

Also the journalists themselves need to be protected to be able to report on the atroc-

ities For journalists reporting from conflict and war 2015 is another deadly year Like

humanitarian workers journalists are not only at risk of becoming so-called collateral

damage during military operations they are also increasingly targeted

It is therefore essential that the international community focus on the protection of

journalists in armed conflicts to allow for less casualties in the imminent future

In Europe we talk about a sharing of responsibility in terms of coping with the grow-

ing influx of migration Maybe it is time to talk about a media ldquoburden sharingrdquo where

media institutions rather than chasing the same stories divide the coverage of the

human suffering so that children in grave risk in South Sudan or Gaza do not continue

to stay in life-threatening situations without the world knowing

This EJN report Moving Stories is a welcome step to allow journalists get an overview

of the problem areas as well as promoting best practices when it comes to reporting

on the wider migration story

Without media attention humanitarian crises with their horrifying impacts will con-tinue to be learned by the outside world way too late

Jan Egeland is the Secretary-general of the Norwegian Refugee Council

2 | Moving Stories International Review of How Media Cover Migration



Without media attention humanitarian crises

with their horrifying impacts will continue to be

learned by the outside world way too late







INTRODUCTION

Moving storiesraquo KIERAN COOKE AND AIDAN WHITE

Migration is part of the human condition Ever since humankind

emerged out of East Africa it has been on the move ndash searching

for a better climate looking for supplies of food and water

nding security and safety

Migration has suddenly jumped to the top of the news agenda During 2015 journalists

reported the biggest mass movement of people around the world in recent history

Television screens and newspapers have been filled with stories about the appalling

loss of life and suffering of thousands of people escaping war in the Middle East or

oppression and poverty in Africa and elsewhere

Every day in 2015 seemed to bring a new migration tragedy Syrian child refugees

perish in the Mediterranean groups of Rohingyas escaping persecution in Myanmar

suffocate on boats in the South China Sea children fleeing from gang warfare in Cen -

tral America die of thirst in the desert as they try to enter the US

In response to this crisis the Ethical Journalism Network commissioned Moving

Stories ndash a review of how media in selected countries have reported on refugees and

migrants in a tumultuous year We asked writers and researchers to examine the

quality of coverage and to highlight reporting problems as well as good work




The conclusions from many different parts of the

world are remarkably similar journalism under

pressure from a weakening media economy polit-

ical bias and opportunism that drives the news

agenda the dangers of hate-speech stereotyping

and social exclusion of refugees and migrants But

at the same time there have been inspiring exam-

ples of careful sensitive and ethical journalism that

have shown empathy for the victims

In most countries the story has been dominated by

two themes ndash numbers and emotions Most of the

time coverage is politically led with media often fol-

lowing an agenda dominated by loose language and

talk of invasion and swarms At other moments the

story has been laced with humanity empathy and a

focus on the suffering of those involved

What is unquestionable is that media everywhere

play a vital role in bringing the worldrsquos attention

to these events This report written by journalistsfrom or in the countries concerned relates how

their media cover migration

They tell very different stories Nepal and the

Gambia are exporters of labour Thousands of

migrants mostly young men flock from the moun-

tain villages of Nepal to work in the heat of the Gulf

and Malaysia often the consequences are disas-

trous People from the Gambia make the treacher-

ous trip across the Sahara to Libya and then by boat

to Europe many have perished on the way ndash eitherin the desert or drowned in the Mediterranean

In these countries reporting of the migration of

large numbers of the young ndash in many ways the life-

blood of their nations ndash is limited and stories about

the hardship migrants endure are rare Censorship

or a lack of resources ndash or a combination of both ndash

are mainly to blame for the inadequacies of cover-

age Self-censorship where reporters do not want to

offend either their media employer or the govern-

ment is also an issue

The reports on migration in China India and

Brazil tell another story Though large numbers

of people migrate from each of these countries

the main focus is on internal migration a global

phenomenon often ignored by mainstream media

that involves millions and dwarfs the international

movement of people

Whatrsquos considered to be the biggest movement of

people in history has taken place in China over

the last 35 years Cities are undergoing explosivegrowth with several approaching 20 million inhab-

itants Similar movements are happening in India

and to a lesser extent in Brazil

In Africa the headlines focus on people striving to

leave the continent and heading north but there

is also migration between countries with many

people from the impoverished central regions

heading for South Africa ndash a country where media

also deal with problems of xenophobia and gov-

ernmental pressure

In Europe migration and refugee issues have shaken

the tree of European unity with hundreds of thou-

sands trekking by land and sea to escape war and

poverty The reports here reveal how for almost a

year media have missed opportunities to sound the

alarm to an imminent migration refugee crisis

Media struggle to provide balanced coverage when

political leaders respond with a mix of bigotry and

panic ndash some announcing they will only take in

Christian migrants while others plans to establish

walls and razor wire fences Much of the focus has

been on countries in South Eastern Europe whichhas provide a key route for migrants and refugees

on the march In Bulgaria as in much of the region

media have failed to play a responsible role and

sensationalism has dominated news coverage

In Italy a frontline state where the Mediterranean

refugee tragedy first unfolded the threat of hate-

speech is always present though this is often

counterbalanced by an ethical attachment of

many in journalism to a purpose-built charter

against discrimination In Britain the story hasalso often been politically-driven and focused

sometimes without a sense of scale or balance this

has been particularly evident in reportage of the

plight of refugees in Calais

In Turkey seen by many European politicians as

a key country in stemming the onward rush of

migrants most media are under the thumb of a

government that punishes dissident journalists so

the public debate is limited

Like their Turkish colleagues journalists in Lebanonlive with the reality of millions of refugees from war-

torn Syria within their borders which makes telling

the story more complex and it is not helped by con-

fused mixing of fact and opinion by many media

At the same time in the United States media have

helped make the migrant and refugee issue an

explosive topic in debates between Republican

Party candidates for the presidency Media time has

focused on heated and often racist exchanges This

has obscured much of the good reporting in somemedia that provides much-needed context South

of the border in Mexico media also suffer from

undue political pressure and self-censorship




ldquoOpen the world more equitably so we all may walk freely Or

close the borders and let each one return to his house and see

how much poorer and drearier and darker the world is when we all

stay at homerdquo ndash Chibundu Onuzo

In Australia the media in a country built by migrants

struggles to apply well-meaning codes of journalistic

practice within a toxic political climate that has seen

a rise in racism directed at new arrivals

These reports cover only a handful of countries

but they are significant The problems of scant

and prejudicial coverage of migration issues exist

everywhere Even reporting of migration in the

international media ndash with a few notable exceptions

ndash tends to be overly simplistic

Migrants are described as a threat There is a ten-

dency both among many politicians and in sections

of the mainstream media to lump migrants together

and present them as a seemingly endless tide of peo-

ple who will steal jobs become a burden on the state

and ultimately threaten the native way of life

Such reporting is not only wrong it is also dishon-

est Migrants often bring enormous benefits to their

adopted countries

How would Californiarsquos agricultural industry or

the Texan oil fields survive without the presence of

hundreds of thousands of Mexicans and Central

American workers often labouring on minimal

wages How could the health service in the UK con-

tinue without the thousands of migrant nurses and

doctors from the developing world How would cities

like Dubai Doha or Singapore have been built with-

out labourers from Nepal or Bangladesh ndash or how

would they function without the armies of maids

and helpers from the Philippines and Indonesia

These reports underscore why media need to

explain and reinforce a wider understanding that

migration is a natural process No amount of razor wire or no matter how high walls are built desper-

ate migrants will find a way through People will still

flock to the cities drawn by the hope of a better life

The migrant crisis is not going to go away the

impact of widespread climate change and growing

inequality is likely to exacerbate it in the years ahead

The inescapable conclusion is that there has never

been a greater need for useful and reliable intel-

ligence on the complexities of migration and for

media coverage to be informed accurate and laced

with humanity But if that is to be achieved we must

strengthen the craft of journalism



1 Ethical context

Migrants and refugees are a vulnerable minority

who can quickly become scapegoats for the ills of

society ndash social and economic decline crime and

unemployment pressure on health and welfareservices and lack of security

Media can counter this threat and help people

better understand the complex migration story by

applying ethical principles avoiding crude stere-

otypes developing good newsroom practice and

engaging with the audience In particular journal-

ists should apply and respect the following five core

principles of journalism in their work

983141 Accuracy fact-based reporting analysis and

commentary

983141 Independence journalism free from self-censor-

ship and political pressure

983141 Impartiality fair reporting that tells all sides of

the story

983141 Humanity sensitive and careful journalism that

avoids doing undue harm

983141 Accountability media transparency and com-

mitment to correct errors

2 Newsroom practice

Media companies and journalistsrsquo unions and asso-

ciations should prepare concise guides to best prac-

tices for the reporting on refugees and migrants In

addition all media should examine their internal

structures to make sure they are telling the story in

the most effective way

News organisations can

983141 Appoint specialist reporters with good knowledge

of the subject to the migration and refugee beat

983141 Provide detailed information on the background

of migrants and refugees and the consequences

of migration It is especially important to note

that some major studies reveal how migration

can strengthen national economies in the longer

term even where there are short-term challenges

983141 Avoid political bias and challenge deceptive

handling of the facts and incitement to hatred

particularly by political religious or other com-

munity leaders and public figures

983141 Respect sources of information and grant ano-

nymity to those who require it most particularly

RECOMMENDATIONS AND USEFUL LINKS

those who are vulnerable and most at risk

983141 Establish transparent and accessible internal sys-

tems for dealing with complaints from the audi-

ence over coverage of migrant and refugee issues

983141 Review employment policies to ensure news-

room diversity with reporters and editors from

minority communities

983141 Provide training for journalists and editors cov-

ering everything from international conventions

and law to refugee rights and what terms to use

while covering refugee stories

983141 Monitor coverage regularly Organise internal

discussions on how to develop and improve the

scope of migration coverage

983141 Manage online comments and engage with the

audience to ensure that migration stories are not

used as a platform for abuse or intolerance

Media associations and journalistsrsquo unions can also

support national structures for independent regu-

lation or self-regulation of journalism such as press

councils Where there are industry-wide codes of

conduct and guidelines dealing with non-discrimi-

nation these should cover reporting migration

3 Engage with the media audience

and connect with migrants

Refugee groups activists and NGOs many of which

provide vital information for media can be briefed

on how best to communicate with journalists and

media can explain to the audience their policies

and editorial approach which may encourage

readers viewers and listeners to contribute useful

additional information

4 Challenge hate-speechHate-speech is widespread in the media Often it

canrsquot be prevented when it comes out of the mouths

of prominent public figures but journalists should

always remember that just because someone says

something outrageous doesnrsquot make it newsworthy

The Ethical Journalism Network has developed

a 5-point text for hate-speech as a useful tool for

newsrooms (See below)

5 Demand access to information

Media cannot report without access to reliable

information and facts When access to information

is restricted such as not being allowed to enter




refugee camps media and civil society groups

should press the government both nationally and

internationally to be more transparent Media and

journalistsrsquo unions should meet regularly with

police and state authorities and agencies to ensure

journalists have safe conditions in which to work

and access to the information they need

Some Useful Links

Glossaries

International Organization for Migration

(IOM Key migration terms)

United Nations Alliance of Civilizations

(UNAOC) Media Friendly Glossary for Migration

Statistics

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

(UNHCR) Statistics and Operational Data


(IOM) World Migration Report

Internal Displacement Monitoring Center

Global Estimates 2015

Norwegian Refugee Council

(NRC) Resources Publications

Sources

International Refugee Law ndash Everything you need

to know from the UNHCR

Institute for the Study of International

Migration (ISIM)

Refugee Studies Centre (RSC)

International Labour Organization (ILO)

Council of Europe (COE)

European Network Against Racism (ENAR)

European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE)Forced Migration Online

The Journal of International Migration and

Integration (JIMI)

The Global Migration Centre (GMC)

European Union Agency for

Fundamental Rights (FRA)

Red Cross Global Campaign on Migration

Middle East Migration Issues (Migration Policy

Institute)

Resources for journalists

Accountable Journalism Database

Africarsquos Media Silence over Migration Crisis

BBC Migration in Figures

Climate News Network

Dart Centre Covering Migration Tips for Journalists

Ethical Journalism Network Migrants or Refugees

Ethical Journalism Network Five-Point Test for

Hate-speech

Europe The Migrant Files

Jean Paul Marthoz ldquoHow to cover migrationrdquo

Getting the Facts Right Ethnicity and Religion

(ARTICLE 19)

Media Diversity Institute

Statewatch

UK NUJ Migration Reporting Guide for Journalists

Data-Based Study into Characteristics of Migration

Coverage in Canada France Germany the

Netherlands and the United States ndash Summary

report and Full presentation

Why Al Jazeera will not say Mediterranean Migrants

David Cameron rdquoSwarmrdquo of Migrants crossing

Mediterranean

Ten myths about migration

Guardian Special Report

Hardline Australia confused Scandinavia and tense

Russia The global immigration picture

Generation E ndash Data Driven Project Report on Youth

Migration from Southern Europe

The Med One final danger in a migrantacutes odyssey

The Arduous Journey of Colombian Migrants

Headed for Chile

What crime have I committed to be held like thisInside Yarlacutes Wood

Risking their lives to cross the border Europe or Die

Jimmy Breslin ldquoThe Short Sweet Dream of Eduardo

Gutierrezrdquo

Giovanna dellrsquoOrtoVicki Birchfield ldquoReporting at

the Southern Borders Journalism and Public

Debates on Immigration in the US and the EUrdquo

Peter AndreasKelly Greenhill ldquoSex Drugs and

Body Countsrdquo

Fabrizio Gatti ldquoBilalrdquo




THE VIEW FROM BRUSSELS

Missed opportunitiesto call the European

Union to accountraquo TONY BUNYAN



For millions of people across Europe the refugee crisis

became ldquorealrdquo when the image of three-year-old Aylan

Kurdi a drowned Syrian child found on a Turkish beach

went viral world-wide at the beginning of September 2015

But the scale of the crisis was already was already widely-known if not widely-reported a year earlier

On 5 January 2015 Malta Today from one of the European Unionrsquos small-

est members but a frontline state in the Mediterranean reported ldquo270000

asylum seekers sought entry to EU in 2014 Frontex deputy executive director

says numbers for 2014 nearly doubled the previous record of 141000 regis-

tered in 2011rdquosup1

European Union institutions were well-aware that the continuing conflicts

in Syria Iraq and Libya and growing refugee camps in Turkey Lebanon

and Jordan would bring an even greater exodus in 2015 And if media were

unaware of the internal planning a European Commission Factsheet published

on 13 January 2015 alerted them with ldquoQuestions and Answers Smuggling of

Migrants in Europe and the EU responsesup2

ldquoIn 2014 more than 276000 migrants irregularly entered the EU which rep-

resents an increase of 155 compared to 2013 Syrians together with Eritreans

were the largest group apprehended at EU external borders trying to enter the

EU in an irregular mannerrdquo

In 2014 the main refugee routes were largely from Libya to Italy (170816) and

in the eastern Mediterranean mainly from Turkey to Greece (50561) These

figures reversed in 2015 with most refugees arriving in Greece But if the main-stream media were largely ignoring the gathering storm social media and civil

society reported and forecast what we were to witness in 2015 Meacutedecins sans

Frontiegraveres reported in December 2014 from Greece

ldquoThousands of refugees hellip are being welcomed with a dysfunctional reception

system and inhumane living conditions Greece and the European Union (EU)

must urgently improve living conditions hellip and offer them adequate medical

assistance and protectionrdquo sup3

Despite numerous documents and reports on ldquomigration flowsrdquo the EU institu-

tions utterly failed to plan ahead EU humanitarian aid on the Greek islands didnot start until late September 2015 When it did it was tied to registration fin-

gerprinting and closed detention centres for those to be returned in so-called

ldquohot spotsrdquo in Greece and Italy The gap from April 2015 was filled by visiting

civil society volunteers and local people

The European story was there to be told but media failed to alert their audi-

ence or to challenge the readiness of the European Union and its member

states to deal with the crisis that was about to break upon their shores

This lack of touch by the mainstream media community to raise the alarm

highlighted the weakness of media and further underscored the problems

facing many journalists and media as they grappled with the responsibility ofcovering this humanitarian crisis professionally




The test for them was to report with accuracy

and humanity to treat government and political

rhetoric with caution and ensure that refugees

were treated fairly and as human beings who have

travelled great distances to find safety This is no

easy task when politicians conjure up images of

ldquoswampingrdquo or ldquomass invasion by illegalsrdquo

Journalists know they must be cautious and report

what politicians say but question intemperate

language The ethics of their trade mean journalists

are responsible not just for accurately reporting

political discourse but also for weighing the impact

of what they publish

Words matter

Across the European media landscape media and

journalists have struggled to strike the right note

in the tone and the language of discussion of the

crisis A debate emerged on whether the EU faceda ldquorefugeerdquo crisis or a ldquomigrantrdquo crisis In August

2015 Al Jazeera said ldquoThere is no lsquomigrantrsquo crisis in

the Mediterranean There is a very large number of

refugees fleeing unimaginable misery and danger

and a smaller number of people trying to escape the

sort of poverty that drives some to desperationrdquo4

Despite the online debate that followed a web

search of the media in early October showed that

the BBC widely used the term ldquomigrant crisisrdquo

together with most other TV and online organisa-

tions The Guardian and The Independent and the

Brussels-based Euractiv and EUobserver

The term ldquomigrantrdquo is perceived and used in the

media as meaning an ldquoeconomic migrantrdquo a person

who is simply seeking a better life whereas all the

aid agencies said that most were fleeing from war

and persecution in Syria Afghanistan Somalia and

Eritrea The terms ldquorefugeesrdquo ldquoasylum-seekersrdquo and

ldquomigrantsrdquo have distinct meanings and cannot be

used interchangeably

Help for journalists is available The Charter of

Rome and the glossary of terms developed for

Italian journalists and covered elsewhere in this

report are useful as is the glossary provided by the

International Organisation for Migration (IOM)

983141 ldquoA migrant refers to someone who moves tempo-

rarily or permanently from one place or country to

another A migrant is someone who moves freelyrdquo5

983141 A refugee is forced to move because of persecu-

tion8 or they are displaced by war or a human-

itarian disaster or some other external and

compelling factors States are obliged to provide

them with protection under international law9

983141 Asylum seekers are refugees seeking protection

from war or persecution who apply for refugee

status under international and national laws

And it is important to remember that in law there is

no such thing as an ldquoillegalrdquo migrant A more valid

term is ldquoundocumentedrdquo migrant

Other loaded terms that have been used inter-

changeably in the media are ldquosmugglingrdquo and ldquotraf-

fickingrdquo What we are seeing is predominantly not

trafficking but people smuggling on a major scale

As an article in The Guardian explained ldquoSmugglers

are paid by people to bring them across borders

After the border has been crossed the transaction

between smuggler and migrant ends Trafficking is

a very different crime Trafficking means bringing

people into an ongoing situation of exploitation

and then profiting from their abuse in the form of

forced labour or forced prostitution

ldquoMigrants usually consent to being smuggled A

trafficked person usually does not consent or their

consent is meaningless because they have been

coerced Smuggling always happens across interna-

tional borders Trafficking does not People can be

trafficked from Coventry to Manchesterrdquo10

This distinction squares with the United NationsProtocol against the smuggling of migrants which

says that smuggling contrary to trafficking does

not include exploitation coercion or violation of

human rights

If the European media have struggled to get the

terminology right they have also provided wide-

ly-contrasting national perspectives often driven

by governmental and political policy objectives

For instance one of Europersquos leading tabloidsthe German daily Bildt surprised many both in

Germany and abroad when it launched a high-pro-

file ldquoWe Helprdquo campaign with its positive mes-

sage of welcome to the hundreds of thousands

of refugees clamouring to get into Germany after

Chancellor Angela Merkel announced that the gov-

ernment would open its doors to all Syrian refugees

This contrasts with the hate-speech of many media

in the Western Balkans Hungary and other East

European countries where tens of thousands of ref-

ugees were met with political hostility and physical




barriers were erected to slow their route march to

northern Europe

In Britain the equivalent of Bildt the Rupert

Murdoch-owned Sun newspaper and another

tabloid the Daily Mail were unrelenting in their

opposition to joining the German call for major

European countries to share the burden of taking

in refugees The media narrative changed dra-

matically in favour of a more humane approach

with the Aylan Kurdi story but second thoughts

by political leaders in Germany and continued

intransigence in the UK and elsewhere have seen

a return to media coverage focused on refugee

numbers rather than human interest

Europersquos need for

functioning fourth estate

Media face a constant balancing act to give voice

to the refugee community and to reflect legitimate

concerns over migration in the community at large

and this can be achieved through fact-based report-

ing that provides context background and thought-

ful commentary

But more than this it is arguable that today the

media ndash print TV online and apps ndash have more

chance than ever to hold those in power to accountand to be the Fourth Estate in the EU Media stories

only emerge from effective questioning and prob-

ing journalism that flows from hard preparatory

work reading lots of mainly boring official docu-

ments and following a paper-trail It can be frustrat-

ing but is rewarding in terms of high-quality jour-

nalism and provocative stories The problem is that

on so many occasions media have failed to hold the

European Union and its members to account

Here are examples of stories that could have been

explored in depth the issues put the institutions onthe spot and better informed civil society at large

Why for instance was the European Commission

not pinned down back in January 2015 when all the

evidence pointed to more refugees arriving this year

Its fact sheet said they were going to tackle smug-

gling ndash which ldquogenerally takes place with the consent

of the person willing to moverdquo ndash and get support

from the Asylum Migration and Integration Fund


ldquoThere is no lsquomigrantrsquo crisis in the Mediterranean There is a very

large number of refugees eeing unimaginable misery and danger

and a smaller number of people trying to escape the sort of

poverty that drives some to desperationrdquo ndash Al Jazeera




(AMIF) to set up ldquoreception centres with adequate

conditions for families minors and other vulnerable

groups hellip in the Member Staterdquo with Greece getting

euro259 million in 2014-2020 So why media might ask

were there no reception centres providing humani-

tarian aid in Lesbos Kos and Samos and other Greek

islands from April 2015 onwards

A second question concerns the myth fuelled by

European Union leaders national politicians and

media that all the refugees arriving in Europe are

from Syria The Council of the European Union on

22 September set the priority as being to recognise

people from Syria Iraq and Eritrea thus seeking to

exclude the second largest group of refugees ndash from

Afghanistan which is far from being a stable country

Other arrivals include people from Somalia Libya

sub-Saharan Africa and Kurds from Syria and Iraq

passing through Turkey

So are the institutions seeing people from Syria

Iraq and Eritrea as ldquogood refugeesrdquo to be relocated

in the EU and the rest as ldquoeconomic migrantsrdquo to

be returned to their country of origin and would

this in the context of international law be mass

ldquorefoulementrdquo (returning them to potentially

threatening situations)

A third question concerns coercion in fingerprint-

ing all refugees in ldquohot spotsrdquo a process to which

people fleeing persecution might be reluctantto submit Guidelines drafted by the European

Commission have suggested that ldquoofficials trained

in the proportionate use of coercion may apply the

minimum level of coercion requiredrdquo including if

necessary to ldquovulnerable persons such as minors

or pregnant womenrdquo What media might ask is

the ldquoproportionate use of coercionrdquo on minors or

pregnant women

But what is the role of EU agencies in ldquohot spotsrdquo

Refugees will be pre-screened in what is called

ldquonationality screeningrdquo by Frontex (the European Agency for management of external borders) teams

supporting national officials who conduct the first

stage Refugees who pass the ldquonationalityrdquo test will

be transferred to open camps awaiting relocation to

another European Union country Those who fail

because they come from the ldquowrongrdquo country will

be held in closed camps awaiting return to their

country of origin

Is it legal to determine who is to be returned

simply on the basis of the country they comefrom especially as most of those arriving come

from countries which are not on any national EU

Member State list 13

Another important question came up on 23

September when the Commission announced that

only five member states were correctly applyingEU asylum rules Eighteen member states have

not implemented the Asylum Procedures Directive

which concerns ldquointernational protectionrdquo and 19

have not implemented the Receptions Directive

which sets out minimum standards for applicants

for international protection including ldquohousing

food health carerdquo

ldquoNot implementedrdquo means they have not trans-

posed the measures into national law allocated

funds and staff let alone become operational(which is months away) Why did the Commission

not accelerate the adoption of the new asylum law

which would have put in place humanitarian aid15




Lastly there is the numbers game By the beginning

of October 2015 533591 refugees and migrants

have arrived in the EU and most have moved onfrom the countries where they entered especially

Greece As so-called ldquohot spotsrdquo had not started it

can be said around 522000 have relocated them-

selves in another EU country or are in transit by

the end of August 148000 asylum applications had

been made across the EU (EASO)

Relocation quotas ndash a ldquototal of 160000 people in

clear need of international protection in the coming

two yearsrdquo ndash will only begin to come into operation

as the ldquohot spotsrdquo in Greece and Italy come onlineover the next few months Does this mean there will

be an EU-wide sweep for refugees who have not

been registered and fingerprinted

All of these questions and the stories that flow

from them highlight the failures and missed

opportunities of European media in reporting themigration and refugee crisis There has been a

record of official decisions and some useful com-

mentary from mainstream European Union news

services such as the Brussels-based Euractiv and

EUobserver and the weekly Politico (which took

over the much missed European Voice ) provides

commentaries but patchy news

And there has been some compelling television cov -

erage which picked up after the death of Aylan Kurdi

and began telling the ldquohuman storyrdquo documentingthe journeys northwards and providing horrific

images of hastily constructed ldquowallsrdquo and pepper

sprays gas and water cannon used to push back the

The European Union set the priority

to recognise people from Syria

Iraq and Eritrea thus seeking to

exclude the second largest groupof refugees ndash from Afghanistan far

from a stable country



16 | Moving Stories International Review of How Media Cover Migration16 | Moving Stories International Review of How Media Cover Migration

thousands trying to cross borders A A particularly

courageous report by a Sky journalist showed her

joining a crossing from Assos in Turkey to Lesbos

which was intercepted by a Turkish coastguard vessel

with shots fired to get the boat to turn back but it

crossed safely into Greek waters16

But across the mainstream media a toxic mix of

challenges remains There has been a ldquodebaterdquo about

definitions and ldquoWords Matterrdquo but media continue

to use ldquorefugeerdquo crisis and ldquomigrantrdquo crisis inter-

changeably And the sharp political debate requires

more sensitive and careful reporting As the Director

of the IOM told the UN at the end of September

ldquoWith populist leaders and elements of the media

increasingly portraying migrants in a negative light

IOM points out that fear of the unknown is deepen-

ing community divisions and endangering the very

people seeking a better or safer liferdquo17

Nevertheless media and civil society groups have

shown themselves to be important players in the

face of what is happening on the ground while EU

institutions are adrift seemingly powerless and inca-

pable of providing humanitarian help on the landing

beaches and at the start of a new journey north

Civil society and social media for their part quickly

rose to the occasion beginning in April 2015

recording history as it happened and servicing agrowing network of ways to help sending money

clothes and volunteering nationally and especially

to Lesbos18

It is volunteers who welcome refugees provide

water and aid and advice as to where to go and

give lifts to the elderly and the young where pos-

sible And some airlines and delivery firms were

persuaded to join in and offered reduced rates for

packages going to Greece

NGOs have equally been very active in Greece

Macedonia Serbia Hungary Croatia Slovenia

and then Austria Germany Denmark Sweden

and Norway At the borders rail and bus stations

volunteers are there to provide water food and

clothing NGOs provided interventionist critiques

of their governmentrsquos actions for example the

Hungarian Helsinki Committee a human rights

organisation said ldquoThe right of asylum has practi-

cally vanished in Hungaryrdquo19

The media need to focus on the EUrsquos response tothe ongoing refugee-humanitarian crisis which

will continue in 2016 and beyond even if the signs

are that we will see the construction of a new

Fortress Europe

Media need to focus on pressure that will be

applied on Turkey to hold back the hundreds of

thousands waiting to come to the EU with maritime

patrols ldquopushing backrdquo refugee boats and Eurosur

(satellite tracking movements) coming on-stream

Reporters and newsrooms also need to monitor thecreation of an EU Border Police force and dozens

of new detention centres holding tens of thou-

sands for ldquoreturnrdquo (especially in Greece and Italy) or



Moving Stories International Review of How Media Cover Migration | 17Moving Stories International Review of How Media Cover Migration | 17

awaiting asylum decisions20 as well as an expected

police operation to track down many of the 500000

who entered the EU before October 2015 who are

not registered or fingerprinted

This will all be taking place in a European Union

divided between those who welcome refugees and

others who are opposed Opposition has been on

the rise for years and recent elections in many

countries have seen racists and extreme right-wing

politicians with echoes of the fascist era elected to

parliaments and present in some governments The

EU power elite have manifestly failed to combat

these dangerous forces which are present in coun-

tries like Hungary which leads the so-called Visegrad

group ndash Poland Slovakia and the Czech Republic ndash

which is opposed to the relocation of refugees

Even central EU figures are conceding to popular

racist rhetoric The Times reported that a senior

Brussels official warned ldquoThe European Unionmust close its lsquoopen doorrsquo to prevent millions of

migrants entering Europe unchecked or there will

be a backlash leading to a surge in support for

extremist and far-right partiesrdquo23 And the EU Vice

President Frans Timmermans said in an interview

with BBC Radio 4 that ldquoCentral European countries

have no experience with diversity hellip making them

susceptible to fears about Muslim refugees If no

sustainable solution is found you will see a surge of

the extreme right across the European continentrdquo24

As if the refugee crisis and the climate of racism and

xenophobia were not toxic enough media faced the

additional challenge of telling these stories in the

context of extensive European Union counter-ter-

rorism operations to locate and neutralise ldquoforeign

fightersrdquo going to support ISIS in Syria and Iraq The

Greek reception and relocation programme agreed

with the European Commission includes ldquoAnother

action hellip is to identify and register all places of

gatherings of potential radical or extremism groups

such as worship areas cultural and artistic heritage

places in the Greek territoryrdquo25 This echoes theubiquitous UK Prevent programme which places

Muslim communities under intense surveillance

The need for careful sensitive and informed jour-

nalism in Europe has never been greater and media

that struggle to tell the story in context will need

more support if they are to rise to the challenge

Some practical work might involve helping media

and journalist organisations to develop a set of

European standards that will challenge the useof derogatory language and highlight the impact

of words and images that incite racism and

xenophobia This should be backed by a media

complaints mechanism operating at national level

by which if standards have been abused the culprits

can be publicly named

At the same time there is an urgent need to

strengthen investigative journalism committed to

in-depth research There are already some good

examples of networks for investigative journalism

in many countries and working across borders

These need to be provided with more resources to

help mobilise the voices of authentic journalism

using both traditional and social media sources

For too long the back story of the refugee crisis in

Europe has not been told with those in power not

held to account and too much focus on the bias and

prejudice of unscrupulous politicians Only invest-

ment in ethical public-spirited journalism will

provide the stream of informed and reliable infor-

mation that people need

Endnotes1 httpwwwmaltatodaycommtnewsworld48061270000_asylum_seekers_sought_entry_to_eu_in_2014

2 Factsheet with detailed information httpwwwstatewatchorgnews2015sepeu-com-refugee-factsheet-15-1-15pdf And on 2nd version a useful map httpwwwstatewatchorgnews2015sepeu-com-refugee-factsheet-15-1-15-2pdf

3 httpwwwmsforgarticleeu-and-greece-turn-their-backs-refugees-arriving-greek-islands

4 Why Al Jazeera will not say Mediterranean lsquomigrantsrsquo httpwwwaljazeeracomblogseditors-blog201508al-jazeera-mediterranean-

migrants-150820082226309html and earlier in April the Guardiandescribed the different terms httpwwwtheguardiancomglobal-development2015apr22migrant-crisis-smuggling-trafficking-politicians-dont-seem-to-know

5 httpswwwiomintkey-migration-terms

8 Someone fleeing ldquopersecutionrdquo is based on race religion nationalitymembership of a social group or political opinion

9 The 1961 Geneva Convention httpwwwstatewatchorgnews2015sepun-1951-convention-and-protpdf

10 httpwwwtheguardiancomglobal-development2015apr22migrant-crisis-smuggling-trafficking-politicians-dont-seem-to-know

13 httpheindehaasblogspotfr201509dont-blame-smugglers-real-migrationhtml

14 httpwwwstatewatchorgnews2015sepeu-ms-safe-countriespdf

15 Some 25 Member States have fully implemented the Returns Directive

16 httpnewsskycomstory1550627packed-in-a-dinghy-with-syrias-refugees

17 httpwwwiomintnewsspreading-anti-migrant-sentiment-endangering-lives-ioms-swing-warns-world-leaders

18 Channel 4 News The British family helping thousands ofrefugees on Lesbos httpswwwyoutubecomwatchv=7UWa9u- W6eUampfeature=youtube

19 httpbudapestbeaconcomfeatured-articlesthe-right-of-asylum-has-practically-vanished-in-hungary-pardavi28090

20 Global Detention Project ndash Europe (at September 2015) httpwwwglobaldetentionprojectorgcountrieseuropehtml

22 httpwwwstatewatchorgnews2010sepEC-Roma-France-reportpdf

23 httpwwwthetimescoukttonewsworldeuropearticle4566487ece

24 httpwwwpoliticoeuarticlemigration-news-diversity-

timmermans

25 httpwwwstatewatchorgnews2015sepeu-isf-nat-programmepdf



Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN

wwwethicaljournalismnetworkorg

twittercomEJNetwork

aidanpatrickwhitegmailcom

Migration Itrsquos the same old story

lsquoThe enormous change in human conditions to which nearly all our present stresses aredue the abolition of distance and the stupendous increase in power have flung together the

population of the world so that a new way of living has become imperative hellip

lsquoThe elaboration of methods and material has necessitated a vast development and

refinement of espionage and in addition the increasing difficulty of understanding what

the warfare is really about has produced new submersive and demoralising activities of

rumour-spreading propaganda and the like that complicate and lose contact at last with

any rational objective hellip

lsquoThe uprooting of millions of people who are driven into exile among strangers who are

forced to seek new homes produces a peculiar exacerbation of the mental strain Never have

there been such crowds of migrating depressing people

lsquoThey talk languages we do not understand hellip they stimulate xenophobia without intention

hellip Their necessary discordance with the new populations they invade releases and

intensifies the natural distrust and hostility of man for man ndash which it is the aim of all moral

and social training to eliminate hellip

lsquoFor the restoration and modernisation of human civilisation this exaggerated outlawing of

the fellow citizen who we see fit to suspect as a traitor or revolutionary and also of the stranger

within our gates has to be restrained and brought back within the scheme of human rights

ndash H G Wells The Rights of Man (1940)



Moving Stories






authors themselves




Moving Stories






authors themselves




Moving Stories






authors themselves




Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all of the authors for their contributions and to Douglas Morrision for his skilful editing of the

report We also appreciate the help of EJN Board members and others who have helped shape the final text In

particular we thank Kieran Cooke and his colleagues at Climate News Network and Tony Bunyan at Statewatch

who assisted in the selection of contributors The quote from HG Wells on the back cover comes from Ali Smith in

The Guardian on November 20th 2015



PHOTO CREDITS

















FOREWORD









eeing war in Syria










had to respond











media attention











































































INTRODUCTION

































































movement of people












ernmental pressure



































































adopted countries




























1 Ethical context













commentary




the story





2 Newsroom practice













































































Some Useful Links

Glossaries





Statistics









Sources




Migration (ISIM)







Integration (JIMI)






Institute)









Hate-speech




(ARTICLE 19)


Statewatch








Mediterranean









Headed for Chile




Gutierrezrdquo





Body Countsrdquo


































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork























PHOTO CREDITS

















FOREWORD









eeing war in Syria










had to respond











media attention











































































INTRODUCTION

































































movement of people












ernmental pressure



































































adopted countries




























1 Ethical context













commentary




the story





2 Newsroom practice













































































Some Useful Links

Glossaries





Statistics









Sources




Migration (ISIM)







Integration (JIMI)






Institute)









Hate-speech




(ARTICLE 19)


Statewatch








Mediterranean









Headed for Chile




Gutierrezrdquo





Body Countsrdquo


































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork























FOREWORD









eeing war in Syria










had to respond











media attention











































































INTRODUCTION

































































movement of people












ernmental pressure



































































adopted countries




























1 Ethical context













commentary




the story





2 Newsroom practice













































































Some Useful Links

Glossaries





Statistics









Sources




Migration (ISIM)







Integration (JIMI)






Institute)









Hate-speech




(ARTICLE 19)


Statewatch








Mediterranean









Headed for Chile




Gutierrezrdquo





Body Countsrdquo


































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork




























eeing war in Syria










had to respond











media attention











































































INTRODUCTION

































































movement of people












ernmental pressure



































































adopted countries




























1 Ethical context













commentary




the story





2 Newsroom practice













































































Some Useful Links

Glossaries





Statistics









Sources




Migration (ISIM)







Integration (JIMI)






Institute)









Hate-speech




(ARTICLE 19)


Statewatch








Mediterranean









Headed for Chile




Gutierrezrdquo





Body Countsrdquo


































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork














































































INTRODUCTION

































































movement of people












ernmental pressure



































































adopted countries




























1 Ethical context













commentary




the story





2 Newsroom practice













































































Some Useful Links

Glossaries





Statistics









Sources




Migration (ISIM)







Integration (JIMI)






Institute)









Hate-speech




(ARTICLE 19)


Statewatch








Mediterranean









Headed for Chile




Gutierrezrdquo





Body Countsrdquo


































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork
































INTRODUCTION

































































movement of people












ernmental pressure



































































adopted countries




























1 Ethical context













commentary




the story





2 Newsroom practice













































































Some Useful Links

Glossaries





Statistics









Sources




Migration (ISIM)







Integration (JIMI)






Institute)









Hate-speech




(ARTICLE 19)


Statewatch








Mediterranean









Headed for Chile




Gutierrezrdquo





Body Countsrdquo


































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork



























INTRODUCTION

































































movement of people












ernmental pressure



































































adopted countries




























1 Ethical context













commentary




the story





2 Newsroom practice













































































Some Useful Links

Glossaries





Statistics









Sources




Migration (ISIM)







Integration (JIMI)






Institute)









Hate-speech




(ARTICLE 19)


Statewatch








Mediterranean









Headed for Chile




Gutierrezrdquo





Body Countsrdquo


































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork
























INTRODUCTION

































































movement of people












ernmental pressure



































































adopted countries




























1 Ethical context













commentary




the story





2 Newsroom practice













































































Some Useful Links

Glossaries





Statistics









Sources




Migration (ISIM)







Integration (JIMI)






Institute)









Hate-speech




(ARTICLE 19)


Statewatch








Mediterranean









Headed for Chile




Gutierrezrdquo





Body Countsrdquo


































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork



































































movement of people












ernmental pressure



































































adopted countries




























1 Ethical context













commentary




the story





2 Newsroom practice













































































Some Useful Links

Glossaries





Statistics









Sources




Migration (ISIM)







Integration (JIMI)






Institute)









Hate-speech




(ARTICLE 19)


Statewatch








Mediterranean









Headed for Chile




Gutierrezrdquo





Body Countsrdquo


































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork














































adopted countries




























1 Ethical context













commentary




the story





2 Newsroom practice













































































Some Useful Links

Glossaries





Statistics









Sources




Migration (ISIM)







Integration (JIMI)






Institute)









Hate-speech




(ARTICLE 19)


Statewatch








Mediterranean









Headed for Chile




Gutierrezrdquo





Body Countsrdquo


































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork























1 Ethical context













commentary




the story





2 Newsroom practice













































































Some Useful Links

Glossaries





Statistics









Sources




Migration (ISIM)







Integration (JIMI)






Institute)









Hate-speech




(ARTICLE 19)


Statewatch








Mediterranean









Headed for Chile




Gutierrezrdquo





Body Countsrdquo


































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork






























Some Useful Links

Glossaries





Statistics









Sources




Migration (ISIM)







Integration (JIMI)






Institute)









Hate-speech




(ARTICLE 19)


Statewatch








Mediterranean









Headed for Chile




Gutierrezrdquo





Body Countsrdquo


































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork




















































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork















































































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork




































Words matter
































































human rights




















northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork
























northern Europe




















ful commentary































































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork


























































pregnant women










country of origin






















































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork
























































































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork




















































to Lesbos18




















Fortress Europe




































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork
















































































































timmermans




Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork























Ethical

Journalism

Network EJN


twittercomEJNetwork





















Documents

Moving Stories - The View from Brussels: Missed opportunities to call the European Union to account