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• Increase of Infrastructure
• Ousting of foreign oil companies & Nigerian Military
• “Operation Barbarossa”
• Joint ownership of oil industry in the Niger Delta
• Social Equality
Doctrine & Objectives
Origins
• Oil boom in 1970
• Arrest of Governor Diepreye Alamieyeseigha in 2005
• Arrest of Alhaji Asari-Dokubo in 2005
• Arrest of Chief Ebitimi Banigo
Origins Continued
• Arrests led to first attacks in 2005
• Multiple militant groups decided to pool resources together
MEND: LeadershipJames Freeman
• Unclear by design
• Umbrella Organization
• Amnesty deals
• Imprisoned or dead
Gbomo and Boyloaf
• Gbomo is the spokesperson
• Actual Identity
unknown
• Boyloaf commander
of Central MEND
• Accepted Amnesty
deal in 2012
Support and Strength
• Popular community support
and sympathy
• An “idea”not an organization
• Joint Revolutionary Council
• International sympathy
Recruitment and Membership
• Exact numbers are unknown
• Ethnic majority Ijaw
• Unemployed, educated youths
• Local community groups
• Other regional groups
MEND’s Strategies, Methods & TargetsEugenia Kowalchuk
Attacks on oil infrastructure
Kidnaping of oil personnel
Reducing Nigeria’s oil export capacity
Increasing crude oil prices
Participation of the Nigerian people in oil production activities
Increased quality of life of Nigerian citizens
Types of Aggressions
● Attacks on oil infrastructure○ Pipelines○ Transfer stations○ Oil vessels
● Most attacks perpetrated in the oil rich south region
Types of Aggressions (cont.)
● Kidnapping of oil personnel
● Non-violence towards civilians
● Negotiating partners
Purpose of Aggressions
● Reduce Nigeria’s oil export capacity● Increase crude oil prices
Goal
Increase participation of the Nigerian people in oil production activities in order to increase the quality of life of Nigerian citizens.
CounterTerrorism Ryan Neilson
3 Key Players
1.Nigerian Government
2.Royal Dutch Shell
3.United Nations
Nigerian Government
• Initial aggressive approacho “Kill them all” “force for force”o Joint Task Force
• New President Umaru Yar’Adua in
2007 o Policy changeo Led to Amnesty offer in 2009
Royal Dutch Shell
• Paramilitary Useo Armed Securityo Helicopters
• Does not directly use
Nigerian Soldiers
United Nations
• Minimal Role
• No Peacekeepers
• United Nations Development Program
• Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force -