Mount Damavand 1

Mount Damavand

Damāvand

Damāvand in winter

Elevation 5,610 m (18,406 ft)[1][2]

Prominence 4,667 m (15,312 ft)[3]

Ranked 12th

Listing Volcanic Seven SummitsCountry high pointUltra

Location

Location in Iran

Location Amol, Māzandarān, Iran

Range Alborz

Coordinates 35°57′20″N 52°06′36″E [4]Coordinates: 35°57′20″N 52°06′36″E [4]

Geology

Type Stratovolcano

Last eruption 7300 years ago

Climbing

First ascent 905 by Abu Dolaf Kazraji

Easiest route Hike

Mount Damavand 2

Mount Damāvand (Pronounced /dæmävænd/) (Persian: دماوند ), is a potentially active volcano or Stratovolcano andthe highest peak in Iran, has a special place in Persian mythology and folklore. It is located in the middle AlborzRange, adjacent to Varārū, Sesang, Gol-e Zard [5] and Mīānrūd and is the highest volcano in all of Asia. It is apotentially active volcano, since there are fumaroles near the summit crater emitting sulfur, which were known to beactive on July 6, 2007.The mountain is located near the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, in Āmol county, Māzandarān, 66 kilometres (41miles) northeast of Tehran.

Symbolism and mythologyDamavand is a significant mountain in Persian mythology. It is the symbol of Iranian resistance against despotismand foreign rule in Persian poetry and literature. In Zoroastrian texts and mythology, the three-headed dragon AžiDahāka was chained within Mount Damāvand, there to remain until the end of the world. In a later version of thesame legend, the tyrant Zahhāk was also chained in a cave somewhere in Mount Damāvand after being defeated byKāveh and Fereydūn. Persian poet Ferdowsi depicts this event in his masterpiece, the Shahnameh:بیاورد ضحاک را چون نوند

به کوه دماوند کردش ببند

He brings Zahhak, himself a mountainto the peak of Damavand and binds his neck.

The mountain is said to hold magical powers in the Shahnameh. Damāvand has also been named in the Iranianlegend of Arash as the location he fired his arrow to mark the Iran border. The famous poem Damāvand byMohammad Taqī Bahār is also one fine example of the mountain's significance in Persian literature. The first verseof this poem reads:ای دیو سپید پای در بند

Ay dīve sepīde pāī dar band,Oh white giant with feet in chainsای گنبد گیتی، ای دماوند

Ay gonbade gītī, ay DamāvandOh dome of the world, Oh Mount Damāvand

Mount Damavand is depicted on the reverse of the Iranian 10,000 rials banknote.[6]

Thermal springs

View of Mount Damavand from Haraz road.

Mt Damavand has some thermal springs (Abe GarmLarijan)[7] with therapeutic qualities. These mineral hotsprings are mainly located on the volcano's flanks andat the base, giving evidence of volcanic heatcomparatively near the surface of the earth. While nohistoric eruptions have been recorded, hot springs at thebase and on the flanks, and fumaroles and solfataranear the summit, indicate a hot or cooling magma bodystill present beneath the volcano, so that Damavand is apotentially active volcano.

Mount Damavand 3

A fumarole near the summit of Damavand, emitting sulfur

The most important of these hot springs are located inAbe Garm Larijan in a village by the name Larijan inthe district of Larijan in Lar Valley . The water fromthis spring is useful in the treatment of chronic woundsand skin diseases. Near these springs there are publicbaths with small pools for public use.

Routes to the summit

Damavand volcanic crater in August

The best major settlement for mountain climbers is thenew Iranian Mountain Federation Camp in Polourvillage, located on the south of the mountain.

There are at least 16 known routes to the summit whichhave different difficulties. Some of them are verydangerous and require rock climbing. The most popularroute is the Southern Route which has step stamps andalso a camp midway called Bargah SevomCamp/Shelter at 4220 m (about 13,845 ft). The longestroute is the Northeastern and it takes two whole days toreach the summit starting from downhill village ofNāndal and a night stay at Takht-e Fereydoun(elevation 4300 m - about 13,000 ft), a two-storyshelter. The western route is famous for its sunset view.Sīmorgh shelter in this route at 4100 m (about 13,500 ft) is a newly constructed shelter with two stories. There is afrozen waterfall/Icefall (Persian name Ābshār Yakhī)about 12 m tall and the elevation of 5100 m is the highest fall inIran and Middle East.

Geographical location

Map of Māzandarān province showing the location of mount Damāvand in the south

Mount Damavand 4

Map of central Alborz Peaks: 1 `Alam Kūh

  -25 to 500 m  500 to 1500 m  1500 to 2500 m  2500 to3500 m  3500 to 4500 m  4500 to 5610 m

2 Āzād Kūh 3 Damāvand

4 Do Berar 5 Do Khaharan

6 Ghal`eh Gardan 7 Gorg

8 Kholeno 9 Mehr Chal

10 Mīšīneh Marg 11 Naz

12 Shah Alborz 13 Sīālān

14 Tochal 15 Varavašt

Rivers: 0

1 Alamūt 2 Chālūs

3 Do Hezār 4 Harāz

5 Jājrūd 6 Karaj

7 Kojūr 8 Lār

9 Nūr 10 Sardāb

11 Seh Hazār 12 Shāh Rūd

Cities: 1 Āmol

2 Chālūs 3 Karaj

Other: D Dīzīn

E Emāmzādeh Hāšem K Kandovān Tunnel

* Latīān Dam ** Lār Dam

WildlifeDamavand rivers and slopes are famous for the beautiful Brown Trout (Salmo trutta),[8][9] Red Sheep (Ovis orientalis), Wild Goats (Capra aegagrus), and many singing native and migratory birds. Leopard (Panthera pardus) and Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) live in this region. Some smaller mammals are Snow Vole (Chionomys nivalis), Mouse-like Hamster (Calomyscus bailwardi) and Rufesent Pika (Ochoton rufescens).[10][11][12] The very attractive and unreachable Caspian Snowcock (Tetragallus caspius) lives in high altitudes. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) breeds in this are. Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) are common. Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) has a high population and nests between stone and shrubs. Gold-fronted Serin (Serinus pusillus), Linnet (Carduelis cannabina), Snow finch (Montifringilla nivalis), Rock sparrow (Petronia petronia), Rock Bunting (Emberiza cia) and Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris) are native; in winter they come to the lower hill sides. In each spring Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe), Rock Thrush (Monticola saxatilis), and Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) come from Africa for breeding. Grey-necked Bunting (Emberiza buchanani), Black-headed Bunting (Emberiza melanocephala) and Common Rosefinch (Carpodacus erythrinus) come from India.[13] Lots of Marsh Frogs (Rana ridibunda) lives in Lar riversides. Meadow Viper (vipera ursinii), Blunt-nosed viper (Macrovipera lebetina), Iranian Valley Viper (Vipera latifii) and Caucasian Agama (‘’Laudakia caucasia’’) are among the reptiles of this mountainous region.[14][15] In the southern slope of Damavand , there are remnants of Wild Pistachia Tree (Pistacia atlantica) ; In its riversides different kind of Salix trees like Willow (Salix acomphylla) and Oleaster (Ellaegnus angustifoilia) are found . Greek Juniper (Juniperus excelsa) is common all over the higher altitudes. In Northern slopes, because of higher humidity there are wild oak, beech and hazel trees like: Persian Oak (Quercus macranthera), Eastern

Mount Damavand 5

Hornbean (Carpinus orientalis), and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis).[16] There are also many beautiful wildflowers like: Mountain Tulip (Tulipa Montana) and Stone cress (Aethionema grandiflorum). In higher altitudes ,shrubs tend to be sphere and cushion like , examples are : Astragalus species (like Astragalus microcephalus),Mountain Sainfoin (Onobrychis cornuta) and Prickly (Acantholimon erinaceum) ; Different kind of grasses betweenthem , complete this alpine scene .[17]

Nomination as National Heritage SiteAn anthropologist of Mazandaran Cultural Heritage and Tourism Department, Touba Osanlou, has said that aproposal has been made by a group of Iranian mountaineers to register the highest peak in the Middle East, MountDamavand as a national heritage site. Mazandaran Cultural Heritage and Tourism Department has accepted theproposal, the Persian daily Jam-e Jam reported. Osanlou noted that the Iranian Cultural Heritage and TourismOrganization is presently in the process of renaming an upcoming ancient festivity after Mount Damavand. "Wehave proposed Tirgan Festivity, Tabari Nowruz, to be named as Damavand National Day," he added. TirganFestivity is held in Amol County’s Rineh region in Mazandaran province.

Cultural referencesMount Damavand is featured twice as an online multiplayer map in the game Battlefield 3. In the game it is featuredin Damavand Peak and Alborz Mountains.Mount Damavand featured in a photo release by Iranian state news. The photo, purporting to show a new stealth jetin flight, has been accused of being a fake as the image of the mountain appears to have come from a stock wallpapersite.

Notes[1] The 5,610 metre height given here is from the Statistical Centre of Iran (http:/ / www. sci. org. ir/ portal/ faces/ public/ sci_en/ sci_en. Glance/

sci_en. land), which states that "the highest point in Iran is Mount Damāvand being 5,610 metres high". (http:/ / iranembassy. com. my/ en/?page_id=15) This elevation is consistent with SRTM data. A 2007 GPS measurement (http:/ / www. ii. uib. no/ ~petter/ mountains/ 5000mtn/Ararat/ damavand-trip. html) reports a slightly higher elevation, 5623 m, but also reports -17 m for the nearby Caspian Sea despite its accepted-28 m. This suggests that there is slight local geoid inaccuracy built into hand held GPS measurements in this area, and that the official Iranianelevation is accurate. An older elevation, 5,671 m, is not consistent with the above sources and there is no evidence that it is based on anymodern measurement, although it is still the most frequently given elevation on the web.

[2] "Damavand" on Peakbagger (http:/ / www. peakbagger. com/ peak. aspx?pid=10467) Retrieved 27 September 2011[3] "Kuh-e Damavand" - Iran Ultra Prominence (http:/ / www. peaklist. org/ WWlists/ ultras/ iran. html) peaklist.org. Retrieved 16 October 2011[4] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Mount_Damavand& params=35_57_20_N_52_06_36_E_type:mountain_[5] http:/ / toolserver. org/ %7Edispenser/ cgi-bin/ dab_solver. py?page=Mount_Damavand& editintro=Template:Disambiguation_needed/

editintro& client=Template:Dn[6] Central Bank of Iran (http:/ / www. cbi. ir/ default_en. aspx). Banknotes & Coins: 10000 Rials (http:/ / www. cbi. ir/ page/ 1982. aspx). –

Retrieved on 24 March 2009.[7] http:/ / damavandmt. blogspot. com/ search/ label/ Thermal%20Spring[8][8] Mohammadian, H. Freshwater Fishes of Iran. Sepehr Publishing Center. Iran. 2000.[9][9] Yazdani, A. Lar the Paradise I Knew. Payam Resan Publishing Institute. 2010.[10][10] Lay, D.M. A Study of the Mammals of Iran ( Resulting From the Street Expedition ). Field Museum of Natural History. Chicago .1967.[11][11] Mohammadian, H. The Life of Alborz Red Sheep. Shabpareh Publishing Institute. 2008. ISBN 978-600-5038-00-2.[12][12] Mohammadian, H. Mammals of Iran. Shabpareh Publishing Institute. 2005. ISBN 964-94487-9-9.[13][13] Mohammadian, H. Mountain birds of Tehran. Shabpareh Publishing Institute. 2008. ISBN 964-96358-9-0.[14][14] Shahbazi, Y. Lar National Park Management Program. Natural Environment Department Library. 2004.[15][15] Mohammadian, H. Reptiles and Amphibians of Iran. Shabpareh Publishing Institute. 2004. ISBN 964-94487-2-1.[16][16] Mozaffarian, V. Trees and Shrubs of Iran. Farhang Moaser Publishers. 2005. ISBN 964-8637-03-2.[17][17] Mozaffarian, V. Lar National Park Management Program. Natural Environment Department Library. 2004.

Mount Damavand 6

External links• Map GPS Damavand Mountain (http:/ / kziran. com/ download/ mountaingps/ )• Damavand Mountain Photo Gallery (http:/ / www. jahandar. ir/ photograph-categories/

damavand-mountain-photo-gallery/ )• Damavand History (http:/ / www. damavandiran. com/ history. htm)• "Damavand" (http:/ / www. volcano. si. edu/ world/ volcano. cfm?vnum=0302-01-). Global Volcanism Program,

Smithsonian Institution.• Damavand Mountaineering Guide (http:/ / damavandmt. blogspot. com/ )• Summit Post: Damavand (http:/ / www. summitpost. org/ mountain/ rock/ 150400/ damavand. html)• Mount Damavand Climbing Tour (http:/ / www. araz. org/ tours/ Programs details/ Damavand. htm)• Informative 2007 trip report (http:/ / www. ii. uib. no/ ~petter/ mountains/ 5000mtn/ Ararat/ damavand-trip. html)• Night-time panorama at The World at Night (TWAN) (http:/ / www. twanight. org/ newTWAN/ photos.

asp?ID=3001364)• WiseItinerary (http:/ / wiseitinerary. blogspot. com/ 2013/ 04/ damavand. html)

Article Sources and Contributors 7

Article Sources and ContributorsMount Damavand  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=574774116  Contributors: 2T, Abjad, Acalamari, Alex Bakharev, Ali Khakpour, Ali Mohajerani, Alijamali, Alphachimp,Amardian, Amir85, Angr, Anthony Appleyard, Arad, Armandeh, Art-top, Astronaut, Attilios, BRUTE, Babbage, Barticus88, Basawala, Beetstra, Berland, Bgwhite, Bobynboy, Bshow, CBM,CharlesC, Chris Bramhall, Conscious, CrniBombarder!!!, Cyrus Jones, Darwinek, Debangshu Mukherjee, Denverjeffrey, Dimotika, Droll, EdBever, Emesik, Ev, Excirial, Farzaneh, Favonian,GVP Webmaster, Ginsuloft, Greatestrowerever, GregorB, Grille Chompa, Gubernatoria, Hakan Kayı, Hamed b58, Hamid.darabi, Hamiltondaniel, Helohe, Hike395, Hkhosravi, Hu12, HydrogenIodide, In fact, Irānshahr, J-Scythian, Jahangard, JamesAM, Jaraalbe, JonHarder, Kaaveh Ahangar, Khoikhoi, Khorrami78, Knowing guy, Koavf, Kongr43gpen, Kordas, Linguiste, Lovecz, Msamadi, Majid Hajibaba, Mardavich, Marmoulak, Mehrashk, Mejor Los Indios, Mhaji, Michael!, Milad Mosapoor, Mimihitam, Mohammad8050, Mohsenkazempur, Mtheory1, NTox,Nepaheshgar, Neshatian, Orange Suede Sofa, Pharazs, Picus viridis, Plasticup, Poka5532, Racerx11, RadioKirk, RandomCritic, RedWolf, Sammalin, Sburke, Seattle Skier, Sepidaar, Shankimout,Sherppa, Shiften1981, Siamax, Siba, Sirgregmac, Skookum1, Snigbrook, Snowolf, Spike Wilbury, Stemonitis, Stifle, Svick, Tahmasp, Thryduulf, Thuresson, Timfpark, Tototom, VJDocherty,VanillaFresh, Viewfinder, Volcanoguy, Vongoiva, Waltloc, Weekendpedia, Wertuose, Wossi, Wwoods, Yellow Flash76, Zereshk, 186 ,پارسا آملی ,ماني ,اردیبهشت anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Damavand in winter.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Damavand_in_winter.jpg  License: Public domain  Contributors: Hamed Khorramyarfile:Iran relief location map.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Iran_relief_location_map.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:Uwe DederingFile:Damavand mountain.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Damavand_mountain.jpg  License: Attribution  Contributors: User:Milad MosapoorFile:Damavand Fumarole.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Damavand_Fumarole.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: MsamadiFile:Damavand Volcanic Crater.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Damavand_Volcanic_Crater.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: M samadiFile:MazandaranDamavand.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MazandaranDamavand.PNG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: en:User:SiamaxImage:AlborzCentralColoredNumbered.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AlborzCentralColoredNumbered.png  License: Public domain  Contributors: Uploaded toEnglish Wikipedia by Siamax as AlborzCentralColoredNumbered.PNG

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