MOTORCYCLE: 3 or less wheels Seat or saddle 150cc engine or … · 2021. 1. 9. · MOTORCYCLE: • 3 or less wheels • Seat or saddle • 150cc engine or greater MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLE:

MOTORCYCLE: • 3 or less wheels • Seat or saddle • 150cc engine or greater

MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLE:

• Motorcycle with engine less than 150cc

**NOTE: Under 150cc not allowed on freeways.

MOTORIZED BICYCLE /MOPED:

• 3 or less wheels • 30 mph max • Fully operative pedals for human propulsion • Motor producing less than 4 HP • Automatic transmission Or • No pedals if powered solely by electrical energy

ELECTRIC BICYCLE:

• Fully operation pedals • Electric motor less than 750 watts

• Class 1 and 2 speeds no more than 20 mph • Class 3 speeds no more than 28 mph, must

be at least 16 years old, with bicycle helmet

MOTORIZED SCOOTER:

• 2 wheeled “device” • Electric motor, handlebars, and floorboard

for standing • Option of having a driver seat which does not

interfere with standing • Option of being powered by human

propulsion

M1 Class: • Motorcycle • Motor Driven Cycle • Any vehicle listed under Class M2

M2 Class:

• Motorized Bicycle/Moped (30 mph max) • Motorized Scooter

Any Class: • Motorized Scooter

Not Required: • Electric bicycle

Acceptations: • Class C may operate a motorcycle with a side car or

any 3-wheel motorcycle

• A person holding a valid CA license of any class may operate a short-term (48 hrs. or less) rental motorized bicycle without having an M2 endorsement

• All electric bicycles classes are exempt from motor vehicle financial responsibility, driver license, and license plate

Getting Your license Under 21:

• 15½ to 17; • Must have driver education and behind-the-wheel

driver training certificates. • Parent(s) or guardian(s) signature.

• 15½ to 20; • Certificate of Completion of Motorcycle Training. • Pass the applicable knowledge and skills tests

(may be waived from training course). • Held a motorcycle permit for at least 6 months.

Permit Restrictions

• Driving you motorcycle at night.

• Driving you motorcycle on the freeway.

• Carrying any passengers on you motorcycle.

Getting Your license Over 21:

• Pass the applicable knowledge and skills tests. (not required, but encouraged to enroll in safety program)

* NOTE: An observation road test is required for applicants who have never been licensed for any class of motor vehicle and apply for a motorcycle only license.

Must wear a helmet. Helmet must:

• Meet DOT and state motorcycle

safety requirements

• Show DOT label on rear (label must not be removable)

• Fit snugly

• Not have defects (cracks, loose padding, or frayed straps)

• Recommended to be replaced after 5 years

Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Original Law:

• January 1st, 1985 • Ages 15 ½ or younger (Partial Law)

Change to Universal Law:

• January 1st, 1992 • All riders

** A must for motorcycles, motor- driven cycle, or motorized bicycle

Source: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

Source: Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety

At minimum, a motorcycle must be equipped with: • Daytime headlight required 1978 and up• Turn signals, taillight, brake light• Front and rear brakes• Horn• Handlebars, height must keep hands no more

than 6 inches above shoulders • Eye protection not required• Single speaker earplug allowed• Right and left mirror• Muffler required, max 80 dba after 1985• No age restriction on passenger

Allowed in HOV lanes

Not illegal if done in a safe and prudent manner: • No more than 10 mph faster than other traffic

• Not advisable with traffic flow over 30 mph

• More desirable between No. 1 and No. 2 lanes

• Be alert and anticipate possible vehicle movements

• Consider total environment:

• widths of lanes

• size of vehicles

• roadway conditions (surface, weather, lighting)

Rake, Trail, Wheelbase, Seat Height

Rake Angle

Trail

Wheelbase

Seat Height

SPORT • Less comfort

• More agile • Better handling • Higher acceleration • Higher performance

suspension • Higher performance

brakes • Shorter handlebars

CRUISER • More comfort

• Feet more forward • Back more upright • Lower seat position • Less agile • Limited cornering

ability • Larger rake angle

TOURING • Designed for comfort

• Much larger/heavier motorcycles

• Bigger engine displacement

• Even less agile and cornering ability

• Luggage area, radios, etc.

DUAL SPORT • Street legal bikes

designed to handle off-road terrain • Less cornering ability

on dual sport tires • Taller motorcycles • Much more

suspension travel • Typically based on

dirt bike chassis.

MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLE • Smaller design with

smaller wheels • Typically have floorboards instead of pegs • Has low power and performance • Low top speed • For short commute or recreational riding

Steering

Aligned/Leaned Posture (intermediate and high speeds)

Counterweighing Posture (low speeds ~15mph)

Steering

Why lean when turning? Lateral forces when turning:

• Inertial Force (rider)• Cornering Force (ground)

Motorcycle must lean to balance the lateral forces.

Lean Angle

How do you lean a motorcycle?? COUNTER-STEER

Steering

Counter-steering:

• Turning in one direction by momentarily steering in the opposite direction.

• Necessary for two-wheeled vehicles

• Needed to attain the

necessary lean angle

Source: Obairlann.net

Braking Stopping Distance

Rear Brake Only

Front Brake Only

Both Brakes

Braking – Rear Only

Motorcycle Brake Testing; 43 mph, 201 ft. Vehicle: 2002 Kawasaki ZRX 1200R

Braking – Both Brakes

Motorcycle Brake Testing; 44 mph, 75 ft. Vehicle: 2002 Kawasaki ZRX 1200R

• Both brakes ~ 0.7g • Sport bikes can peak at over 1g • Sport bikes will begin to pitch up rear wheel around 1g

• Rear only braking ~0.35g

Good reference: SAE Paper# 2012-01-0610

Braking: Combined Braking Systems Integrated system (INT)

• Front brake operated independently (right hand) • Rear brake applies both rear brakes and “some” of the front

brakes

Linked brake system (LBS – i.e. Honda VFR800) • Front brake application will apply most front caliper pistons and

at least one of the rear pistons. • Rear brake application will apply at least one piston in both front

calipers and one to three pistons in rear caliper

Braking and Steering Combined: • Only a given amount of friction is

available. • Friction is divided among turning and

braking forces.

Forward Motion No friction used for

turning; most friction used for braking

Wide Turn Some friction used for

turning

Sharp Turn Much friction is used

for turning; less friction available for braking

Braking Friction

Turning Friction

Rotation

Friction Allocation Examples

Tire in Motion

Braking and Steering Combined: Dependent on speed and severity of curve

• Typically taught to straighten bike first to fully apply brakes

• Not always able to straighten bike, therefore; • Apply brakes lightly • As you slow, reduce the lean angle, and

progressively apply more brake pressure

Falling Terminology: High-Side

Falling Terminology: High-Side • Typically at higher speeds when rear wheel locks/slows,

allowing the bike to yaw.

• The rear wheel will then essentially ‘spin back up’.

• Inertial properties of the ‘faster’ wheel spin wants to straighten the bike back up.

• Typically taught if the rear wheel locks to KEEP it locked and avoid any potential high-side situation.

Falling Terminology: Low-Side

Falling Terminology: Low-Side • Typically at higher speeds when front wheel loses traction.

• Or rear wheel may initiate the fall ultimately causing front

wheel to lose traction.

• Rider and bike will simply fall to the leaning side of the motorcycle.

Falling Terminology: Pitch-Up

Falling Terminology: Pitch-Up • Typically at higher speeds under heavy front wheel braking.

• More common with sport bike type.

• Rider is vault over and ahead of motorcycle.

Obstacle Avoidance Study was performed:

“Do I brake or do I swerve?” By Karl F. Shuman

Sport bike comparison:

• Braking vs. swerving when • encountering a fixed obstacle.

Results:

• Typically lower speeds – Brake • Typically higher speeds - Swerve

Implication:

• Role of time/skill/distance??

Good Reference: SAE Paper# 2014-01-0478

Obstacle Avoidance Literature: Motorcycle Dynamics

Inst. of Police Tech. and Mgmt. Lateral distance of 3.2 ft. to avoid a barrier

Skill Factor: Most Significant • Low-skilled riders take more time to decide and

execute maneuver they require 15%-20% more distance to avoid

an obstacle.

Obstacle Avoidance MEC Testing: Yamaha V-Star

T = 0.0 s


T = 0.033 s


T = 0.066 s


T = 0.100 s


T = 0.133 s


T = 0.166 s


T = 0.200 s


T = 0.233 s


T = 0.266 s


T = 0.300 s


T = 0.333 s


T = 0.366 s


T = 0.400 s

Sliding Motorcycle

Typical range between 0.35g – 0.55g

Good Reference: SAE Paper# 970963

y

155 ft.

43 ft.

S = 30 + 30 + … … imp

S = 30 .35 43 + 30 .45 (155) + 10 S = 451.5 + 2092.5 + 100 S = 51

S =

Emergency Braking to a Stop

d = = (. ) d = 124 .

124 ft.

74 ft. short

• How did you brake? • Used front only, rear only, or both? • Where they applied simultaneously? • If rider has no recollection, what do they typically do?

• If the motorcycle was laid down;

• Was it intentional?

• Rider’s experience; • How many years licensed? • Any safety courses taken? • How many motorcycles owned? • Ride daily, weekly , monthly, etc.? • Off road experience?

Kawasaki specific model lines 2013-up. • Need court order/warrant to access data. • Manufacture typically downloads.

Honda Goldwing • Only if equipped with airbag option.

Can-Am Spyder

• Manufacturer/dealer to download.

Kawasaki EDR (US sold)

• 2013; Ninja 300, ZX-6 • 2014: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000 • 2015: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000, Versys 650,

Versys 1000, Vulcan S, Ninha H2 • 2016: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000, Versys 650,

Versys 1000, Vulcan S, Ninha H2, Ninja ZX-10, Ninja ZX-14, Z800

• 2017: ???

Kawasaki EDR (US sold)

• 2013; Ninja 300, ZX-6 • 2014: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000 • 2015: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000, Versys 650,

Versys 1000, Vulcan S, Ninha H2 • 2016: Ninja 300, ZX-6, Z1000, Ninja 1000, Versys 650,

Versys 1000, Vulcan S, Ninha H2, Ninja ZX-10, Ninja ZX-14, Z800

• 2017: ???

NO SHOWS: Ninja 650, Concours 14, Vulcan 900, Vulcan 1700, Ninja H2R

Kawasaki EDR – Data Triggering

• NOT from a DTC • NOT from a deceleration (M/C or wheel lock up) • Not from a simple tip-over

• i.e. M/C rolls to a stop and falls over • Has to be a specific circumstance

• Involves engine shutdown from tip-over and rear

OR • Involves engine shutdown from tip-over and rear wheel stopped after sudden deceleration

Kawasaki EDR – Pre-shutdown Data (Ninja 300)

At 10 Hz At 2 Hz Throttle position Speed RPM Gear Position Clutch In/Out Inlet Air Temperature Fuel Injector Time Coolant Temperature Timing BTDC Battery Voltage Fuel Cutout DTC (s) Total of 8 seconds of data Good Reference: SAE Paper# 2017-01-1436

Kawasaki EDR – Number of Events

• Three place holders for event • If first place holder is taken, data will be written to second

place holder • If second place holder is taken, data will be written to third

place holder

• Events can not be overwritten, once all three events are recorded, the ECU will not record any new events

*** Safety + Familiarity + Skill = Performance***

Edward C. Fatzinger Jr., MS, PE

MOMENTUM ENGINEERING CORP.

WWW.MOMENTUM-ENG.COM [email protected]

Documents

MOTORCYCLE: 3 or less wheels Seat or saddle 150cc engine or … · 2021. 1. 9. · MOTORCYCLE: • 3 or less wheels • Seat or saddle • 150cc engine or greater MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLE: