Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and NCAP

Dr. Harald Zellmer

10.12.2019

Harald Zellmer: Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and NCAP

NCAP: New Car Assessment Programme

Introduction

US NCAP

Euro NCAP

Japan NCAP

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Fatalities of Car Occupants USAUSA: Annual average of fatal occupant injuries 1995 – 1999

Source: Donald Friedman, Carl E. Nash, Justin Caplinger: RESULTS FROM TWO SIDED QUASI-STATIC (M216) AND REPEATABLE DYNAMIC ROLLOVER TESTS (JRS) RELATIVE TO FMVSS 216 TESTS, 2007 ESV Conference, Paper Number 07-0361

Accident Type Percentage No. Casualties

Frontal Impact 39 12 384Side Impact 25 8 169Rear Impact 3 1 023Rollover 32 10 149Other 1 432Total 100 32 157

Harald Zellmer: Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and NCAP

History of US NCAPNHTSA established NCAP in response to Title II of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act of 1972. Its goal is to improve occupant protection by providing consumers with a measure of the relative safety of passenger vehicles to aid consumers in their purchasing decisions.

The agency established a frontal impact test program whose protocol is based on Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 208 “Occupant Crash Protection” except that the frontal NCAP test is conducted at 56 km/h (35 mi/h), rather than 48 km/h (30 mi/h) as required by FMVSS No. 208.

Model year (MY) 1979 vehicles were the first tested and rated using this protocol. The five-star rating system was first used for MY 1994 vehicles.

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Harald Zellmer: Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and NCAP

History of US NCAPThe agency began testing and rating vehicles for side impact protection in the 1997 MY. As with the frontal program, the test protocol was based on an existing Federal standard, FMVSS No. 214 “Side Impact Protection”, and again the test speed was increased by 8 km/h (5 mi/h).

Starting with the 2001 MY, the agency began using NCAP to rate vehicles for rollover resistance based on a static measurement of a vehicle’s track width and the height of its center of gravity. Beginning with the 2004 MY, NCAP rollover resistance ratings have been based on both the static measurements of a vehicle and the results of a dynamic test (fishhook test).

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Harald Zellmer: Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and NCAP

History of US NCAPIn June 2008 the agency announced major changes to the program starting from MY 2011 vehicles:

- The rating in frontal impact is changed, - A pole side impact is introduced, - A new overall Vehicle Safety Score will combine the star ratings from the front, side, and rollover programs.

Additional text will be added to the Star-Rating to inform consumers of the availability (optional or standard equipment) of three crash avoidance technologies:

- ESC (Electronic Stability Control) - FCW (Forward Collision Warning) - LDW (Lane Departure Warning)

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Harald Zellmer: Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and NCAP

Frontal Impact FMVSS 208

• 2 Dummys H-III 50% belted and unbelted • 2 Dummys H-III 5% belted and unbelted

• Belted loadcases full frontal barrier 0° - 30° at 48 km/h • Impact speed increased to 56 km/h in 2011

• Unbelted loadcases full frontal barrier 0° - 30° or Offset Deformable Barrier (ODB) with reduces impact velocity

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Harald Zellmer: Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and NCAP

• Dummy Criteria

• HIC15 < 700 (700) • NIJ < 1,0 • Thorax: a 3ms < 60g, Defl. < 63 mm (52 mm) • Femurs axial < 10,2 kN (< 6,8 kN) • no "Submarining“

• Figures put in parentheses are for H-III 5% Dummy

Frontal Impact FMVSS 208

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Harald Zellmer: Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and NCAP

HIC

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

CHEST ACCELERATION [g]30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

***** **** *** ** * Legal limits at 56 km/h from 2011

US NCAP until Model Year 2010

• Like FMVSS 208

• 35 mph = 56 km/h • Driver HIII-50% • Passenger HIII-50% • belted • Star rating

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Harald Zellmer: Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and NCAP

US NCAP Frontal Impact from 2011

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Harald Zellmer: Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and NCAP

Side impact FMVSS 214

• 2 Loadcases:Crab barrier,

54 km/h (= 48 km/h relative speed) 2 dummies EuroSID 2 Car-to-pole impact, 32 km/h, 1 dummy SID IIs

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Harald Zellmer: Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and NCAP

Increased speed compared to FMVSS 214 63 km/h

US NCAP Side Impact from 2011

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Harald Zellmer: Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and NCAP

Static and dynamic requirement (fishhook test)

US NCAP Rollover Assessment

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Harald Zellmer: Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and NCAP

Source: www.safercar.gov/

US NCAP Rollover Assessment

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Combined Crashworthiness Rating

The combined Vehicle Safety Score (VSS), is the weighted average of the Relative Risk Scores (RSS) in front, side and Rollover Crashes. The Vehicle Safety Score for the Combined Crashworthiness Rating is:

Combined Rating = (5/12)*RRS(front) + (4/12)*RRS(side) + (3/12)*RRS(roll)

5 Stars 4 Stars 3 Stars 2 Stars 1 Star

VSS VSS<0.67 0.67≤VSS<1.00 1.00≤VSS<1.33 1.33≤VSS<2.67 VSS≥2.67

Probability P< 0.1 0.10≤P<0.150 0.15≤P<0.20 0.20≤P<0.40 P ≥ 0.4

US NCAP Combined Rating

US NCAP Combined RatingPassenger vehicles (with a GVWR of 4,536 kilograms or less) manufactured on or after January 31, 2012 will be required to have the new safety rating label.

US NCAP EvolutionIt was planned to update US NCAP, but activities are delayed

Intended changes are given in green

FrontalSide

Source: Cahrs 2018