Motor Project

8/2/2019 Motor Project

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Motor AC Generator (Alternator) Transformer

An electrical Generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy (or power)

into electrical energy (or power).

Principle :

It is based on the principle of production of dynamically (or motionally) induced e.m.f(Electromotive Force). Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f.

is produced in it according to Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction. This e.m.f.causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed.

Hence, the basic essential parts of an electric generator are :

A magnetic field and

A conductor or conductors which can so move as to cut the flux.

Construction :

A single-turn rectangular copper coil abcd moving about its own axis in a magnetic field

provided by either permanent magnets or electromagnets. The two ends of the coil arejoined to two split-rings which are insulated from each other and from the central shaft. Two

collecting brushes (of carbon or copper) press against the slip rings.
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Click here for Animation

DC Generator AC Generator (Alternator) Transformer

An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanicalenergy.

Principle:

It is based on the principle that when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magneticfield, it experiences a mechanical force whose direction is given by Fleming's Left-hand ruleand whose magnitude is given by

Force, F = B I l newton

Where B is the magnetic field in weber/m2.

I is the current in amperes and

l is the length of the coil in meter.

The force, current and the magnetic field are all in different directions.

If an Electric current flows through two copper wires that are between the poles of a

magnet, an upward force will move one wire up and a downward force will move the otherwire down.

Figure 1: Force in DC Motor Figure 2 : Magnetic Field in DC Motor
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Figure 3 : Torque in DC Motor Figure 4 : Current Flow in DC Motor

The loop can be made to spin by fixing a half circle of copper which is known as

commutator, to each end of the loop. Current is passed into and out of the loop by brushesthat press onto the strips. The brushes do not go round so the wire do not get twisted. This

arrangement also makes sure that the current always passes down on the right and back on

the left so that the rotation continues. This is how a simple Electric motor is made.

Click here for Animation

Principle :

A.C. generators or alternators (as they are usually called) operate on the same fundamental

principles ofelectromagnetic induction as D.C. generators.

Alternating voltage may be generated by rotating a coil in the magnetic field or by rotatinga magnetic field within a stationary coil. The value of the voltage generated depends on-

the number of turns in the coil.

strength of the field.

the speed at which the coil or magnetic field rotates.
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Click Here for Animation

Working of Alternator
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Working :Consider a rectangular coil having N turns and rotating in a uniform magnetic field with an

angular velocity of radian/second. Maximum flux m is linked with the coil when its plane

coincides with the X-axis. In time t seconds, this coil rotates through an angle = . position , the component of the flux which is perpendicular to the plane of the

coil is = m cos t. Hence flux linkage at any time are N=Nm cos t.

According to Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction, the e.m.f. induced in the coil is

given by the rate of change of flux linkage of the coil. Hence the value of the induced e.m.f.

is

e = - d(N)/dt volt= - N d(m cos t) / dt volt= - Nm ( t) volt= Nm t volt= Nm volt ----------------------- (i)When the coil turned through 90 i.e. when = 90, then sin ,

,1 = )( .

= Nm= Nm2 = Nm m/ = 2. = 2.


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. / = ,) ( = sin = m t , = m t
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DC Generator AC Generator (Alternator) Motor

A transformer is a static piece of apparatus by means of which electric power in one circuit

is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. It can raise orlower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in current.Principle :

In brief, a transformer is a device that

transfers electric power from one circiut to another.

it does so without a change of frequency.

it accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and

where the two circuit are in mutual inductive influence of each

other.Working of Transformer E.M.F. Equation of a Transformer Voltage Transformation

In it's simplest form it consist of, two inductive coils which are electrically separated but

magnetically linked through a path of low reluctance. If one coil (primary) is connected to

source of alternating voltage, an alternating flux is set up in the laminated core, most of which is

linked with the other coil in which it produces mutually-induced e.m.f. (according to Faraday'sLaws of Electromagnetic Induction. If the second coil (secondary) circuit is closed, a current flows

in it and so electric energy is transferred (entirely magnetically) from the first coil to the second

coil.

Let N1 = No. of turns in primary
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N2 = No. of turns in secondary

m = Maximum flux in core in webers = Bm x Af = Frequency of a.c. input in Hz.

The flux increases from it's zero value to maximum value m in one quarter of the cycle i.e.in 1/4 f second.

Therefore, r.m.s value of e.m.f./turn = 4.44 m voltsNow, r.m.s value of induced e.m.f in the whole primary winding

= ( induced e.m.f. / turn ) x No. of primary winding

E1 = 4.44 f N1m ------------------- ( i )Similarly, r.m.s. value of e.m.f. induced in secondary is,

E2 = 4.44 f N2m------------------- ( ii )

From the above equations (i) and (ii), we get

= K(i) If K>1, then the transformer is called step-up transformer.

(ii) If K


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iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory

ITC Learnings AC/DC Motor Theory library was specifically developed for electricians and electronic technicians as well asfor the multi-craft training needs of process and manufacturing facilities. This library consists of 11 interactive, on-linelessons that address AC and DC motor theory. These lessons take approximately 30 to 45 minutes to complete.

1. Introduction to AC Components and Motors 2. Advanced AC Motor Principles 3. Three-Phase Motors - Part 1 4. Three-Phase Motors - Part 2 5. Single-Phase Motors 6. Introduction to DC Motors 7. Introduction to DC Motor Theory 8. Armature Reaction, Compensation, and Induced Voltage 9. Series, Shunt, and Compound DC Motors 10. Permanent Magnet, Universal, and Brushless DC Motors 11. DC Motor Controls

Introduction to AC Components and Motors

Description: This is the first lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson identifies the components ofan AC motor and explains their functions. Basic magnetic principles, sine waves, methods of increasing magnetic flux in aconductor, and how a rotating field is created in an AC Motor are presented.

Prerequisites: None

Topics:

Introduction to AC ComponentsMagnetic PrinciplesThe Sine WaveFlux FieldIncreasing Magnetic Flux

Objectives:

Identify the components of an AC Motor and explain their function Explain the basic principles of magnetism Interpret the characteristics of a current as represented on a sine wave
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Describe the effect of AC current on a conductor Describe the methods of increasing magnetic flux in a conductor Explain how a rotating field is created in an AC Motor

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Advanced AC Motor Principles

Description: The second lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library, this lesson explains synchronous speed andhow to calculate it. The lesson demonstrates the relationship between phased current and rotor spin and induction and itseffect on a rotor. Slip and how to calculate slip using its formula are also covered.

Prerequisites: Review of the lesson, Introduction to AC Components and Motors, or knowledge of AC motor componentsand magnetic principles is recommended.

Topics:

Current and Rotating FieldSynchronous SpeedRotor MovementRotor SpinSlip

Objectives:

Explain and be able to calculate synchronous speed Explain induction and its effect on a rotor Explain the relationship between phased current and rotor spin Explain slip and know its formula

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Three-Phase Motors - Part 1

Description: This is the third lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson defines and explains thecomponents and functions of various three-phase motors. The lesson also defines torque and explains its role in motoroperation.

Prerequisites: None

Topics:

Squirrel Case MotorsWound RotorsInduction CharacteristicsReluctance Synchronous

Objectives:

Describe the design of a squirrel cage rotor Explain the function of a squirrel cage rotor's components
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Describe the design of a wound rotor Explain the function of a wound rotor's components Define torque and explain its role in motor operation Explain the design of a reluctance motor and how it works

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Three-Phase Motors - Part 2

Description: This is the fourth lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson defines and explains thecomponents and functions of externally excited motors, starters, and variable speed drives. There is also a review topic toreinforce the information covered in the lesson, Three-Phase Motors Part 1.

Prerequisites: Completion of the lesson, Three-Phase Motors Part 1, is recommended.

Topics:

Externally Excited MotorsStartersVariable Speed DrivesThree-Phase Review

Objectives:

Explain the design of an externally excited motor Explain how an externally excited motor works Explain the function of a motor starter Describe the most common types of motor starters Describe a variable speed drive and its effect on voltage and frequency

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Single-Phase Motors

Description: This is the fifth lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson trains the participants todistinguish single-phase motors from three-phase motors. Split-phase motors and capacitance start motors are discussed.

Prerequisites: Completion of the lessons, Three-Phase Motors Part 1 and Part 2, is recommended.

Topics:

Single-Phase MotorsSplit-Phase MotorsCapacitor Start MotorsSummary

Objectives:

Distinguish a single-phase motor from a three-phase motor Explain the design of a split-phase motor and how it works


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Explain the design of a capacitance start motor and how it works

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Introduction to DC Motors

Description: This is the sixth lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson introduces the learner to DCMotors and their basic components.

Prerequisites: None

Topics:

History of DC MotorsBasic ComponentsArmature ComponentsBrushes

Objectives:

Identify the general characteristics of a DC motor Identify the advantages of a DC motor Identify the basic components of a DC motor Explain the function of DC motor components Identify the components of the armature and explain their function Identify the components of the brush assembly and explain their function

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Introduction to DC Motor Theory

Description: This is the seventh lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. The lesson introduces participants toDC motor theory.

Prerequisites: Knowledge of DC motor components and magnetic principles or review of the lessons, Introduction to ACComponents and Motors and Introduction to DC Motors, is recommended.

Topics:

Flux InteractionCommutation

Multiple Windings

Objectives:

Explain the effect of armature current on the main flux field and how it results in motor action. Explain the process of commutation and how it maintains direct current in a DC motor. Describe how the number of windings and commutator segments effects torque and mechanical power of a DC

motor.


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Armature Reaction, Compensation, and Induced Voltage

Description: The eighth lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library, this lesson demonstrates armature reaction,compensation, and induced voltage.

Prerequisites: Knowledge of DC motor components and review of the lesson, Introduction to DC Motor Theory, isrecommended.

Topics:

Armature ReactionCompensationInduced Voltage

Objectives:

Explain how armature reaction shifts the neutral plane in a DC motor Explain how armature reaction affects motor operation Explain what measures will correct armature reaction List the requirements for induced voltage in a motor Explain counter-EMF.

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Series, Shunt, and Compound DC Motors

Description: This is the ninth lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson instructs the participant inthe design of series wound, shunt wound, and compound DC motors and how they work.

Prerequisites: Knowledge of DC motor components and review of the lessons, Introduction to DC Motor Theory andArmature Reaction, Compensation, and Induced Voltage, is recommended.

Topics:

Series Wound MotorsShunt Wound MotorsCompound Motors

Objectives:

Explain the design of a series wound DC motor Explain how a series wound DC motor works Explain the design of a shunt wound DC motor Explain how a shunt wound DC motor works Explain the design of a compound wound DC motor Explain how a compound wound DC motor works

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Permanent Magnet, Universal, and Brushless DC Motors

Description: This is the tenth lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson instructs the student in thedesign of permanent magnet, universal, and brushless DC motors and how they work.

Prerequisites: Knowledge of DC motor components and review of the lessons, Introduction to DC Motor Theory and Series,Shunt, and Compound DC Motors, are recommended.

Topics:

Permanent Magnet MotorsUniversal MotorsBrushless Motors

Objectives:

Explain the design of a permanent magnet DC motor

Explain how a permanent magnet DC motor works Explain how a universal motor runs off of DC power Explain the design of a brushless DC motor Explain how a brushless DC motor works

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DC Motor Controls

Description: This is the final lesson in the iKNOW AC/DC Motor Theory Library. This lesson trains participants in starters,rotation direction, speed control, and drive controls of DC motors.

Prerequisites: Knowledge of schematics is recommended as well as review of the lessons, Introduction to DC Motor Theoryand Series, Shunt, and Compound DC Motors.

Topics:

Starting DC MotorsReverse DirectionSpeed ControlDC Drives

Objectives:

Explain why a reduced voltage starter is sometimes needed in a motor Explain how a reduced voltage starter works Explain what determines the direction of rotation of a DC motor Explain how a reverse contactor works Explain how to control the speed of a DC motor Explain how a tapped resistor works Explain how a field rheostat works Explain a DC drives control system Explain how a DC drive control system works
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