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Motivation: In Learning and TeachingSURYA PRAKASH SUSARLAwww.prakashsusarla.in
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Primary trainings tot
OverviewWhat Is Motivation?Four General Approaches to MotivationGoal Orientation and MotivationInterests and MotivationSelf-Schemas
Primary trainings tot
Concept Map for FourApproaches toMotivationSelf-SchemasInterests andMotivationGoalOrientation andMotivationTeachers, Teaching, &Educational PsychologyWhat Is Motivation
MotivationMotivation defined: Internal stateArouses, directs, maintains behaviorIntrinsic / ExtrinsicLocus of causality
Four General Approaches to Motivation
Behavioral ApproachRewards are consequences of behaviorsIncentives encourage or discourage behaviors
Humanistic ApproachesThird force psychologyEmphasis on personal choiceNeedsSelf-actualization / Self-determinationMaslows hierarchy
Deficiency needsSurvivalPre-requisiteSurvivalSafetyBelongingSelf-esteemBeing needsEndlessly renewedWhole personIntellect / achievementAestheticsSelf-actualizationMaslows Hierarchy
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and BaconMaslows HierarchySelf-ActualizationNeedAesthetic NeedsNeed to know & UnderstandEsteem NeedsBelongingness & Love NeedsSafety NeedsPhysiological NeedsBeing (growth)NeedsDeficiencyNeedsMotivation increasesas needs are metMotivationdecreasesas needsare met
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
Cognitive PerspectiveFocus on thinkingEmphasizes intrinsic motivation People are active and curious Plans, goals, schemas, and expectations
Cognitive PerspectiveAttribution theoryPerceived cause of successes or failuresLocusStabilityResponsibilityAttributions in the classroomTeacher actions influence student attributionsExpectancy X Value Theory
Attribution Theory
Weiners TermsLocusStabilityResponsibilityInternal / externalStable / unstableControllable / uncontrollable
Examples of Attribution TheoryInternal locus, stable, controllable:I am good at studying for multiple choice tests, so I will do well on the next Educational Psychology Exam.Internal, stable, uncontrollable:Essay tests are always hard for me, so I wont do well in American Literature.
Sociocultural Conceptions of MotivationEmphasizes participation in communities of practiceLegitimate peripheral participationRelate to authentic tasks
Goal Orientation and Motivation
Why Goals Improve PerformanceDirect attention to the task at handMobilize effortIncrease persistencePromote development of new strategies
Four Kinds of Goals Learning goals / task-involvedPerformance goals / ego-involvedWork-avoidance goalsSocial goalsThe need for relatednessThey wont care how much you know until they know how much you care.
Feedback & Goal Acceptance: Effective Goals AreSpecificChallengingAttainableFocused on the taskSupported by social relationshipsReinforced with feedbackAccepted by the student
Reflection QuestionsWhat goal have you set for yourself recently?Did you follow good goal setting principles?How can you improve your personal goal setting practices?How does goal setting affect your motivation?
Interest and Emotions
Interest and EmotionsStudent interests linked with success in schoolFantasy to stimulate challenge & interestEnsure that interesting details are legitimately tied to learning
Arousal: Excitement & Anxiety in LearningArousal: excitement, alertness, attentionCuriosity: novelty & complexityAnxiety: uneasiness, tension, stressAnxiety and effects on achievementCoping with anxietyProblem solvingEmotional managementAvoidance
Implications for TeachersKeep level of arousal right for learnersSleepy students?Introduce varietyArouse curiositySurprise themWiggle break
Self-Schemas
Beliefs about AbilityEntity viewIncremental viewDevelopmental differencesEffects on types of goals
Beliefs about Self-EfficacySelf-efficacy, self-concept, & self-esteemSources of self-efficacyMastery experiencesVicarious experiencesSocial persuasionEfficacy and motivationTeacher efficacy
Beliefs about SelfSelf-determination or other-determinationClassroom environment & self-determinationCognitive evaluation theoryLearned helplessnessSelf-worthMastery-orientedFailure-avoidingFailure-accepting
Reflection QuestionsHow will you deal with a student who is exhibiting learned helplessness?One of your students is avoiding failure by not doing assignments. How will you approach this challenge?
Lessons for TeachersEmphasize students progressMake specific suggestions for improvementStress connection between effort & accomplishmentSet learning goals for your studentsModel mastery orientation
SummaryWhat Is Motivation?Four General Approaches to MotivationGoal Orientation and MotivationInterests and MotivationSelf-Schemas
Review QuestionsDefine motivation.What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?How does locus of causality apply to motivation?What are the key factors in motivation according to a behavioral viewpoint? Humanistic? Cognitive? Sociocultural?
Review QuestionsDistinguish between deficiency needs and being needs in Maslows theory.What are the three dimensions of attribution in Weiners theory?What are expectancy X value theories?What is legitimate peripheral participation?What kinds of goals are most motivating?
Review QuestionsDescribe learning, performance, work-avoidance, and social goals.What makes goal setting effective in the classroom?Do interests and emotions affect learning? How?What is the role of arousal in learning?How does anxiety interfere with learning?
Review QuestionsHow do beliefs about ability affect motivation?What is self-efficacy and how is it different from other self-schemas?What are the sources of self-efficacy and how does efficacy affect motivation?How does self-determination affect motivation?How does self-worth affect motivation?
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and BaconMost First Class students get technical seats, some become Doctors and some Engineers.The Second Class pass, and then pass MBA, become Administrators and control the First Class
The Third Class pass, enter politics and become Ministers and control both
Last, but not the least, The Failuresjoin the underworld and control ALL the above
Copyright 2001 by Allyn and Bacon
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