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PERSEPSI & MOTIVASI PERSEPSI & MOTIVASI DLM PERILAKU DLM PERILAKU
KESEHATANKESEHATAN
Persepsi
Proses yang kita gunakan untuk menginterpretasikan data-data sensoris (Lahlry, 1991). Data sensoris sampai kepada kita melalui 5 indra kita.
Persepsi : 2 jenis
PENGARUH STRUKTURAL Aspek-aspek fisik rangsangan yang sampai ke
kitaPENGARUH FUNGSIONAL
Faktor-faktor psikologis yang mempengaruhi persepsi subjektivitas ke dalam proses
PERSEPSIPERSEPSIFaktor2 yang mempengaruhi persepsi :Faktor2 yang mempengaruhi persepsi :1.1. Faktor eksternalFaktor eksternal
• KontrasKontras• Perubahan intensitasPerubahan intensitas• RepetitionRepetition• Sesuatu yg baru (novelty)Sesuatu yg baru (novelty)• Sesuatu yg mjd perhatian orng banyakSesuatu yg mjd perhatian orng banyak
2.2. Faktor internalFaktor internal• Pengalaman/pengetahuanPengalaman/pengetahuan• Harapan/expectationHarapan/expectation• KebutuhanKebutuhan• MotivasiMotivasi• EmosiEmosi• BudayaBudaya
Dalam mempersepsi objek Dalam mempersepsi objek pengamatan, stimulus akan pengamatan, stimulus akan diorganisasikan berdasarkan hukum-diorganisasikan berdasarkan hukum-hukum pengelompokan hukum pengelompokan • Hukum kedekatan (proximity)Hukum kedekatan (proximity)• Hukum kesamaan (similarity)Hukum kesamaan (similarity)• Hukum kesederhanaan (simplicity)Hukum kesederhanaan (simplicity)• Hukum keteraturan bentuk (good figure)Hukum keteraturan bentuk (good figure)• Hukum kesinambungan (continuation)Hukum kesinambungan (continuation)• Hukum kesempurnaan (law of closure)Hukum kesempurnaan (law of closure)• Hukum kesenasiban (law of common fate)Hukum kesenasiban (law of common fate)
““THEOPPORTUNITYISNOTHEOPPORTUNITYISNOWHERE”WHERE”
Kalau dikelompokkan, Kalau dikelompokkan, kemampuan orang dalam kemampuan orang dalam membaca keadaan dapat membaca keadaan dapat digolongkan menjadi dua yaitu: digolongkan menjadi dua yaitu:
• Kemampuan membaca Kemampuan membaca Tangible Tangible materials (materi yang bisa dilihat materials (materi yang bisa dilihat dan disentuh)dan disentuh)
• Kemampuan membaca Kemampuan membaca Intangible Intangible materials (materi yang tidak kasat materials (materi yang tidak kasat mata dan tidak dapat tersentuh)mata dan tidak dapat tersentuh)
MOTIVASIMOTIVASI
DEFINISI MOTIVASIDEFINISI MOTIVASI• Dari Bahasa Latin : “to move”Dari Bahasa Latin : “to move”• Kekuatan yg menggerakkan kita utk Kekuatan yg menggerakkan kita utk
berperilaku ttt.berperilaku ttt.• Sekelompok fenomena yg Sekelompok fenomena yg
mempengaruhi sifat, kekuatan, & mempengaruhi sifat, kekuatan, & ketetapan tingkah laku manusia ketetapan tingkah laku manusia (Quinn, 1995)(Quinn, 1995)
• Interaksi antara pelaku dng Interaksi antara pelaku dng lingkungannya shg akan lingkungannya shg akan meningkatkan, menurunkan atau meningkatkan, menurunkan atau mempertahankan perilaku (John mempertahankan perilaku (John Elder, et al, 1998)Elder, et al, 1998)
Beberapa pendekatan dlm Beberapa pendekatan dlm mempelajari MOTIVASImempelajari MOTIVASI
1.1. Pendekatan IntrinsikPendekatan Intrinsik2.2. Pendekatan Pemuasan KebutuhanPendekatan Pemuasan Kebutuhan3.3. Pendekatan InsentifPendekatan Insentif4.4. Pendekatan ArousalPendekatan Arousal5.5. Pendekatan KognitifPendekatan Kognitif
TEORI MOTIVASITEORI MOTIVASI• CONTENT THEORYCONTENT THEORY
Cara untuk menganalisis kebutuhanCara untuk menganalisis kebutuhan• PROCESS THEORYPROCESS THEORY
Memahami proses berpikirMemahami proses berpikir
1. Teori Kepuasan (Content theory)1. Teori Kepuasan (Content theory)• Pengertian dan Model MotivasiPengertian dan Model Motivasi• Teori hirarki kebutuhan MaslowTeori hirarki kebutuhan Maslow• Teori dua faktor Frederick HerzbergTeori dua faktor Frederick Herzberg• Teori kebutuhan McClellandTeori kebutuhan McClelland• Alderfer’s ERG theoryAlderfer’s ERG theory2. Teori Motivasi Proses (Process theory)2. Teori Motivasi Proses (Process theory)• Teori Harapan (Expectancy Theory)Teori Harapan (Expectancy Theory)• Teori Keadilan (Equity Theory)Teori Keadilan (Equity Theory)• Teori Pengukuhan (Reinforcement Theory)Teori Pengukuhan (Reinforcement Theory)
TEORI MOTIVASITEORI MOTIVASI
Teori hirarki kebutuhan MaslowTeori hirarki kebutuhan Maslow
““That people’s needs depend on what they That people’s needs depend on what they already have. In a sense, then, a satisfied needs already have. In a sense, then, a satisfied needs isn’t a motivator. Human needs, organized in a isn’t a motivator. Human needs, organized in a hierarchy of importance, are hierarchy of importance, are physiological, physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self safety, belongingness, esteem, and self actualizationactualization””
Source : Gibson
Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self actualization
Esteem
Social / Belongingness
Safety
Physiological
Source : Stephen P. Robbins
TEORI DUA FAKTOR FREDERICK HERZBERGTEORI DUA FAKTOR FREDERICK HERZBERG
View that job satisfaction results from the presence View that job satisfaction results from the presence of intrinsic motivators and that job dissatisfaction of intrinsic motivators and that job dissatisfaction stems from not having extrinsic factorsstems from not having extrinsic factors
Source : Gibson
Traditional and Herzberg Views of Satisfaction-Traditional and Herzberg Views of Satisfaction-DissatifactionDissatifaction
I. TraditionalI. TraditionalHigh job High job dissatisfactiodissatisfactionn
High job High job satisfactionsatisfaction
II. Herzberg’s two-factor viewII. Herzberg’s two-factor viewLow job Low job satisfactionsatisfaction
High job High job satisfaction satisfaction (motivator)(motivator)
Low job Low job dissatisfactiodissatisfactionn
High job High job satisfaction satisfaction (hygiene)(hygiene)
Source : Gibson
Teori Kebutuhan McClellandTeori Kebutuhan McClelland
Learned Needs Theory Learned Needs Theory
Theory that proposes that a person with a strong need Theory that proposes that a person with a strong need will be motivated to use appropriate behaviors to will be motivated to use appropriate behaviors to satisfy the need. A person’s needs are learned from satisfy the need. A person’s needs are learned from the culture of a societythe culture of a society
Thematis Apperception Test (TAT) Thematis Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective test that uses a person’s analysis of picture Projective test that uses a person’s analysis of picture to evaluate such individual differences as to evaluate such individual differences as need for need for achivement, need for power, and need for affiliationachivement, need for power, and need for affiliation
Source : Gibson
The theory focus on three needsThe theory focus on three needs
1. 1. Need for achievementNeed for achievement
3. 3. Need for affiliationNeed for affiliation
The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards, to strive to succeedstandards, to strive to succeed
2. 2. Need for powerNeed for power
The need to make others behave in a way that they The need to make others behave in a way that they wouldn’t have behaved otherwisewouldn’t have behaved otherwise
The desire for friendly and close interpersonal The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationshipsrelationships
Tiga Kebutuhan (motif) SosialTiga Kebutuhan (motif) SosialDavid Mc. ClelandDavid Mc. Cleland• Kebutuan berprestasi (need for Kebutuan berprestasi (need for
achevement)achevement)• Kebutuhan berkuasa (need for Kebutuhan berkuasa (need for
power)power)• Kebutuhan afiliasi (need for Kebutuhan afiliasi (need for
affiliation)affiliation)
need for powerneed for power• Mempengaruhi dan mengatur orang lainMempengaruhi dan mengatur orang lain• Senang memberi nasehatSenang memberi nasehat• Memperhatikan reputasi dan posisiMemperhatikan reputasi dan posisi• Mengumpulkan objek prestiseMengumpulkan objek prestise• Aktif berorganisasiAktif berorganisasi• Mencari dan mempergunakan informasi Mencari dan mempergunakan informasi
untuk mempengaruhi orang lainuntuk mempengaruhi orang lain
need for affiliationneed for affiliation• Menciptakan persahabatanMenciptakan persahabatan• Menyenangi suasana yang kooperatifMenyenangi suasana yang kooperatif• Tidak senang sendirianTidak senang sendirian• Perhatian terhadap orang lebih dari Perhatian terhadap orang lebih dari
terhadap pekerjaanterhadap pekerjaan• Menekankan hal-hal yang bisa Menekankan hal-hal yang bisa
diterima orang lainditerima orang lain
Need for achievementNeed for achievement• Mengungguli orang lainMengungguli orang lain• InovatifInovatif• Menetapkan sasaran yang moderatMenetapkan sasaran yang moderat• Bertanggung jawabBertanggung jawab• Mencari umpan balikMencari umpan balik• Memilih berteman dengan para ahliMemilih berteman dengan para ahli
Alderfer’s ERG theoryAlderfer’s ERG theory
Theory developed and tested by Alderfer that Theory developed and tested by Alderfer that categorized needs as categorized needs as existence, related-ness and existence, related-ness and growthgrowth
Source : Gibson
ExistenceExistence; ; needs satisfied by such as food, air, water, pay and working conditionsneeds satisfied by such as food, air, water, pay and working conditions
GrowthGrowth; ; needs satisfied by an individual making creative or productive contributionsneeds satisfied by an individual making creative or productive contributions
Related-nessRelated-ness; ; needs satisfied by meaningful social and interpersonal relationshipneeds satisfied by meaningful social and interpersonal relationship
ERG Theory Relationships among Frustration, ERG Theory Relationships among Frustration, Importance and Satisfaction of NeedsImportance and Satisfaction of Needs
Frustration of growth needs
Importanceof growth needs
Satisfactionof growth needs
Frustration of relatedness needs
Importanceof relatedness needs
Satisfactionof relatedness needs
Frustration of existence needs
Importanceof existence needs
Satisfactionof existence needs
Source : Gibson
A graphic Comparison of Four Content Theories of A graphic Comparison of Four Content Theories of MotivationMotivation
MaslowMaslow(need (need hierarchy)hierarchy)
Self-actualizationSelf-actualization
EsteemEsteem
Belongingness, Belongingness, social and lovesocial and love
PhysiologicalPhysiological
HerzbergHerzberg(two factor (two factor theory)theory)The work itselfThe work itself- Responsibility- Responsibility- AdvancementAdvancement- GrowthGrowth
Achievement Achievement RecognitionRecognition
Quality of Quality of interpersonal interpersonal relations among relations among peers, with peers, with supervisor, with supervisor, with subordinatessubordinates
Job securityJob security
Working conditions Working conditions SalarySalary
AlderferAlderfer
GrowthGrowth
RelatedneRelatednessss
ExistenceExistence
Mc Mc ClellandClelland
Need for Need for achievemenachievement t
Need for Need for powerpower
Need for Need for affiliationaffiliation
Higher order needs
Basic needs
Motivators
Hygiens conditions
MOTIVASI UTK BERPERILAKU MOTIVASI UTK BERPERILAKU SEHATSEHAT• Skill deficit Skill deficit pelatihan pelatihan• Performance deficit Performance deficit reinforcement reinforcement
utk meningkatkan perilaku, sanksi utk meningkatkan perilaku, sanksi utk menurunkan perilakuutk menurunkan perilaku
PERILAKU SEHAT SULIT ?PERILAKU SEHAT SULIT ?• Dampak tidak cepatDampak tidak cepat• Mungkin tidak berdampak thd Mungkin tidak berdampak thd
penyakit, tp hanya mencegahpenyakit, tp hanya mencegah• Memotivasi orang sehat lbh sulit Memotivasi orang sehat lbh sulit
drpd memotivasi orang sakit.drpd memotivasi orang sakit.• Lingkungan sangat berpengaruhLingkungan sangat berpengaruh