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Chapter 36

Activity and Exercise

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Body Mechanics, Exercise, and Activity

• Body alignment

• Body balance

• Coordinated body movement

• Friction

• Exercise and activity– Isotonic, isometric, resistive

isometric exercises

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Regulation of Movement

• Skeletal muscle – Bones – Joints – Ligaments, tendons, cartilage

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Regulation of Movement (cont'd)

• Skeletal muscle – Movement– Posture– Groups

• Synergistic• Antigravity

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Regulation of Movement (cont'd)

• Nervous system– Movement– Posture– Proprioception– Balance

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Principles of Body Mechanics

• Pathological influences– Congenital defects– Disorders of bones, joints, and muscles– Musculoskeletal trauma

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Developmental Changes in Appearance and Function

• Infants

• Toddlers

• School-aged children

• Adolescents

• Young to middle adults

• Older adults

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Behavioral Aspects

• Support by significant others, health care team

• Knowledge of exercise and activity

• Readiness to change behavior

• Program customized to meet personalized needs

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Environmental Issues

• Worksite

• Schools

• Community

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Psychosocial Issues

• Cultural and ethnic influences

• Family and social support

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Assessment

• Body alignment and posture– Standing– Sitting– Recumbent position

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Assessment (cont'd)

• Body alignment and posture (cont'd)– Mobility

• Range of motion• Gait• Exercise

– Activity tolerance

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Nursing Diagnoses

• Activity intolerance

• Disturbed body image

• Risk for injury

• Impaired physical mobility

• Acute/Chronic pain

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Planning

• Goals and outcomes– Examples

• Participates in prescribed activity• Expresses understanding of

balancing rest and activity– Setting priorities– Continuity of care

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Implementation

• Health promotion: exercise programs

• Nursing safety– Body mechanics– Lifting techniques

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Implementation (cont'd)

• Acute care– Muscle strengthening, isometric

exercise– Joint mobility: ROM, CPM machines

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Implementation (cont'd)

• Ambulation– Nurse assistance– Assistive devices

• Walkers• Canes• Crutches

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Implementation (cont'd)

• Restoration of activity– Coronary heart disease– Hypertension– COPD– Diabetes mellitus

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Evaluation

• Activity tolerance

• Mobility, balance

• Client expectations