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Morphology, Part 2. September 26, 2012. Quick Write Thoughts. Is it realistic to portray Mr. Burns as having a dictionary inside his head?. Quick Write Thoughts. Quick Write Thoughts. Quick Write Thoughts. In Our Last Episode. Words and morphemes (meaningful “word parts”) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Morphology, Part 2
September 26, 2012
Quick Write Thoughts• Is it realistic to portray Mr. Burns as having a dictionary inside his head?
Quick Write Thoughts
Quick Write Thoughts
Quick Write Thoughts
In Our Last Episode• Words and morphemes (meaningful “word parts”)
• Free and bound morphemes
• Simple and complex words
• Affixes and roots
• Word-formation rules
• Affixes attach to a root (or base) of a particular lexical category…
• and create a new word.
Layers of Words• Words that are formed through the addition of multiple affixes have a layered, or hierarchical structure.
• One (ugly) way to represent this structure is through bracket notation:
• [root] [construct]
• [[affix] + [root]] [[re-] + [construct]] (=base)
• [[base] + [affix]] [[[re-] + [construct]] + [-ion]]
• WORD reconstruction
Tree Structures• In this class, we’ll primarily stick with tree diagrams to represent word structure.
• (because they look better and are easier to read)
re construct ion un desire able
• Tree terminology: branches
• nodes: where two branches meet
• nodes represent constituents of the word
Building the Perfect Beasts• To accurately capture all of the facts of word formation…
• tree structures should represent the lexical categories of all constituents at each node in the tree.
Noun Adj
Verb Adj
Aff Verb Aff Aff Verb Aff
[re-] [construct] [-ion] [un-] [desire] [-able]
Test Case• What should the tree diagram for “reassignment” look like?
Noun
Verb
Aff Verb Aff
[re-] [assign] [-ment]
3. reassignment
2. reassign
1. assign
Another Test Case• How about the tree diagram for “miscategorization”?
Noun
Verb
Verb
Aff Noun Aff Aff
[mis-] [category] [-ize] [-ation]
4. miscategorization
3. miscategorize
2. categorize
*miscategory
1. category
Ambiguity• Some complex words can have more than one interpretation
• Different derivations can result in different interpretations
• Example: “unlockable”
Note: [un-] can attach to both adjectives and verbs
[-able] attaches to verbs and creatives adjectives
Unlockable, part 1 Adj
Adj
Aff Verb Aff
[un-] [lock] [-able]
• = not able to be locked
Unlockable, part 2 Adj
Verb
Aff Verb Aff
[un-] [lock] [-able]
• = able to be unlocked
Inflections vs. Derivations• Linguists draw another distinction among affixes:1. Inflectional affixes:• mark grammatical properties
• (person, number, gender, tense, aspect)• don’t change other aspects of meaning• are required by rules of sentence structure• create a new “word form”
2. Derivational affixes:• change meaning• create a new word • (typically) have clear semantic content• may change the lexical category of the word
Inflectional Affixes• There are precisely eight inflectional affixes in English:
• -s 3rd person wait --> waits• -ing progressive wait --> waiting• -ed past tense wait --> waited• -en past participle eat --> eaten• -s plural card --> cards• -’s possessive dad --> dad’s• -er comparative tall --> taller• -est superlative weak --> weakest
1. All of these are suffixes.
Inflectional Affixes• Other languages can have a lot more inflectional affixes.
• Examples from French: parler “to speak”
• 1st person, plural: parlons “We speak”
• 2nd person, plural: parlez “You guys speak”
• Past tense:
• 1st person, singular: parlais “I spoke”
• 1st person, plural: parlions “We spoke”
• 2nd person, plural: parliez “You guys spoke”
• Plus many, many more.
• Note: Volapük. (http://www.visi.com/~dean/volverb.html)
Derivational Affixes• In contrast to inflectional affixes, derivational affixes:
• Create new words when they’re attached to roots
• Examples:
• re- cycle --> recycle
• de- code --> decode
• -y fish --> fishy
• -ize vandal --> vandalize
• Also: English has far more derivational affixes than inflectional affixes.
• For fairness’ sake: http://www.visi.com/~dean/volword.html
Picky, Picky (last time)• Inflectional affixes are always going to attach to a root with a particular part of speech.
• Plural noun = singular noun + “s”
• birds = bird + s dogs = dog + s
• Past tense verb = present tense verb + “ed”
• waited = wait + ed talked = talk + ed
• Comparative adjective = adjective + “er”
• taller = tall + er shorter = short + er
• Q: if both a derivational and an inflectional affix attach to a root, which will attach first?
The Relationship• A: Derivational affixes will always attach before inflectional affixes do.
• Remember: derivational affixes create new words;
• Inflectional affixes just create new word forms.
• Examples: blackened, governments, *neighborshood
Verb Noun
Verb Noun
Adj DAff. IAff. Verb DAff. IAff.
black -en -ed govern -ment -s
A Note on Word Forms• Morphologists use the term lexeme to refer to a group of related word forms.
• wait, waits, waited, waiting, etc.
• The canonical form of the lexeme is called the lemma.
• = the “headword” in a dictionary.
• Inflectional affixes relate a lexeme to its various forms.
• Derivational affixes relate one lexeme to another lexeme.
lemma
word forms
different lexeme