Morphology New

7/24/2019 Morphology New

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MORPHOLOGY OFMORPHOLOGY OF

FLOWERINGFLOWERINGPLANTSPLANTS

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MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY --

Study of external characterStudy of external character

of an organisms.of an organisms.

AG!OSP"RMSAG!OSP"RMS--

#lo$ering %lants.#lo$ering %lants.

33


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4


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Leafs,roots and stem are calledLeafs,roots and stem are called

vegetative partsvegetative parts

Because they can store food unlikeBecause they can store food unlikeowers which cannotowers which cannot

5


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ARTS OF FLOWERING

ARTS OF FLOWERING

LANTS

LANTS

66


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PARTS OF FLOWERINGPARTS OF FLOWERING

PLANTSPLANTS

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ARTS OF FLOWERING

ARTS OF FLOWERING

LANTSLANTS

Root systemRoot system - parts of plants below the soil- parts of plants below the soilsurfacesurface

Shoot systemShoot system - above the soil surface- above the soil surface StemStem - main axis of shoot- main axis of shoot LeafLeaf - green flat photosynthetic- green flat photosynthetic !o"e!o"e - parts of stem from where leaf- parts of stem from where leaf

originateoriginate #nterno"e#nterno"e - space between a"$acent no"e- space between a"$acent no"e %xillary bu"%xillary bu" - bu" foun" from axil of leaf- bu" foun" from axil of leaf &erminal bu" 'apical bu"(&erminal bu" 'apical bu"( - bu" at the tip- bu" at the tip

))


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THE ROOT

Non-green underground part

Radicle o t!e e"#r$o

Po%iti&e geotropic

Po%iti&e !$drotropic

Negati&e p!ototrop!ic

'ranc!e% o root de&eloped ro"peric$cle (endogenou% in origin)

*


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TYPES OF ROOT SYSTEMTYPES OF ROOT SYSTEM

Tap root %$%te"Tap root %$%te"

Fi#rou% root %$%te"Fi#rou% root %$%te"

Ad&entitiou% root %$%te"Ad&entitiou% root %$%te"

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TAP ROOTTAP ROOT

*on%i%t% o a "ain root-*on%i%t% o a "ain root-

tap root or pri"ar$ roottap root or pri"ar$ root

Pri"ar$ root penetrate%Pri"ar$ root penetrate%

into t!e deep %oil- +,e%into t!e deep %oil- +,e%t!e plant #od$t!e plant #od$

Lateral root% areLateral root% are

de&eloped ro" pri"ar$de&eloped ro" pri"ar$

root- a#%or# nutrient%root- a#%or# nutrient% EgEg HibiscusHibiscus

1111


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&ap root is the "irect prolongation of&ap root is the "irect prolongation of

thethe ra"iclera"icleof the embryoof the embryo1+1+


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FI'RO.S ROOTFI'RO.S ROOT

SYSTEMSYSTEMRadicle %top% it%Radicle %top% it%gro/t! and +#re-gro/t! and +#re-

li0e %tructure%li0e %tructure%

are de&elopedare de&elopedT!e$ do notT!e$ do not

penetrate intopenetrate into

t!e deep %oilt!e deep %oilEgEg root systemroot system

of grassof grass

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A12ENTITIO.S ROOT

SYSTEM Root /!ic!de&eloped ro"an$ part o t!e

plant #od$ ot!ert!an t!e root%$%te"

Eg Banyan tree(root% arede&eloped ro"lateral

#ranc!e%)14

FUNCTIONS OFFUNCTIONS OF


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FUNCTIONS OFFUNCTIONS OFROOTROOT SYSTEMSYSTEM

To anchor the plant to the soilTo anchor the plant to the soil

To absorb water and nutrientsTo absorb water and nutrients

Some roots modifed to perormSome roots modifed to perorm

special unctions li!especial unctions li!e

respiration" ood stora#e"respiration" ood stora#e"

assimilation" mechanicalassimilation" mechanical

support etc$support etc$

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MODIFICATION OF ROOT

ODIFICATION OF ROOT

&AP ROO& MO'!#!(A&!OS)&AP ROO& MO'!#!(A&!OS)

*.*.(onical(onical

+.+.#usiform#usiform

,.,.a%iforma%iform

..&uerous&uerous

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MODIFICATION OF ROOT

A12ENTITIO.S ROOT MO1IFI*ATION

3Tu#ercular

4Fa%ciculated

5'eaded root

6Nodulou%root

7Prop root

8 Stilt root9 *li"#ing root: A%%i"ilator$ root; Hau%toria

3


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TMTM33= *ONI*AL= *ONI*AL

Root i% %/ollenRoot i% %/ollen

ie #road atie #road at

t!e tip andt!e tip andtaper% to/ard%taper% to/ard%

t!e lo/er endt!e lo/er end

EgEgCarrotCarrot

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TMTM44= F.SIFORM ROOT= F.SIFORM ROOT

Root i% %/ollenRoot i% %/ollen

in t!e "iddlein t!e "iddle

and tapering atand tapering att!e tip > #a%et!e tip > #a%e

Spindle %!apedSpindle %!aped

EgEg RadishRadish

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TM

M

3

: NA IFORM ROOT

NA IFORM ROOT

S$ollenS$ollen

s%herically ats%herically at

the u%%er endthe u%%er end

Shar%ly ta%eringShar%ly ta%ering

to$ards theto$ards the

lo$ering endlo$ering end ".g.".g. beet rootbeet root

++


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+1+1


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TM

M

4

: TUBEROUS ROOT

TUBEROUS ROOT

Root is thic/Root is thic/

and fleshy utand fleshy utdoes not ha0e adoes not ha0e a

definite sha%edefinite sha%e

".g.".g. MirabilisMirabilis

++++


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AM

M

1

: TUBERCULAR

TUBERCULAR

ROOT

OOT

Root is s$ollenRoot is s$ollen

1 no definite1 no definite

sha%esha%e

&hey occur&hey occur

singlysingly

#ood storage#ood storage ".g.".g. SweetSweet

potato potato+3+3


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AMAM44= FAS*I*.LATE1= FAS*I*.LATE1

ROOTROOTStorage rootStorage root

occur as aoccur as a

cluster at thecluster at thebase of the stembase of the stem

Food storageFood storage

E.g.E.g. AsparagusAsparagus

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AM

M

3

: MONOLIFORM

MONOLIFORM

ROOTOOT

Storage root s$ell at inter0alStorage root s$ell at inter0al

#ood storage#ood storage 2eaded structure2eaded structure

".g.".g. Bitter gourdBitter gourd

+5+5


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AM

M

4

: NODULOSE ROOT

NODULOSE ROOT

Slen"er rootSlen"er rootswollen at the tipswollen at the tip

.oo" storage.oo" storage

/0g0/0g0 ango gingerango ginger

+6+6

AMAM = PROP (PILLAR)= PROP (PILLAR)


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AMAM77= PROP (PILLAR)= PROP (PILLAR)

ROOTROOT

Ad&entitiou%Ad&entitiou%

aerial rootaerial root

Produced ro"Produced ro"

%te" or #ranc!%te" or #ranc!

Acti&e a% a pillarActi&e a% a pillar

%upporting t!e%upporting t!e

plantplant EgEg Banyan treeBanyan tree

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AMAM33) S&!L& ROO&) S&!L& ROO&

AdventitiousAdventitiousaerial rootaerial root

Developed fromDeveloped from

lowermost nodelowermost nodeof aerial stemof aerial stem

Support theSupport the

main stemmain stem E.g.E.g. Screw pine,Screw pine,

Sugar caneSugar cane

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Ad&entitiou%root green incolour

Pre%ence oc!lorop!$ll

P!oto%$nt!etic

in unction Eg Tinospora

+*

%M%M (%USTORI%(%USTORI%


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%M%M&&' (%USTORI%' (%USTORI%

)SUC*IN+ ROOT,)SUC*IN+ ROOT, Seen inSeen in parasiticparasiticplant )li-e onplant )li-e on

other plants and absorb ood romother plants and absorb ood rom

it,it,

.arasitic plant produces.arasitic plant produces

ad-entitious root which enter thead-entitious root which enter the

host and absorb ood rom it$ Thesehost and absorb ood rom it$ These

specialised suc!in# roots are calledspecialised suc!in# roots are called(austoria(austoria

E$#$E$#$Loranthus, CuscuttaLoranthus, Cuscutta

3


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LORANTH.SLORANTH.S

33 Partial %te"Partial %te"

para%itepara%ite

44 T!e$ prepareT!e$ prepare

t!eir o/n oodt!eir o/n ood

"aterial"aterial55 Hau%toriaHau%toria

e%ta#li%! contacte%ta#li%! contact

/it! t!e/it! t!e ,$le",$le"onl$onl$

*.S*.TTA*.S*.TTA

33 Total %te"Total %te"

para%itepara%ite

44 T!e$ a#%or#T!e$ a#%or#

ood "aterial%ood "aterial%

ro" t!e !o%tro" t!e !o%t55 Hau%toriaHau%toria

e%ta#li%!e%ta#li%!

contact /it! t!econtact /it! t!e

,$le" and,$le" andp!loe"p!loe"

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AM

M

9

: VELAMEN ROOT

VELAMEN ROOT

Moisture asoringMoisture asoring

AerialAerial

Seen in e%i%hyticSeen in e%i%hytic

%lant 4de%ending the%lant 4de%ending thehost only for shelter5host only for shelter5

6elamen root-6elamen root-AsorAsormoisturemoisture

(linging root-(linging root-forforattachmentattachment

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AM

M

10

0

: RES IRATORY

RES IRATORY

ROOT

OOT

( NEUMATO HORE) NEUMATO HORE)

Marshy %lant lessMarshy %lant less

oxygen content5oxygen content5

egati0elyegati0ely

geotro%icgeotro%ic

Res%iratory rootRes%iratory root

".g.".g. MangrovesMangroves

(Avicennia)(Avicennia)

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STEM

TEM

Aerial %art of the %lant odyAerial %art of the %lant ody

'e0elo%ed from %lumule'e0elo%ed from %lumule

Positi0ely %hototro%icPositi0ely %hototro%ic

egati0ely geotro%icegati0ely geotro%ic "xogenous origin"xogenous origin

*.*. Reduced stemReduced stem

+.+. "rect stem"rect stem

,.,. 7ea/ stem7ea/ stem

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STEM

TEM

#8(&!OS#8(&!OS

*.*. Su%%ort for the ranch.Su%%ort for the ranch.

+.+. (onduction of $ater and minerals.(onduction of $ater and minerals.,.,. &rans%ortation of food.&rans%ortation of food.

.. Modified to %erform s%ecialModified to %erform s%ecial

functions li/e storage9functions li/e storage9%hotosynthesis etc.%hotosynthesis etc.

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S

1

: REDUCEDREDU ED

STEMTEM

8nder ground8nder ground

structurestructure

on-greenon-green

Produce aerialProduce aerial

shootshoot ".g.".g. Onion, GarlicOnion, Garlic

3,3,


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3)3)


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SS//' ERECT STEM' ERECT STEMStron# and remain erectStron# and remain erect

without an0 supportwithout an0 support

1$1$

Caude2Caude2

3 e$#$ Coconut tree3 e$#$ Coconut tree

/$/$ CulmCulm 3 e$#$ 4amboo 3 e$#$ 4amboo

5$5$ 6ecurrent6ecurrent 3 e$#$ Tea!3 e$#$ Tea!

7$7$ E2currentE2current 3 e$#$3 e$#$Eucal0ptusEucal0ptus

3*


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(A8'":(A8'": UnbranchedUnbranched

CylindricalCylindrical

Crown ofCrown ofleaves at theleaves at the

tiptip

E.g.E.g. Coconut,Coconut,Areca nutAreca nut

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CULM

ULM

"rect stem $ith solid and hollo$ internodes"rect stem $ith solid and hollo$ internodes

".g.".g. Bamboo, WeatBamboo, Weat 4141


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DECURRENT

ECURRENT

&he trun/&he trun/

disa%%ears afterdisa%%ears after

some distancesome distance11

di0ided intodi0ided into

se0eral ranchesse0eral ranches ".g.".g. !ea", #icus!ea", #icus

4+4+


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EXCURRENT

XCURRENT

Main stem isMain stem isthic/est at the asethic/est at the ase

11

ta%ers graduallyta%ers graduallyto$ards the a%exto$ards the a%ex

".g.".g. $ucal%ptus,$ucal%ptus,&ol%altia (Mast tree&ol%altia (Mast treeor Arana maram)or Arana maram)

4343


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S

3

: WEA STEM

WEA STEM

Slender stemSlender stem (annot stand(annot stand

erect.erect.

May clim u%on aMay clim u%on asu%%ort.su%%ort.

May gro$May gro$

%rostrate on the%rostrate on thegroundground

".g.".g. &assion 'ruit,&assion 'ruit,

ucurbita etcucurbita etc 4444


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STEM

TEM

MODIFICATIONODIFICATION Modified to %erformModified to %erform

*.*. 6egetati0e %ro%agation6egetati0e %ro%agation

+.+. Perennation-Perennation-&iding o0er&iding o0erunfa0ourale conditionunfa0ourale condition

".g.".g.AmorpopallusAmorpopallus4'uring4'uring

unfa0orale condition aerial stemunfa0orale condition aerial stemdestroys ut the under ground stemdestroys ut the under ground stem

sur0i0es.sur0i0es.

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SMSM33= .N1ERGRO.N1 STEM= .N1ERGRO.N1 STEM

MO1IFI*ATIONMO1IFI*ATION T!e$ %tore ood "aterial%T!e$ %tore ood "aterial% .nderground %te" reduce% aerial.nderground %te" reduce% aerial

%!oot%!oot

1i%tingui%!a#le c!aracter% o1i%tingui%!a#le c!aracter% ounderground %te" ro" rootunderground %te" ro" root

33 Ha&e node and internodeHa&e node and internode

44 *o&ered /it! %cale lea&e%*o&ered /it! %cale lea&e%55 Ad&entitiou% root%Ad&entitiou% root%

66 'ud% de&elop ro" t!e a,il% o t!e'ud% de&elop ro" t!e a,il% o t!e%cale lea&e%%cale lea&e%

4646


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&he underground modifications are)&he underground modifications are)

RH!;OM"RH!;OM" ) ".g.) ".g. GingerGinger

(ORM(ORM ) ".g.) ".g.AmorpopallusAmorpopallus S&"M &82"RS&"M &82"R) ".g.) ".g. &otato&otato

28L228L2 ) ".g.) ".g. OnionOnion

4,4,


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RHI!OME

HI!OME

&hic/9 %rostrate&hic/9 %rostrate Gro$ hori


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4*

(ORM


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(ORM2 Solid9 condensed

underground stem2 'efinite sha%e

2 (lear a%ical ud

2 Gro$ 0ertically2 A%ical ud de0elo%

into aerial shoot

2 Ad0entitious root 1scale lea0es are%resent

".g.Amorpopallus5

STEM T.'ERSTEM T.'ER


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STEM T.'ERSTEM T.'ER It s the s!olle" e"d ofIt s the s!olle" e"d of

s#ecal u"dergrou"ds#ecal u"dergrou"dbra"ch ars"g frombra"ch ars"g fromthe a$l of a lo!erthe a$l of a lo!erleaf.leaf.

Se%eral de#resso"sSe%eral de#resso"sare see" o" theare see" o" thesurface of the tuber.surface of the tuber.

Each de#resso"Each de#resso"co"ta"s a small bud.co"ta"s a small bud.&he&he budbud !th!th scars ofscars of

scalescalelea%eslea%es' (e)e* of' (e)e* of

the #otato.the #otato. +1+1


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BULB

ULB

ShortShort

Highly condensedHighly condensed

Stem is reduced toStem is reduced to

disc li/e structuredisc li/e structure

Stem ears root andStem ears root andscale lea0esscale lea0es

Scale lea0es-Scale lea0es- foodfood

storagestorage &erminal ud- middle&erminal ud- middle

".g.".g. Onion, GarlicOnion, Garlic

5+5+


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SMSM44= S.'AERIAL STEM= S.'AERIAL STEM

MO1IFI*ATIONMO1IFI*ATION Aerial %te" "a$ #eAerial %te" "a$ #e erect %te"erect %te"

oror

/ea0 %te"/ea0 %te"

*reeper% cli"#er%*reeper% cli"#er% Su#aerial %te" "odi+cation% areSu#aerial %te" "odi+cation% are

33 RunnerRunner44 O?%etO?%et

55 Suc0erSuc0er

66 %tolon%tolon +3+3


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R8"RR8"R A creeper withA creeper with

long and slenderlong and slender

internodeinternode

Leaves andLeaves and

adventitiousadventitious

root developedroot developed

from each nodefrom each node E.g.E.g. Oxalis,Oxalis,

HydrocotyleHydrocotyle

5454


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OFFSET

FFSET

(ree%er $ith short(ree%er $ith short

and thic/and thic/

internodeinternode Produce cluster ofProduce cluster of

lea0es andlea0es and

ad0entitious rootad0entitious rootfrom the nodefrom the node

".g.".g. &istia&istia

5555

PISTIAPISTIA


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PISTIAPISTIA

+6+6

S8(="R


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S8(="RS8(="R

Lateral #ranc!Lateral #ranc!or"ed ro" a,illar$or"ed ro" a,illar$

#ud o t!e #a%al#ud o t!e #a%al

underground portionunderground portion

o t!e "ain %te"o t!e "ain %te"

T!e %uc0er gro/%T!e %uc0er gro/%

!ori@ontall$ #eneat!!ori@ontall$ #eneat!

t!e %oil turn%t!e %oil turn%

up/ard /it! a ne/up/ard /it! a ne/

%!oot%!oot EgEg ChrysanthemumChrysanthemum

+7


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STOLON

TOLON

A s%ecial ty%e ofA s%ecial ty%e of

runner originate fromrunner originate fromthe ase of the stemthe ase of the stem

After gro$ing aeriallyAfter gro$ing aerially

for sometimes thefor sometimes theranch fixesranch fixes

do$n$ards to touchdo$n$ards to touch

the soil $here itsthe soil $here itsterminal uds gi0e riseterminal uds gi0e rise

to ne$ shoot and rootto ne$ shoot and root

".g.".g. *asmine*asmine5)5)


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SM

M

"

: AERIAL STEM

AERIAL STEM

MODIFICATION

ODIFICATION

&he aerial stem modifications are&he aerial stem modifications are

*.*. &endril&endril

+.+. &horn&horn

,.,. PhyllocladePhylloclade.. (ladode(ladode

5*5*


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STEM TENDRIL

TEM TENDRIL

Slender9 thin9Slender9 thin9leafless coiledleafless coiled

structure %roducedstructure %roduced

y $ea/ stem.y $ea/ stem.

Hel%s the %lant odyHel%s the %lant ody

to clim on su%%ort.to clim on su%%ort.

&"RM!AL 28' -&"RM!AL 28' -gra%e 0inegra%e 0ine

A:!LLARY 28' -A:!LLARY 28' -%assion%assion

flo$er flo$er

S&!P8L"S&!P8L"

- -

$ater melon$ater melon 66

STEM TEN1RILSTEM TEN1RIL


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STEM TEN1RILSTEM TEN1RIL

6161

&HORS


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&HORS2 Hard9 Straight

2 Pointed structure

2 Su%%orti0e function

2 Modification ofaxillary ud

2 &horn- endogenous

origin2 S%ine- exogenous

in origin

2 ".g. itrus, +ose6+

.(Y88OC8%6E.(Y88OC8%6E


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.(Y88OC8%6E.(Y88OC8%6E +reen" 9attened or+reen" 9attened or

c0lindrical$c0lindrical$ It is a 2eroph0ticIt is a 2eroph0tic

adaptation$ 8ea-esadaptation$ 8ea-es

modifed into spine$modifed into spine$ It reduces the rateIt reduces the rate

o transpiration$o transpiration$

Stem and branchesStem and branchesare 9esh0$are 9esh0$

E$#$E$#$ OpuntiaOpuntia63

*LA1O1E


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*LA1O1E

,ladode s a#h)lloclade

ha%"g o"e or2 ""er "ode

E.g. Asparagus

64

LEAFLEAF


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LEAFLEAF Flattened green p!oto%$nt!eticFlattened green p!oto%$nt!etic

%tructure%tructure E,ogenou% in originE,ogenou% in origin Originated ro"Originated ro" lea pri"ordialea pri"ordia

Lea pri"ordiaLea pri"ordiaare t!e e,ogenou%are t!e e,ogenou%proBection% o t!e apical "eri%te"proBection% o t!e apical "eri%te"

F.N*TIONS=F.N*TIONS=

33 Tran%pirationTran%piration44 P!oto%$nt!e%i%P!oto%$nt!e%i%

55 Re%pirationRe%piration

6+6+

S&R8(&8R" O# L"A#


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S&R8(&8R" O# L"A#

2 % "icot leaf

consists of 3 parts

10 Leaf base

+0 etiole30 Lamina

66

L"A# 2AS"


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L"A# 2AS"2asal %art of the leaf connected $ith the stem

2 Sti%ule )small lateral outgro$thde0elo%ed on either sideof leaf ase

2 Sti%ulate )A leaf $ith sti%ule2 "xsti%ulate )A leaf $ithout sti%ule

2 Pul0inus )!n leguminous %lant leaf ase

is s$ollen2 &he monocot leafhas sheathing leaf ase.

".g. Banana lea'6,

PETIOLE


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PETIOLEStal0 o t!e lea

Petiolate = Lea /it! petiole

Eg Hibiscus

Se%%ile = Lea /it!out petiole Eg IxoraRac!i% = Main %tal0 o

co"pound lea Eg Rose, Moringa

6)


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LAMINA

AMINA

&he green ex%anded %art of the leaf&he green ex%anded %art of the leaf PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic

MidriMidri -- Part of the %etiolePart of the %etiole

entering into the lamina entering into the lamina

6ein6ein -- 2ranches of Midri2ranches of Midri

Leaf a%exLeaf a%ex -- &i% of the leaf&i% of the leaf Leaf margin-Leaf margin- "dge of the lamina"dge of the lamina

6*6*


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LEA2ES

,

TYPES (SHAPE) OF


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TYPES (SHAPE) OFLEA2ES

,1

TYPES (SHAPE) OFTYPES (SHAPE) OF


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( )( )LEA2ESLEA2ES

7272



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( )( )

LEA2ESLEA2ES

7373



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LEA2ESLEA2ES

7474

MARGIN OF LEAF


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MARGIN OF LEAF

,5

MARGIN OF LEAFMARGIN OF LEAF


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7676



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7777

LASSIFICATION OF


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CLASSIFICATION OF

LEAVES

EAVES

S!MPL" L"A#S!MPL" L"A#

(OMPO8' L"A#(OMPO8' L"A#*.*. Pinnately com%ound leafPinnately com%ound leaf

a.a. Pari%innatePari%innate

.. im%ari%innateim%ari%innate

++.. Palmately com%ound leafPalmately com%ound leaf

a.a. &rifoliate&rifoliate

.. >uadrifoliate>uadrifoliatec.c. MultifoliateMultifoliate

,),)

S#L/ L/%.


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S#L/ L/%.

2 A leaf $ith

single lamina

2 ".g. &apa%a,

ibiscus

,*


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COM OUND LEAF

OM OUND LEAF

% leaf with many lamina% leaf with many lamina

Leaflet or inna- /ach lamina ofLeaflet or inna- /ach lamina ofcompoun" leaf0compoun" leaf0

Rachis- stal of compoun" leafRachis- stal of compoun" leaf

/0g0/0g0 Tamarind, MoringaTamarind, Moringa

))

P!!A"EL# C$%P$U!D LEA&


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P!!A"EL# C$%P$U!D LEA&P!!A"EL# C$%P$U!D LEA&

Leaflets are arrangedalong ' sides ofrachis.

E.g. Neem, Moringa' types

Paripinnate.E.g. Tamarind

mparipinnate.E.g. Rose

)1


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#$%&%''# #'*

$%&%''# #'*

+$%&%''#

$%&%''#

aripinnate leafs have even number ofaripinnate leafs have even number of

leaflets 0&hey have a pair of leaflets atleaflets 0&hey have a pair of leaflets at

the tip of the rachisthe tip of the rachis #mapripinnate leafs have o"" number of#mapripinnate leafs have o"" number of

leaflets &hey have a single leaflet at theleaflets &hey have a single leaflet at the

en" of the rachisen" of the rachis

)+)+

PALMATELY *OMPO.N1


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PALMATELY *OMPO.N1LEAF

LeaCet% are arranged attip o t!e rac!i% li0e t!e+nger% o t!e pal"

T$pe%=- Trioliate Eg Menthi

- Duadrioliate Eg

Fern- Multioliate Eg

Bombax83

6"A&!O


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6"A&!O

2 Mode ofarrangement of

0eins in the lamina

2 &y%es)

Reticulate 0enation

Parallel 0enation)4


85/182

RETICULATE

ETICULATE

VENATION

ENATION

6eins are re%eatedly6eins are re%eatedly

ranched to form aranched to form anet$or/. ".g.net$or/. ".g.

ibiscusibiscus

)5)5

PARALL"L 6"A&!O


86/182

PARALL"L 6"A&!O

2 6eins run %arallelto one another from

2ase to a%ex

or

Midri to margin

".g. Banana,

Bamboo)6

PARALL"L 6"A&!O


87/182

PARALL"L 6"A&!O

),


88/182

HYLLOTAXY

HYLLOTAXY

Mode of arrangement of lea0es onMode of arrangement of lea0es onstem or ranch.stem or ranch.

&y%es)&y%es)

AlternateAlternate

O%%ositeO%%osite

7horled7horled

))))


89/182

ALTERNATE

LTERNATE

Single leaf isSingle leaf is

%roduced at a node%roduced at a node

Lea0es are s%irallyLea0es are s%irallyarrangedarranged

".g.".g. ibiscus,ibiscus,

Mango treeMango tree

)*)*


90/182

O OSITE

OSITE

+ leaves are+ leaves arepro"uce" at eachpro"uce" at each

no"e $ustno"e $ust

opposite to eachopposite to each

otherother

/0g0/0g0 Ixora,Ixora,CalotropisCalotropis

**


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WHORLED

HORLED

ore than +ore than +leaves areleaves are

pro"uce" at eachpro"uce" at each

no"eno"e Leaves are seenLeaves are seen

to be a circleto be a circle

/0g0/0g0 Nerium (arali)Nerium (arali)

*1*1

LEAF MO1IFI*ATIONLEAF MO1IFI*ATION


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Lea&e% are "odi+ed to peror" %pecialLea&e% are "odi+ed to peror" %pecial

unction% li0eunction% li0e- *li"#ing*li"#ing

- 1een%e1een%e

- Heterotrop!ic nutritionHeterotrop!ic nutrition

- T$pe%=T$pe%=

33'ladder'ladder 66 Lea tendrilLea tendril

44

Lea %caleLea %cale

77

Pitc!erPitc!er

55Lea %pineLea %pine

9292


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LEAF S INE

EAF S INE

Modified for defensi0e %ur%ose.Modified for defensi0e %ur%ose.

(haracter of :ero%hytes.(haracter of :ero%hytes.

".g.".g. OpuntiaOpuntia

Here9 leaf modification hel%sHere9 leaf modification hel%s

to reduce the rate ofto reduce the rate oftrans%iration 4loss of $ater intrans%iration 4loss of $ater in

the form of 0a%our throughthe form of 0a%our through

the stomata5the stomata5

xcxc

*3*3

P!&(H"R


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P!&(H"R2 !n !nsecti0orous %lant

lea0es are modifiedto ca%ture insects.

2 ".g. -epentus

Lamina ecomesmodified into

coloured flas/-li/e

structure- Pitcher Photosynthesis-

Petiole*4

LEAF 'LA11ER


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LEAF 'LA11ER

UTRICULRI

*5


96/182

FLOWER

*6


97/182

FLOWER

LOWER

Repro"uctive structureRepro"uctive structure

e"icele"icel 77 Stal of the flowerStal of the flower

&halamus&halamus 77 Swollen tip of the pe"icelSwollen tip of the pe"icel

.loral part.loral partss 77 8alyx 8orolla %n"roecium8alyx 8orolla %n"roeciuman" 9ynoecium an" 9ynoecium

/ssential parts 7/ssential parts 7 %n"roecium an"%n"roecium an"

9ynoecium 9ynoecium

!on-essential parts 7!on-essential parts 7 8alyx 8orolla8alyx 8orolla*,*,


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'ichlamydeous'ichlamydeous77 #lo$er $ith calyx#lo$er $ith calyxand corolla.and corolla. ".g.".g../ora./ora

MonochlamydoeusMonochlamydoeus

77 "ither calyx or"ither calyx or

corolla.corolla. ".g.".g. ocos nuci'eraocos nuci'era

PerianthPerianth778ndifferentiated calyx and8ndifferentiated calyx and

corolla.corolla.".g.".g. ocos nuci'eraocos nuci'era

*)*)


99/182

lant having both male an" femalelant having both male an" female

unisexual flowers :iecious plantunisexual flowers :iecious plant

lant having either male or femalelant having either male or femaleunisexual flowers-oneciuos lantunisexual flowers-oneciuos lant

lant having unisexual male an" femalelant having unisexual male an" female

flowers along with bisexual flowers-flowers along with bisexual flowers-olygamous plantolygamous plant

****

2isexual or intersexual flo$er-2isexual or intersexual flo$er-

Androecium 1 GynoeciumAndroecium 1 Gynoecium


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Androecium 1 GynoeciumAndroecium 1 Gynoecium

".g.".g.ibiscusibiscus

8nisexual flo$er-8nisexual flo$er- "ither androecium or"ither androecium or

gynoecium.gynoecium.

".g.".g. ocos nuci'eraocos nuci'era (om%lete flo$er-(om%lete flo$er- Ha0eHa0e floral %arts floral %arts

".g.".g. ibiscusibiscus

!ncom%lete flo$er-!ncom%lete flo$er- Any of the floralAny of the floral%art is asent.%art is asent.

".g.".g. ocos nuci'eraocos nuci'era11

2ract-2ract- Leaf-li/e de0elo%ed from the axilLeaf-li/e de0elo%ed from the axil


101/182

2ract Leaf li/e de0elo%ed from the axil%

of the %edicel.of the %edicel.

S%athe-S%athe-(oloured ract(oloured ract

1111


102/182

ARTS OF FLOWER

ARTS OF FLOWER

1+1+

PAR&S O# #LO7"R


103/182

PAR&S O# #LO7"R

13

ACTINOMOR HIC

CTINOMOR HIC


104/182

FLOWER

LOWER

A flo$er $hichA flo$er $hichcan e di0idedcan e di0ided

into + e?ualinto + e?ual

hal0es throughhal0es throughany %lane.any %lane.

".g.".g. ibiscus,ibiscus,

illi illi..

1414


105/182

!YGOMOR HIC FLOWER

YGOMOR HIC FLOWER

A flo$er $hich isA flo$er $hich isdi0isile into +di0isile into +

e?ual hal0ese?ual hal0es

through a singlethrough a single

%lane.%lane.

".g.".g. &ea, Beans,&ea, Beans,0eucas0eucas

1515


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!YGOMOR HIC FLOWER

YGOMOR HIC FLOWER

1616


107/182

1,1,


108/182

CALYX

ALYX

Outermost $horlOutermost $horl

Green in colourGreen in colour

(om%osed of se%als(om%osed of se%als

Polyse%alous-Polyse%alous- Se%alsSe%als

are free.are free.

Gamose%alous-Gamose%alous-

Se%als are fusedSe%als are fused

Petaloid-Petaloid-(oloured(oloured

se%al.se%al. ".g.".g. SalviaSalvia

1)1)

CORO88%CORO88%


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CORO88%CORO88%

Composed o petals$Composed o petals$4ri#htl0 coloured$4ri#htl0 coloured$

.ol0petalous3.ol0petalous3petals arepetals are

ree$ree$

E$#$E$#$HibiscusHibiscus

+amopetalous3+amopetalous3.etals are.etals areused$used$ E$#$E$#$

LeucasLeucas1*

AESTI2ATIONAESTI2ATION


110/182

AESTI2ATIONAESTI2ATION

Mode o arrange"ent oMode o arrange"ent o%epal% and petal% in a Co/er%epal% and petal% in a Co/er

TYPES=TYPES=

-2al&ate2al&ate

-T/i%tedT/i%ted

-I"#ricateI"#ricate-2e,illar$2e,illar$

110110


111/182

Wit!outo&erlapping

Edge% o %epal%or petal% Bu%t"eet one

anot!erEg *al$, oHibiscus

111


112/182

%erla# regularl)E.g. ,orolla ofHibiscus

11+

IM'RI*ATEIM'RI*ATE


113/182

Irregularl$ o&erlapIrregularl$ o&erlap

TYPES=TYPES=- Duincuncial (4>4>3)Duincuncial (4>4>3)

Eg *al$, o S/eetEg *al$, o S/eet

potato (potato (IpomoeaIpomoea))- A%cendingl$A%cendingl$

i"#ricate- O&erlapi"#ricate- O&erlap

%tart% ro" anterior%tart% ro" anteriorto po%teriorto po%terior EgEg

*orolla o*orolla o

Caesa!piniaCaesa!pinia113113

/e$llar)/e$llar)


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/e$llar)/e$llar)

It*s a t)#e of mbrcate aest%ato"It*s a t)#e of mbrcate aest%ato" ut here the #etals or se#als areut here the #etals or se#als are

u"eual " seu"eual " se

114114

NDROECIUM


115/182

ANDROECIUM

MaleMalere%roducti0e %art.re%roducti0e %art.

(om%osed of(om%osed of

stamen.stamen. "ach stamen"ach stamen

consists ofconsists of

filament9 antherfilament9 antherandandconnecti0e.connecti0e.

115115

S&%/!S&%/!


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S&%/!S&%/! Epipetalous(Epipetalous(

Stamen attachedStamen attached

to the petal.to the petal. E.g.E.g.

BrinalBrinal Episepalous(Episepalous(

Stamen fusedStamen fused

with sepal.with sepal. E.g.E.g.!uis"ualis!uis"ualis

)aa*aashathetty+)aa*aashathetty+116116


117/182

StaemenStaemenattached to theattached to the

perianthperianth

(Epiphyllus(Epiphyllus

117117

SS**) MOA'"LPHO8S) MOA'"LPHO8S


118/182

SS**) MOA'"LPHO8S) MOA'"LPHO8S

All theAll the

filament of thefilament of the

stamen fusedstamen fusedto form ato form a

single bundle.single bundle.

E.g.E.g.Hi#iscus.Hi#iscus.

118118

:#%:/L;


119/182

When the filamentWhen the filament

of the stamen areof the stamen are

fused to form 2fused to form 2bundles.bundles.

E.g.E.g. ClitoriaClitoria

(shanku usham!(shanku usham!

11"11"

POLYA'"LPHO8SPOLYA'"LPHO8S


120/182

When theWhen the

filament offilament of

stamen fused tostamen fused to

form man#form man#

bundle.bundle.

E.g.E.g.BombaxBombax

120120

STAMENSTAMEN


121/182

STAMENSTAMEN

121121

GYO"(!8MGYO"(!8M


122/182

GYO"(!8MGYO"(!8M nnermost whorlnnermost whorl

&emale&emale

reproductivereproductive

partpart

Composed ofComposed of

carpels.carpels.

Carpel consistsCarpel consistsofof ovary, styleovary, style

andandstigma.stigma.122122

(ARP"L


123/182

(ARP"L

2 Monocar%ellary-One car%el.$g 0eguminaceae

2 A%ocar%ous-(ar%els free.

$g +ose

2 Syncar%ous-(ar%els fused

to form a single o0ary.

$g ibiscus1+3

*ARPELS*ARPELS


124/182

124124

8nilocular o0ary-8nilocular o0ary-


125/182

8nilocular o0ary-8nilocular o0ary-

One chamered.One chamered.".g.".g. &isum&isum99

grasses grasses

MultilocularMultilocularo0ary-o0ary- ManyMany

chamered.chamered.


1+51+5

PLA("&A&&!OPLA("&A&&!O


126/182

Placenta=Placenta= i% t!ei% t!e

%pecial ti%%ue%pecial ti%%ueon /!ic! o&ule%on /!ic! o&ule%

are de&elopedare de&eloped

Placentation=Placentation=Mode oMode o

arrange"ent oarrange"ent o

o&ule% on t!eo&ule% on t!eplacenta /it!inplacenta /it!in

t!e o&ar$t!e o&ar$

TYPES=TYPES=MarginalMarginal

A,ileA,ile

ParietalParietalFree-centralFree-central

'a%al'a%al

126

MARG!AL PLA("&A&!OMARG!AL PLA("&A&!O


127/182

O&ar$ i%O&ar$ i%

unilocularunilocular Placenta or"% aPlacenta or"% a

Ridge alongRidge along

&entral %uture&entral %uture

And o&ule% areAnd o&ule% are

#orne on t!i%#orne on t!i%

ridgeridge EgEg "ea"ea

127


128/182

Multilocular ovary

Ovules are

developed on the

placenta at thecentral axis of

the septa.

E.g. Lemon,tomato

1+)

.%RIET%8.%RIET%8.8%CENT%TION.8%CENT%TION


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.8%CENT%TION.8%CENT%TIONO-ules areO-ules are

de-eloped onde-eloped on

the inner wallthe inner wallo the o-ar0 oro the o-ar0 or

peripheralperipheral

part$part$E$#$E$#$ CucumberCucumber

1+*


130/182

13

FREE-*ENTRAL PLA*ENTATIONFREE-*ENTRAL PLA*ENTATION


131/182

"locular"locularo%ar)o%ar)

%ules o" the%ules o" the

#alce"ta are#alce"ta arede%elo#ed o"de%elo#ed o"

the ce"tral a$sthe ce"tral a$s

E.g.E.g. DianthusDianthus

131131


132/182

13+


133/182

133

2ASAL PLA("&A&!O2ASAL PLA("&A&!O


134/182

UnilocularUnilocularovaryovary

Arranged onArranged on

the basal partthe basal part

of the ovaryof the ovary

E.g.E.g. Sun$lowerSun$lower

1$41$4


135/182

13+13+

(LASS!#!(A&!O O#

#LO7"RS


136/182

#LO7"RS

2 2ased on the mode of arrangementof floral %arts on the thalamus

flo$ers may e classified into

2 Hy%ogynous flo$er

2 Perigynous flo$er

2 "%igynous flo$er

136

HY OGYNOUS

Y OGYNOUS


137/182

FLOWER

LOWER

Gynoecium is at theGynoecium is at the

to% of the thalamusto% of the thalamus

Other floral %artsOther floral %artsare elo$ theare elo$ the

gynoeciumgynoecium

O0ary is su%eriorO0ary is su%erior ".g.".g. !omato, 0emon!omato, 0emon

13,13,

ERIGYNOUSERIGYNOUS


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FLOWER

LOWER

&halamus cu%-li/e&halamus cu%-li/e All the floral %artsAll the floral %arts

are arrangedare arranged

around thearound thethalamusthalamus

O0ary is halfO0ary is half

inferior or halfinferior or halfsu%eriorsu%erior

".g.".g. &ea, +ose&ea, +ose 13)13)


139/182

13*


140/182

FLOWER

LOWER

All the floralAll the floral%arts are%arts are

arranged ao0earranged ao0e

the gynoeciumthe gynoecium !nferior o0ary!nferior o0ary

".g.".g. Sun 'lower,Sun 'lower,arrotarrot

1414


141/182

141

INFLORESCENCE

NFLORESCENCE


142/182

Solitary flo$er-Solitary flo$er-

flo$er arises singly.flo$er arises singly.


!nflorescence-!nflorescence-2ranch earing2ranch earing

cluster of flo$er.cluster of flo$er.

".g.".g.aesalpiniaaesalpinia Peduncle-Peduncle-Stal/ ofStal/ of

the inflorescence.the inflorescence. 14+14+

TY ES OFY ES OF

NFLORESCENCE


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INFLORESCENCE

2ased on the nature of2ased on the nature of

%eduncle 1 mode of%eduncle 1 mode of

arrangement of flo$erarrangement of flo$er

*.*.RacemoseRacemose

+.+.(ymose(ymose

143143

RACEMOSEACEMOSE


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INFLORESCENCE

NFLORESCENCE

Peduncle does not terminatePeduncle does not terminate

Acro%etal succession-Acro%etal succession-YoungerYounger

flo$ers are at the ti% $hile olderflo$ers are at the ti% $hile olderflo$ers are at aseflo$ers are at ase

(entri%etal arrangement-(entri%etal arrangement-YoungerYounger

flo$ers are at the centre $hile olderflo$ers are at the centre $hile olderflo$ers are at the %eri%hery.flo$ers are at the %eri%hery.

144144

R

1

: RACEME

RACEME


145/182

Acro%etalAcro%etal

".g.".g. rotolariarotolaria

145145

(RO&OLAR!A


146/182

146

R

"

: S IE

S IE


147/182

Acro%etalAcro%etal

SessileSessile".g.".g.AmarantusAmarantus

14,14,


148/182

14)

R

3

: CATIN

CATIN


149/182

Acro%etalAcro%etal

SessileSessile

8nisexual8nisexual

".g.".g. Mulberr%Mulberr%

14*14*

MULBERRY

ULBERRY


150/182

1515

R

4

: S ADIXS ADIX


151/182

Peduncle-Peduncle-&hic/&hic/

and fleshyand fleshy

#lo$ers-#lo$ers-8nisexual9 sessile8nisexual9 sessile

S%athe is %resentS%athe is %resent

".g.".g. olocasia,olocasia,MusaMusa

151151

COLOCASIA

OLOCASIA


152/182

15+15+

R

,

: CORYMB

CORYMB


153/182

Peduncle shortPeduncle short

Acro%etalAcro%etal

Younger flo$er-Younger flo$er-

Shorter %edicelShorter %edicel Older flo$er-Older flo$er-

"longated %edicel"longated %edicel

4so same le0el54so same le0el5 ".g.".g. assia (Konna),assia (Konna),

aesalpiniaaesalpinia 153153

CAESAL INIA

AESAL INIA


154/182

154154

R

-

: UMBEL

UMBEL


155/182

Peduncle shortPeduncle short

#lo$ers#lo$ers

%edicellate%edicellate

#lo$ers are at the#lo$ers are at theti% of theti% of the

%eduncle%eduncle

".g.".g. arrot,arrot,

oriander (Malli)oriander (Malli)155155

(oriander and (arrot


156/182

156

R

.

: HEADHEAD


157/182

Peduncle modifiedPeduncle modified

into rece%tacleinto rece%tacle

Sessile flo$ersSessile flo$ers

(entri%etal(entri%etal #lo$ers in the head#lo$ers in the head

are calledare called #loret.#loret.

".g.".g. Sun'lower,Sun'lower,

Marigold (*amanti)Marigold (*amanti)15,15,


158/182

15)15)

RECE TACLE

ECE TACLE


159/182

15*15*

CYMOSE

YMOSE

Peduncle terminate in a flo$erPeduncle terminate in a flo$er


160/182

INFLORESCENCE

NFLORESCENCE Peduncle terminate in a flo$erPeduncle terminate in a flo$er

#urther gro$th is %ossile through the#urther gro$th is %ossile through theformation of lateral ranch.formation of lateral ranch.

Lateral ranch also ends in $ith flo$er.Lateral ranch also ends in $ith flo$er.

2asi%etal succession-2asi%etal succession-Younger flo$erYounger flo$er

at ase9 older flo$er at ti%at ase9 older flo$er at ti%

(entrifugal arrangement-(entrifugal arrangement- older flo$erolder flo$erat centre9 younger flo$er at %eri%hery.at centre9 younger flo$er at %eri%hery.

1616

C

1

: SIM LE CYME

SIM LE CYME


161/182

Peduncle terminate inPeduncle terminate ina flo$era flo$er

+ lateral younger+ lateral younger

flo$ers are alsoflo$ers are also

de0elo%ed.de0elo%ed.

(onsists of , flo$ers.(onsists of , flo$ers. ".g.".g. *asmine*asmine

161161

C

"

: DICHASIALDICHASIAL


162/182

CYME

YME

Peduncle de0elo%sPeduncle de0elo%s+ lateral ranches.+ lateral ranches.

"ach lateral"ach lateral

ranch consists ofranch consists of

sim%le cyme.sim%le cyme.

".g.".g. lerodendronlerodendron(&eringalam)(&eringalam)

16+16+


163/182

163163

C

3

: MONOCHASIAL CYME

MONOCHASIAL CYME


164/182

Solitary lateralSolitary lateral

ranch isranch is

de0elo%ed.de0elo%ed.

Helicoid- LateralHelicoid- Lateralranch de0elo%sranch de0elo%s

only on one side ofonly on one side of

the %eduncle.the %eduncle.

".g.".g. ameliaamelia164164

ScorpioidScorpioid

c0me3c0me3


165/182

c0me3c0me3

Successi-eSuccessi-elaterallateral

branches arebranches are

de-elopedde-elopedalternati-el0alternati-el0

on both side oon both side o

the peduncle$the peduncle$E$#$E$#$ SolanumSolanum

165


166/182

166

C

4

: OLYCHASIAL

OLYCHASIAL


167/182

CYME

YME

More than + lateralMore than + lateral

ranches areranches are

de0elo%edde0elo%ed

".g.".g. alotropisalotropis

16,16,

S ECIAL TY ES OF

ECIAL TY ES OF


168/182

INFLORESCENCE

NFLORESCENCE

Hy%anthodium.Hy%anthodium. ".g.".g. #icus#icus

16)16)

S ECIAL TY ES OFECIAL TY ES OF

INFLORESCENCE

NFLORESCENCE


169/182

(yathium(yathium..

".g.".g. $uporbia$uporbia

16*16*

S ECIAL TY ES OFECIAL TY ES OF

INFLORESCENCE

NFLORESCENCE


170/182

6erticillaster6erticillaster ".g.".g. 0eucas0eucas

1,1,

&H" #R8!&


171/182

1,1

THE FRUITHE FRUIT

!t is a ri%ened o0ary de0elo%ed after!t is a ri%ened o0ary de0elo%ed after


172/182

!t is a ri%ened o0ary9 de0elo%ed after!t is a ri%ened o0ary9 de0elo%ed after

fertili


173/182

1,31,3


174/182

1,41,4

THE SEEDHE SEED

!t is the ri%ened o0ule!t is the ri%ened o0ule


175/182

%%

!t is made of seed coat and emryo!t is made of seed coat and emryo Seed coat consists of outerSeed coat consists of outer testatesta andand

innerinner tegmen.tegmen.

"mryo-"mryo-Multicellular structure de0elo%edMulticellular structure de0elo%edfrom


176/182

;ilum- oint at which funicle attache" with the;ilum oint at which funicle attache" with the

placenta0placenta0 .ertili>ation- ale gamete ? .emale gamete 7.ertili>ation- ale gamete ? .emale gamete 7

>ygote 7 embryo>ygote 7 embryo

ale gamete ? .emale gamete 7 en"ospermale gamete ? .emale gamete 7 en"osperm

/n"osperm- nutritive tissue forme" as a result/n"osperm- nutritive tissue forme" as a result

of "ouble fertili>ation0of "ouble fertili>ation0

/n"osperm provi"es nutrients to the/n"osperm provi"es nutrients to the"eveloping embryo0"eveloping embryo0

1,61,6

%lbuminous see"'en"ospermous see"s(-%lbuminous see"'en"ospermous see"s(-

See" with en"ospermSee" with en"osperm


177/182

See" with en"osperm0See" with en"osperm0

/0g0 Rice 8oconut/0g0 Rice 8oconut

/xalbuminous see" 'non-en"ospermous/xalbuminous see" 'non-en"ospermous

see"(- See" without en"osperm0 /0g0 @eansee"(- See" without en"osperm0 /0g0 @ean

8ashewnut08ashewnut0 #n exalbuminous see" nutrients provi"e" by#n exalbuminous see" nutrients provi"e" by

the cotyle"on0the cotyle"on0

;ypocotyl- @elow the cotyle"on;ypocotyl- @elow the cotyle"on /picotyl- %bove the cotyle"on/picotyl- %bove the cotyle"on

1,,1,,

STRUCTURE OF

TRUCTURE OF

ICOTYLEDON SEED


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DICOTYLEDON SEED

1,)1,)

STRUCTURE OFTRUCTURE OF

MONOCOTYLEDON SEED

ONOCOTYLEDON SEED


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1,*1,*

%leurone layer-%leurone layer- /n"osperm is protecte" by a/n"osperm is protecte" by a

protein layerprotein layer


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p yp y

Scutellum-Scutellum-late-lie structure in the n"ospermlate-lie structure in the n"osperm8oleoptile-8oleoptile-Sheath covere" by the plumule0Sheath covere" by the plumule0

8oleorhi>a-8oleorhi>a-Sheath covere" by the ra"icle0Sheath covere" by the ra"icle0

1)1)


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1)11)1


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Morphology New