Morgan at Maracaibo. Morgan retuned to Jamaica Morgan retuned to Jamaica –instructed by Modyford to cease and desist Peace had been declared once more

Morgan at Maracaibo

Morgan retuned to Jamaica Morgan retuned to Jamaica instructed by Modyford to cease and desist Peace had been declared once more Peace had been declared once more In the Caribbean at least However, back in Europe things were also changing However, back in Europe things were also changing King of Spain ordered all out war with the English in the Indies King of Spain ordered all out war with the English in the Indies Something the British in the Caribbean were not aware of Something the British in the Caribbean were not aware of

Manoel Rivera Pardal And it is I, Manuel Rivera Pardal who has come upon this shore and looted and burned your plantations, your coastal villages, and indeed, do intend to continue, least I tempt one Admiral Henry Morgan out of his cowardice hiding, along with his band of filthy pirates, and bring him upon the coast to meet with I, Manuel Rivera Pardal, and to show him the true valor of the Spanish, and to bring justice upon his scurvy head as to up hold the will of my King, which God preserves. And it is I, Manuel Rivera Pardal who has come upon this shore and looted and burned your plantations, your coastal villages, and indeed, do intend to continue, least I tempt one Admiral Henry Morgan out of his cowardice hiding, along with his band of filthy pirates, and bring him upon the coast to meet with I, Manuel Rivera Pardal, and to show him the true valor of the Spanish, and to bring justice upon his scurvy head as to up hold the will of my King, which God preserves.

Modyford eventually responded to local merchants demands Modyford eventually responded to local merchants demands commanded Morgan out once more, saying: commanded Morgan out once more, saying: Doe and performe all matter of Exployts which may tend to the Preservation and Quiett of Jamayca also suggested that Morgan stop torturing people also suggested that Morgan stop torturing people

Morgan put out a call for volunteers, and practically every buccaneer in the West Indies came to his call Morgan put out a call for volunteers, and practically every buccaneer in the West Indies came to his call 2000+ men, mostly English and French 33 Ships 33 Ships Assembling the largest ever privateering fleet at the Isle de Vaca Morgan prepared to take his biggest prize yet Assembling the largest ever privateering fleet at the Isle de Vaca Morgan prepared to take his biggest prize yet Panama Panama

The Battel Between the Spaniards and the Pyrats

Morgan and the Raid on Panama After assembling troops and ships at Isle de Vaca Morgan began final preparation After assembling troops and ships at Isle de Vaca Morgan began final preparation His main priorities were His main priorities were Food Food As Admiral of a privateer fleet, the feeding of the 2000 crew was his responsibility Information Information Did not want to leave without knowledge of what he would face

Food Dispatched a small fleet to gather food Dispatched a small fleet to gather food Began well Began well Captured a merchant ship full of grain Attacks on land less successful Attacks on land less successful Skirmished for 2-3 weeks Gathered limited supplies But attacks hurt Spain But attacks hurt Spain Fleet was paid with food to leave them alone Fleet was paid with food to leave them alone

Information Morgans skills as a leader were based in Morgans skills as a leader were based in Bravery Audacity Tactical skills To enhance later needed to find someone who had knowledge of the isthmus and the city To enhance later needed to find someone who had knowledge of the isthmus and the city First stop Spanish prison on St. Catalina First stop Spanish prison on St. Catalina The idea being to storm the island The idea being to storm the island Find a captive who would trade knowledge for freedom Find a captive who would trade knowledge for freedom

Arrived at St. Catalina Arrived at St. Catalina 20 December 1670 St. Catalina Island was outnumbered St. Catalina Island was outnumbered Initially defended itself well Initially defended itself well But fear of the violence of English But fear of the violence of English Now myth like And desire not suffer great loses Led to an interesting solution Led to an interesting solution The governor of the island agreed to surrender The governor of the island agreed to surrender If Morgan made it look like he hadnt

After mock battle, Morgan leaves along with After mock battle, Morgan leaves along with Three former Spanish captives Three former Spanish captives Also more food and more powder Next stop: Fortress of San Larenzo, guarding the Chagres river- Gateway to Panama Next stop: Fortress of San Larenzo, guarding the Chagres river- Gateway to Panama First attack Led by Joseph Bradley First attack Led by Joseph Bradley 400 men- (an attempt at secrecy) 400 men- (an attempt at secrecy) Privateers repulsed Forts cannons proved deadly Forts cannons proved deadly Spanish taunted the fleeing men with Spanish taunted the fleeing men with Come on, you English dogs, you shall not get to Panama Come on, you English dogs, you shall not get to Panama

Second attack at twilight Second attack at twilight Again power of the cannon threatened to defeat English Until one moment of reckless bravado turned the battle Until one moment of reckless bravado turned the battle Privateer was struck in the shoulder with an arrow Privateer was struck in the shoulder with an arrow Pulled it out, wrapped the arrowhead with wadding, set it alight and fired it out of his musket Pulled it out, wrapped the arrowhead with wadding, set it alight and fired it out of his musket Hit a thatched roof Hit a thatched roof Others followed the example Others followed the example

Flaming arrows started a fire Flaming arrows started a fire exploded casks of gunpowder Killed and stunned the Spaniards Killed and stunned the Spaniards Gave privateers the break they needed Gave privateers the break they needed Spanish moved cannon into breached parapet and fired into the attacking men Spanish moved cannon into breached parapet and fired into the attacking men After a long and bloody fight the pirates were victorious After a long and bloody fight the pirates were victorious 400 Privateers 400 Privateers 100 dead, 60 wounded 400 Spanish 400 Spanish 14 left alive 14 left alive

Morgan and rest of fleet arrived a few days later Morgan and rest of fleet arrived a few days later Realized attack was not a secret Realized attack was not a secret Decided to carry on anyway Decided to carry on anyway Left 500 to guard fort Left 500 to guard fort Lesson learned from Maracaibo 150 onboard main ships 150 onboard main ships Took the remaining 1200 on canoes and flat bottomed boats and headed out to Panama Took the remaining 1200 on canoes and flat bottomed boats and headed out to Panama

Nine days of hell The journey was torturous The journey was torturous With Prior knowledge the Spanish had set up ambushes With Prior knowledge the Spanish had set up ambushes The River Chagres was unusually low causing problems The River Chagres was unusually low causing problems And food, or rather the lack of it, soon became a major problem And food, or rather the lack of it, soon became a major problem

2 nd Day had to abandon boats proceed by foot and a few canoes 2 nd Day had to abandon boats proceed by foot and a few canoes Quickly ran out of food 4 th Day came across an empty fort 4 th Day came across an empty fort Hoped for food Hoped for food A.O. Esquemelin says, they hoped to find Spanish as well. ..in order to kill them and eat them. This isnt really true.probably. No luck, fell to eating leather bags No luck, fell to eating leather bags Soaked it, beat it between rocks, scraped off hair, roasted it, cut it into small pieces and ate it with out chewing 5 th Day found small amount of food 5 th Day found small amount of food Morgan gave it to the weakest 6 th Day ate leaves and grass 6 th Day ate leaves and grass

Later on 6 th found a barn full of corn Later on 6 th found a barn full of corn Ate it without cooking Many fell ill 7 th Day had to abandon canoes 7 th Day had to abandon canoes everyone had to walk and hack through the jungle everyone had to walk and hack through the jungle 8 th Day ran into first real resistance 8 th Day ran into first real resistance The myth had scarred away most 8 dead and more wounded in skirmish 9 th Day came within sight of a large plain filled with cattle 9 th Day came within sight of a large plain filled with cattle Major feast

10 th Day prepared to attack the city 10 th Day prepared to attack the city Many still with blood covering their faces and clothes Many still with blood covering their faces and clothes They could see they were outnumbered They could see they were outnumbered They faced: They faced: 4 infantry battalions 4 infantry battalions Spread out across the field in front of city 2 squadrons of cavalry 2 squadrons of cavalry 2000 cattle 2000 cattle

Henry Morgan at Panama

The Spanish forces were undisciplined The Spanish forces were undisciplined Many Buccaneers trained in Cromwells New Model Army Many Buccaneers trained in Cromwells New Model Army Morgan spotting a weakness Morgan spotting a weakness A high spot on the left flank Sent part of his force there An overeager cavalry officer attacked, rode straight into a swamp An overeager cavalry officer attacked, rode straight into a swamp Privateers picked off numerous Cavalry members before they could get free Privateers picked off numerous Cavalry members before they could get free They bolted Then, the cattle stampeded The infantry shot their guns, dropped them, and ran The infantry shot their guns, dropped them, and ran

Privateers defeated a force twice their size left more than 600 dead on the field Privateers defeated a force twice their size left more than 600 dead on the field Retreating Spanish regrouped threw up barricades and canons in city streets Retreating Spanish regrouped threw up barricades and canons in city streets After a pitch battle the city in the hands of Morgan After a pitch battle the city in the hands of Morgan Small groups headed out to hunt for treasure Small groups headed out to hunt for treasure Remaining Spanish began picking off members of smaller groups City Burned City Burned Possible retaliation by Buccaneers Possible retaliation by Buccaneers Possibly by Spanish to deny it to Buccaneers Possibly by Spanish to deny it to Buccaneers A.O. Esquemelin suggests this

Morgan ordered harbor secured and boats searched Morgan ordered harbor secured and boats searched Officer instead drank, feasted and fornicated Officer instead drank, feasted and fornicated Treasure galleon managed to escape Treasure galleon managed to escape Morgan furious Morgan furious Privateers spent 3 weeks in Panama extracting every last bit of booty Privateers spent 3 weeks in Panama extracting every last bit of booty Some of men planned to grab a boat and the booty and take off into the Pacific Some of men planned to grab a boat and the booty and take off into the Pacific

Morgan found out disabled all ships Morgan found out disabled all ships The privateers were not the only double dealers around The privateers were not the only double dealers around As Morgan left he took multiple women and children As Morgan left he took multiple women and children To be ransomed To be ransomed Included the daughter of a wealthy Panamanian Included the daughter of a wealthy Panamanian In fact money was sent In fact money was sent Monks who had been entrusted with money Monks who had been entrusted with money Used it to free other monks Used it to free other monks

Once back at Atlantic Once back at Atlantic Morgan ordered everyone searched Morgan ordered everyone searched Result of plan in Panama? Shared out the booty Shared out the booty Simultaneously planned his own departure Simultaneously planned his own departure Returned to Jamaica as a hero once again Returned to Jamaica as a hero once again Constant suspicion he had taken more than his share Constant suspicion he had taken more than his share As peace had by now been declared As peace had by now been declared Morgan ordered back to England 1672 Morgan ordered back to England 1672

King Charles II, rather than show annoyance or anger King Charles II, rather than show annoyance or anger Knighted Morgan and sent him back to Jamaica as Lieutenant Governor Knighted Morgan and sent him back to Jamaica as Lieutenant Governor With orders to suppress privateers Admiral Sir Henry Morgan lived out the remainder of his life in luxury in Jamaica Admiral Sir Henry Morgan lived out the remainder of his life in luxury in Jamaica As a wealthy Plantation owner. Sugar plantations. From whence comes..RUM Not the only Privateer to retire to a better life, but perhaps the best known Not the only Privateer to retire to a better life, but perhaps the best known

Privateering ended with Morgan (ish) 1688 Glorious Revolution William and Mary England committed to war against France Peace/truce 1697 for 5 years Queen Annes War 1702 1713 (eventually, Queen Anne would have her Revenge) (But THATs another story)

Stuff Spend time in Colonial Williamsburg Spend time in Colonial Williamsburg Spend time in Colonial Williamsburg Spend time in Colonial Williamsburg Study elsewhere Study elsewhere Study elsewhere Study elsewhere Drake Drake Drake This week This week Captain Kidd Next week Next week No class Mon Captain Kidd Wed Following Monday Following Monday Captain Kidd Movie Kidd Book finished Kidd Book finished Themes Themes Empire Empire Greece Rome Vikings Barbary England Popular Culture Popular Culture Why do we love pirates What was taken from story and why

The Infamous Captain Kidd Born c. 1645 Greenock, Scotland On Firth of Clyde Son of a Calvinist Minister

Suggested that the combination of Suggested that the combination of Birth in a port city and a strict upbringing led Kidd to rebel and run away to sea Birth in a port city and a strict upbringing led Kidd to rebel and run away to sea How and when is a mystery How and when is a mystery 1689 part of a French/British Pirate ship 1689 part of a French/British Pirate ship Led revolt of British and took the ship Led revolt of British and took the ship Act of war or piracy? Sailed to Nevis refitted and took on board a crew of 80 Sailed to Nevis refitted and took on board a crew of 80

Blessed William Blessed William Part of a group of ships attacking French at Marieagalante Part of a group of ships attacking French at Marieagalante Plunder for pay went well Plunder for pay went well 2 nd voyage rescue traditional warfare 2 nd voyage rescue traditional warfare Nevis Nevis Kidd has 2000 and respect Kidd has 2000 and respect Crew left with boat and cash Crew left with boat and cash Awarded captured French vessel by Governor of Nevis Awarded captured French vessel by Governor of Nevis

Lesson Learned But to what end? Gift of the ship Gift of the ship patronage of powerful people could produce surprising opportunities Patronage was the system that made politics work Patronage was the system that made politics work In time he discovered dangers of this system also In time he discovered dangers of this system also

Chases old ship to NY Chases old ship to NY Spends time their working for local Government Spends time their working for local Government Making important friends Marries well Marries well Sarah Bradley Cox Ort 1695 bored 1695 bored Heads to England on trading voyage Heads to England on trading voyage And to gain privateer license And to gain privateer license

Kidd the powerful man in NY Kidd the powerful man in NY Had letter of intro to Sir William Blathwayt Was nothing in London Was nothing in London Turned to Robert Livingston Turned to Robert Livingston Friend from NY who was in London Conflict with France had led the Admiralty to stop issuing Letters of marque Conflict with France had led the Admiralty to stop issuing Letters of marque Needed all available men

Political conflicts in London Political conflicts in London In part over the debate over the war led to the Whig party taking control Problem Blathwayt was not a Whig Problem Blathwayt was not a Whig By luck Livingston met a man called William Carter By luck Livingston met a man called William Carter introduced him to Richard Coote introduced him to Richard Coote Earl of Bellomont

Through political maneuvering Bellomont Through political maneuvering Bellomont With help of Kidd and his Friends Attacked the Governor of New York Attacked the Governor of New York A Non Whig Bellomont moves further up the ladder of power Bellomont moves further up the ladder of power With a new patron With a new patron Kidd began campaign to gain a privateers license

Kidd was to go speedily to where the pirates were Kidd was to go speedily to where the pirates were Capture them and return to Boston Capture them and return to Boston Where Bellomont would be Governor Got Privateering License from Admilitary on December 11, 1695 Got Privateering License from Admilitary on December 11, 1695 Eventually got a permit to hunt pirates from Lord Keeper of Great Seal Eventually got a permit to hunt pirates from Lord Keeper of Great Seal Full investor in expedition

Adventure Galley Adventure Galley Hybrid Got a small crew in London Got a small crew in London Headed to New York Headed to New York Filled up crew requirements September 6 1696 left New York Destination Indian Ocean Destination Indian Ocean

Madagascar and the Indian Ocean

Madagascar

Madagascar 250 miles to the east of Africa 250 miles to the east of Africa Slightly smaller than California High plateaus and arid plains Cyclones hit island over winter and early spring Cyclones hit island over winter and early spring Depositing rain that allowed south enough rain to support cattle herds Beef from cattle formed food staple Beef from cattle formed food staple along with rice grown on the island

Populated initially by Indonesians and Africans Populated initially by Indonesians and Africans c1500 Diego Dias coasted the edge of Island Diego Dias coasted the edge of Island Known as Saint Lawrence Geographical location important Geographical location important Lack of suitable ports on African coast makes it a stop in between west and east

1644 British attempt colonization 1644 British attempt colonization 2 British Merchants sponsored settlement 2 British Merchants sponsored settlement The new all improved Virginia Abandoned after great loss of life Abandoned after great loss of life Survivors flee to India French attempt French attempt Fort Dauphin Collapses in 1674 Collapses in 1674 Lack of supplies and attacks from native population

Around 1660s Around 1660s European merchants begin to turn up for slaves European merchants begin to turn up for slaves Occasional American ship also Longer voyage the West Africa but slave costs lower Longer voyage the West Africa but slave costs lower Lacked organization In step buccaneers/pirates In step buccaneers/pirates Arrived around 1685 Some followed Drakes lead Some followed Drakes lead Not always by plan Others headed east from Caribbean

Pirates chose Madagascar for a number of reasons Pirates chose Madagascar for a number of reasons No other friendly ports East India company built fort-ports East India company built fort-ports Locals didnt need goods Rulers didnt need mercenaries No major power on Island No major power on Island Pirates supplied military support in local conflicts Knowledge of terrain and people along with European background Knowledge of terrain and people along with European background Put pirates as middle men

Slave King of Madagascar Abraham Samuel Abraham Samuel Slave on the French island of Madagascar Slave on the French island of Madagascar Escapee Joined pirate ship led by Jim Hoar Joined pirate ship led by Jim Hoar John and Rebecca Spent time in Arabian sea and Persian Gulf Spent time in Arabian sea and Persian Gulf Headed to India Off coast of Surat took a large prize Off coast of Surat took a large prize February 1697 ship retired to Saint Marie February 1697 ship retired to Saint Marie

Local population attacked Local population attacked Samuel along with other survivors fled to derelict Fort Dauphin Samuel along with other survivors fled to derelict Fort Dauphin A Native Princess/Queen Mother claimed to recognize Samuel A Native Princess/Queen Mother claimed to recognize Samuel Child she had with French man who was taken away at the abandonment of fort Samuel now Prince and Heir to the kingdom Samuel now Prince and Heir to the kingdom

Samuel remained in power for years Samuel remained in power for years Dealt with both slavers and pirates 1700 Captain Littleton of the British Royal Navy entertained Samuel on board royal navy ship 1700 Captain Littleton of the British Royal Navy entertained Samuel on board royal navy ship 1706 Dutch ship arrived to find Samuel gone 1706 Dutch ship arrived to find Samuel gone Dead at hand of enemies Gone back on Account Next Henry Avery but first a (bad) recap of Kidd Next Henry Avery but first a (bad) recap of Kidd

Henry Avery Second well known pirate of Madagascar Second well known pirate of Madagascar After working in the Caribbean After working in the Caribbean Set sail for Indian Ocean Set sail for Indian Ocean life blossomed leader of a vast and powerful kingdom leader of a vast and powerful kingdom

Wealth came from capture of Islamic pilgrim ship heading to Mecca Wealth came from capture of Islamic pilgrim ship heading to Mecca Ship heavily loaded with booty Ship heavily loaded with booty But more importantly On board attractive daughter of Mogul and her retinue On board attractive daughter of Mogul and her retinue

The captain no sooner beheld the Lady in Tears, but melted into compassion... Pays Respect that was due to her high Birth It seems the riches of the ship was designd as a portion for the Princess, and was sent as a Present to a Persian Potentate, who never had the Fortune to enjoy the glittering Cargo

nor his intended Spouse; for the captain had plunderd her of something more pleasing than the Jewels, though not without her own consent, and being joind in Marriage Avery returned to Madagascar Avery returned to Madagascar invited to settle an become King of the Island Forming a Republick of Pirates Forming a Republick of Pirates

Averys new wife Averys new wife Found her self happily brought to Bed of a Son While the female part of her Retinue were no less backward in presenting their Husbands of their conjugal Endeavors In a little time Fame so assisted their Intentions, that several pirates of all Nations came to settle themselves under his protection

Eventually French led rebellion threatens Averys rule Eventually French led rebellion threatens Averys rule luck holds and a traitor in the rebels camp betrays their intentions Life on the island becomes structured and organized Life on the island becomes structured and organized Avery then sent word, via the East Indian Company, to London Avery then sent word, via the East Indian Company, to London Asking to return home a free man Asking to return home a free man Suggesting that a may be Suggesting that a Proposal of some Millions of Money may be not altogether unacceptable

Avery never heard back from England Avery never heard back from England But he was a wise ruler But he was a wise ruler Remembering attempted mutiny Remembering attempted mutiny Constructed loyal militia to protect him and control the Island Constructed loyal militia to protect him and control the Island exiled all French on the Island

Details of final years are scarce as Details of final years are scarce as To go farther than this, would be to impose upon the veracity... as well as the Belief of the Reader because the Person that gives... These memoirs, left the Captain when he first made overtures for Pardon All indications suggest he died peacefully years later All indications suggest he died peacefully years later

Clearly see blurring of lines between fact and fiction in the histories of this man Clearly see blurring of lines between fact and fiction in the histories of this man Majority of what I have told you so far is pure fabrication Avery existed Avery existed was a figure of popularity in England With a play being written about him With a play being written about him The Successful Pyrate By Charles Johnson not the same person who wrote the History of Pirates

Avery was in many ways as successful and enigmatic as the fictional portrayal Avery was in many ways as successful and enigmatic as the fictional portrayal Thought to have been born near Plymouth in Devonshire Thought to have been born near Plymouth in Devonshire At some stage he travelled to the West Indies Where the Governor of Bermuda reputedly gave him work as a slaver on the Guinea Coast Where the Governor of Bermuda reputedly gave him work as a slaver on the Guinea Coast

1693 signed on as first mate aboard the Charles II 1693 signed on as first mate aboard the Charles II Owned by Sir John Houblon and Captained by Charles Gibson Houlbon leased ship to the Spanish Houlbon leased ship to the Spanish After 8 months of work the ship put into the port of La Corua in Spain After 8 months of work the ship put into the port of La Corua in Spain Plan to refit and head back to the West Indies

Crew received no pay upon return to Spain Crew received no pay upon return to Spain Believed they never would Mutiny planned Captain Gibson had a love for the bottle Captain Gibson had a love for the bottle Waited for him to drink his fill and fall asleep Waited for him to drink his fill and fall asleep Then slipped out of the harbor Then slipped out of the harbor

When captain awoke When captain awoke Avery introduced himself as the new captain Offered Gibson and any crew member the option of leaving the ship With Avery as Captain ship renamed the Fancy With Avery as Captain ship renamed the Fancy Headed round Cape of Good Hope for Madagascar Headed round Cape of Good Hope for Madagascar

Docked at Johanna, port on island of Comoros Docked at Johanna, port on island of Comoros A small island chain just off Madagascar Took a French Corsair Took a French Corsair Avery then took an act that made him Avery then took an act that made him A Hero to some A Hero to some A Pirate to others A Pirate to others

Avery left a letter to be taken to London and printed in a newspaper Avery left a letter to be taken to London and printed in a newspaper Explained that Explained that He had taken the Charles II (Fancy) He had taken the Charles II (Fancy) Had not harmed any English or Dutch Had not harmed any English or Dutch But would if perused Signed the letter Signed the letter p.s. there are 160 French corsairs waiting at Mohilla p.s. there are 160 French corsairs waiting at Mohilla

Averys next move Averys next move Attack Islamic Pilgrim Fleet Attack Islamic Pilgrim Fleet This much was true Joined up with American pirates in the Region Joined up with American pirates in the Region From Rhode Island and New York Eventually found the fleet Eventually found the fleet Almost missed it Almost missed it Caught only the tail end of the fleet

The Ganj-i-Sawai exceeding treasure The Ganj-i-Sawai exceeding treasure Grand moguls treasure ship The Fath Mahamamadi The Fath Mahamamadi Escort ship First attack and take escort First attack and take escort Then take Treasure ship Then take Treasure ship

Men spend a week plundering ship Men spend a week plundering ship In reality much of time spent raping female passengers In reality much of time spent raping female passengers There was a Princess aboard There was a Princess aboard An elderly aunt of the Mogul Avery protected her Avery protected her Avery, at the end of week, destroyed sails and shot off main mast Avery, at the end of week, destroyed sails and shot off main mast Ship limped back to Surat

Grand Mogul furious Grand Mogul furious Rounded up all East India Company members in region Rounded up all East India Company members in region chained and tortured After a full year Company was finally able to convince the Mogul that they had nothing to do with attack After a full year Company was finally able to convince the Mogul that they had nothing to do with attack Surviving jailed company members released

This was the Indian Ocean that Kidd sailed into

Avery sailed for America Avery sailed for America Bribed the governor of Rhode Island to land and re-provision Bribed the governor of Rhode Island to land and re-provision Changed name to Captain Bridgeman Changed name to Captain Bridgeman Sold the Fancy and bought a sloop Dropped sailors of in small groups so as not to alert the authorities Dropped sailors of in small groups so as not to alert the authorities The East Indian Company was offering a reward of 1000 for each individual involved The East Indian Company was offering a reward of 1000 for each individual involved Last crew member disembarked in Boston Last crew member disembarked in Boston Some eventually captured

Total haul of Jewels and Gold Total haul of Jewels and Gold 600,000 600,000 Approx. $96,000,000 Approx. $96,000,000 Avery never seen or heard from again Avery never seen or heard from again

This was the Indian Ocean that Kidd sailed into A brief reminder of Kidd. Reminder

Documents

Morgan at Maracaibo. Morgan retuned to Jamaica Morgan retuned to Jamaica –instructed by Modyford to cease and desist Peace had been declared once more