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More subgrouping evidence for Bima-Lembata(Austronesian, eastern Indonesia)
Hanna Fricke, Leiden University APLL 12 – Oslo (virtual)
20 June 2020
In the village of Bakan on Lembata Island
Aims of this talk
• New evidence for the Austronesian Bima-Lembata subgroup in eastern Indonesia: split of PMP *b
• Show that subgrouping is relevant to placemorpho-syntactic innovations, such as the ‘reversed genitive’, in relative time
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The Bima-Lembata languages
Overview
• The Bima-Lembata languages
• Earlier subgrouping work
• Evidence for Bima-Lembata
– Shared innovations in the lexicon (Blust 2008)
– Phylogenetic evidence (Gasser 2014)
– Phonological evidence (Fricke 2019)
• Summary and conclusions
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Bima-Lembata languages
• MAP
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(Blust 2008)
(Elias 2018)(Fricke 2019)
Earlier subgrouping work of the area
Esser 1938 Wurm & Hattori 1981
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Bima-Sumba
??? ??
Ambon-Timor ?
Bima-Sumba Timor Area
???
?
Flores-Lembata - Timor- Maluku
(Ambon)
? ?
Word order in the adnominal possessive construction
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First potential evidence for Bima-Lembata (Blust 2008)
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(Blust 2008:48)
Bima-Sumba Ambon-Timor
Innovations supporting Bima-Lembata
Blust 2008
Evidence for Sumba-Hawu + CW Flores
– Semanitc innovation
• ‘needle’-> ‘sew’
• ‘cloud’> ‘sky’
• ‘Venus’> ‘star’
– Functional innovation
• PMP *-mu ‘2sg.poss’ > non-genitive pronoun
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Evidence for Bima Lembata
PMP *zaRum ‘needle’ -> Bima ⁿdaʔu ‘sew’, Hawu dyau ‘sew’, Lewoingu Lamaholot dauŋ ‘sew’
PMP *mantalaq ‘Venus’-> Bima ⁿtara ‘star’, Manggarai ⁿtala ‘star’, Liodala ‘star’, Western Lamaholot pə|tala ‘star’
Bima weki ‘body’, Manggrai ʋəki ‘body’, Lioʋəki ‘body’, Kambera wiki ‘self’, Central Lembata vəki ‘body’
??
Phylogenetic evidence for
Bima-Lembata(Gasser 2014)
= Esser’s Bima-Sumba
+ Flores-Lembata
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Phonological evidence for Bima-Lembata
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• Lexical data from the LexiRumah database (Kaiping et al 2019)
• Split of initial PMP *b > PBL *b/*w
– 8 cognate sets with PMP *b -> b/ɓ/ᵐb
– 13 cognate set with PMP *b -> w/ʋ/v
• AN Timor languages also show splits of PMP *b but in different lexical items and with different patterns
8 sets with PMP *b -> b/ɓ/ᵐb
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Gloss PMP P-Fl-Lem(1) Ende Palu’e Manggarai Kambera Bima
‘(re)turn’ *bali *gə|valik ɓaɹe palu - ɓeli ᵐbali
‘divide’ *baqagi *bagi bagi - bahi ɓeri bage
‘pound’ *bayu *bayu wadʒu padʒu - ɓai ᵐbad͡ʒu
‘heavy’ *bəRəqat *bərat - pədʒa - ᵐbotu (?) bara
‘white’ *budaq *budaʔ - pura - ɓurahu(2) ɓura
‘flower’ *buŋa *buŋa woŋa - - - ɓuŋa
‘wet’ *baseq *basə ᵐbasa paː bat͡ʃa ᵐbaha ᵐbet͡ʃa
‘split’ *bakaq *baka ‘bite’ ɓeka(3) - - ɓɛra -
(1) Fricke 2019, (2) Onvlee 1984, (3) Rongga and Keo (also Central Flores)
13 set with PMP *b -> w/ʋ/v
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Gloss PMP P-Fl-Lem(1) Ende Palu’e Manggarai Kambera Bima
‘new’ *baqəRu *vəru - - ʋəru - -
‘pig’ *babuy *vavi wawi ʋawi - wei wawi
‘stone’ *batu *vatu watu ʋatu ʋatu watu wadu
‘fruit’ *buaq *vua vua(1) - ʋua wua wua
‘moon’ *bulan *vulan wuɹa ʋula ʋulaŋ wulaŋ wura
‘woman’ *bahi *vai hai (<f) ʋai (ine) ʋai - -
‘lips’ *biRbiR *vivir wiwi(2) ʋiʋi ʋiʋir - wiwi
‘body hair’ *bulu *vulu|k fuː(ɜ) ʋulu ʋulu wulu -
‘foam’ *bujəq *vuda wora - ʋusa wura -
ALSO: PMP *baraq ‘lungs’ (?); *beli 'value, price’; *bubuŋ ‘ridge’; *buhek ‘hair’(1) Ngadha (Central Flores); (2) Keo (Central Flores); (ɜ) Nga’o (CF)
Summary of evidence for Bima-Lembata
1. Exclusively shared innovations in different domains – Sound change
initial PMP *b > *w in a specific set of words– Semantic innovations
PMP *mantalaq ‘Venus’ > ‘star’PMP *zaRum ‘needle’ > ‘sew’
– Lexical innovationswəki ‘body; self’
2. Phylogenetic evidence (Gasser 2014)
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Conclusions
Bima-Lembata• More and more evidence for Bima-
Lembata as an innovation-defined subgroup
• More work to be done on internal divisions
• The structural similarities between the Flores-Lembata languages and the AN languages on Timor are notinherited from a common ancestor
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BimaSumba-Hawu
W Flores
C Flores
Flores-Lembata
Thank you!
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ReferencesBlust, Robert. 2008. Is there a Bima-Sumba subgroup? Oceanic Linguistics 47(1). 45–113.
Elias, Alexander. 2018. Lio and the Central Flores languages. Leiden: Leiden University Master thesis.
Esser, S. J. 1938. Talen (9ab). In Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap (ed.), Atlas van TropischNederland. The Hague: Nijhoff.
Fricke, Hanna. 2019. Traces of language contact: The Flores-Lembata languages in eastern Indonesia. Amsterdam: LOT Publications.
Gasser, Emily. 2014. Subgrouping in Nusa Tenggara: the case of Bima-Sumba. In Jeffrey Connor-Linton & Luke Wander Amoroso (eds.), Measured Language: Quantitative Approaches to Acquisition, Assessment, and Variation, 63–78. Washington: Georgetown University Press.
Wurm, Stefen, Hattori Shirō & Theo Baumann. 1981. Language atlas of the Pacific area (Pacific Linguistics. Series C, Books ; No. 66, 67). Canberra: Australian Academy of the Humanities in collaboration with the Japan Academy.
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