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The National Movement in Telangana

The Erst-while Hyderabad state of the Nizam containedthree broad divisions on linguistic basis namely Telangana,Marathwada and Karnataka. The two subas of Warangal andMedak consisting of nine districts constituted the Telanganaregion with an area of more than 49 thousand square miles witha population of ten millions i.e. one crore.151 The popular poetDasarathi called it ‘Koti Ratnala Veena Na Telangana’. Thepercentage of literacy was only 5%. Persian language was usedupto 1884, when urdu was introduced as official language ofthe Hyderabad state by Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan the Nizam VI.People from North India and Marthwada were invited andappointed in higher positions. Telugu language and Teluguculture were neglected.

The Indian National Congress, established in 1885,attracted the intellectual elite like Dr.AghoranathaChattopadhyaya, father of Mrs. Sarojini Naidu, Mulla AbdulQayum and others, who joined it. The lapses and the defects ofthe Nizam rule were focused through the News paper ‘HinduPioneer’. The establishment of Arya Samaj in 1892 in Hyderabadcity marked the beginning of the cultural revival. Intellectualslike Keshava Rao Karotkar joined the Arya Samaj. In order to

bring unity and rouse the patriotic spirit among the masses BalaGangadhar Tilak started Ganesh festival celebrations inMaharastra. These celebrations were also started in Hyderabadin 1895. Leaders like Komarraju Lakshmana Rao, GadicherlaHarisarvothama Rao and A.Keshava Rao tried their best for thecultural renaissance. Due to the efforts of Komarraju LakshmanaRao, the first Telugu library namely Sri Krishna DevarayaAndhra Bhasha Nilayam was started in 1901. The VignanaChandrika Mandali established in 1906, published many booksin Telugu. Viveka Varadhani school was started byMaharashtrians. The Osmania University was established in1919.

Political Awakening in Telangana

The Telugu journals like Nilagiri Patrika and TeluguPatrika developed political consciousness. The first congresscommittee was formed under the presidentship of Vaman Nayakin 1918. The Khilafat movement brought Hindus and Muslimstogether. The Non co-operation movement started by Gandhijispread throughout India. The meetings were addressed by bothHindus and Muslims. The Nizam’s Government, perturbed bythese developments, issued a firman forbidding the holding ofpolitical meetings.

The Khilafat movement, like in other districts had itsimpact on Karimnagar district also. The Khilafat Day was

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observed in the months of March and April 1920 at several placesin the district. A meeting was conducted at Idgah in Karimnagar,which was presided over by Shah Habibulla of Hyderabad.People from all walks of life participated in it. The first Taluqudaror the District Collector Syed Moinuddin Ali Khan and the jointMagistrate Rai Ratan Chand also attended the meeting. The localpleaders were the chief promoters of the movement. The meetingalso exhorted the merchants to close down their shops as a markof protest against the British. Official records reveal thatnecessary permission was not obtained before holding themeeting152. The year 1920 was very momentous and the currentsof political thought generated in the rest of the country permeatedthis district also. Gandhian ideals such as the use of Khaddarand boycott of liquor shops spread to the interior parts ofKarimnagar district.

It is strange that some students gave up their studies underthe influence of Non co-operation Movement of 1920.Dr.Jayasurya gave up his studies in medicine. Students like Mirmuhammad Hussain, Akbar Ali Khan, Maqbul Ali and SyedMuhammad Ansari etc. belonging to Karimnagar gave up theirstudies and participated in the movement. Among them MirMuhammad Hussain was put in Nellor jail for six months. Inlater days he was appointed as the Director at the Central RecordOffice in Hyderabad. Akbar Ali Khan later on earned good nameas a Barrister. Maqbul Ali became civil surgeon while SyedMuhammad Ansari became a pleader. The intellectuals andstudents with political awakening were greatly attracted by themovement. The propagation of Swadeshi movement caught theimagination of the people and soon they took up to spinning ofKhadi. Prominent people like Badrul Hasan and Jaffar Hasaninstead of wearing paijamas started wearing Khadi Shirts, KhadiDhovatis and Gandhi caps 153. Badrul Hasan was a professor ofsociology in the Osmania University. As a result of the Khadi

movement, women in most of the houses took up to spinning ofKhadi, while the volunteers sold the Khadi cloth in the market.Prof. Badrul Hasan got the Charakhas or the Ratanas (spinningwheels) from Bombay and supplied them to women. A factorywas started in Warangal, where the Charakhas were made andsupplied to other places. A Khadi Karkhana or Factory wasestablished in 1929 at Metpalli in Karimnagar district. A largenumber of people span the thread on the Charakhas or spinningwheels and sold it in the Karkhana or factory. The Khadi clothmanufactured at Metpalli was exported to the far off places. BogaPapaiah Pantulu rendered yeoman service to the Karkhana ofMetpalli. The Charakha centres were opened at various placesin the district. In those days those, who wore Khadi clothes,were considered congress people and the Nizam police kept awatch over them.

The Emergence of Andhra Jana Sangham.

The Nizam state’s social reforms conference was held inHyderabad on 11th and 12th November 1921. It was presidedover by Maharshi Karve. The proceedings of the conference wereconducted in English, Urdu and Marathi. But one of the delegatesAllampalli Venkatarama Rao tried to move a resolution in Telugu,which was hooted down by the audience more specially by TheMaharashtrian section, which could not be tolerated by Telugumembers in the very capital of Telugu people. Therefore, thatvery night they formed an association called the Andhra JanaSangham with only 12 members. Very soon the membership roseto hundred and its first meeting was held in Hyderabad underthe Chairmanship of Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy on 14thFebruary 1922. Madapati hanumantha Rao, who was electedsecretary, proved to be the guiding spirit of the movement forthe social and cultural upliftment of Telangana people. A largenumber of people from Huzurabad area attended the conference

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of Andhra Jana Sangham held at Hanumakonda on 1st April1924.

The Andhra Jana Sangham established many Telugulibraries, reading rooms and private schools for social, economicand cultural revival of the people of Telangana. Sri Raja RajaNarendra Andhra Bhasha Nilayam at Hanumakonda in 1904,Andhra Samvardhini library at Secundrabad in 1905 andMahaboobia library at Yerrupalem in Khammam district wereestablished. In 1930 a conference of historians was held atWarangal and it published The Kakatiya Sanchika. The AndhraJana Sangham published many books. The merchants inTelangana formed “The Merchants’ Association” against theexploitations of the bureaucracy, which are published in a bookcalled ‘Vartaka Swatantriyam’. The Andhra Balika High Schoolwas established in 1928. By 1930 The Andhra Jana Sanghambecame a powerful force focusing the public opinion. In aconference held at Jogipet in Medak district the Andhra JanaSangham was converted into Andhra Mahasabha in 1930.

The Andhra Mahasabha

The Andhra Mahasabha formed in 1930 tried its best forthe social and cultural development of the people of Telangana.The first conference was held in 1930 at Jogipet in Medak districtunder the presidentship of Suravaram Pratap Reddy. Women’sconference called Andhra Mahila Sabha was also heldsimultaneously with the Andhra Maha Sabha under thepresidentship of Nadimpalli Sundaramma. Burgula RamakrishnaRao presided over the second conference held at Devarakondain 1931. The Nizam Government developed hostile attitudetowards the Mahasabha and imposed several restrictions on it.Therefore Mahasabha could not get permission for three yearsuntil it held its third conference at Khammam in 1934 under thepresidentship of Pulijala Venkata Ranga Rao.

The Fourth Andhra Mahasabha At Sircilla 1935

The fourth Andhra Mahasabha, held at Sircilla inKarimnagar district, was presided over by Madapati HanumanthaRao in 1935, while his wife Manikyamba presided over theAndhra Mahila Sabha simultaneously at the same place. Thespeakers started speaking in Telugu in this conference giving upUrdu, Marathi and English. A primary form for the constitutionof Andhra Mahasabha was given in this conference. Manyimportant resolutions were passed in this conference.

1. Education system should be completely revised and theeducational institutions should be recognised.

2. Compulsory primary education should be implemented.3. Mother-tongue Telugu should be the Medium of Instruction.4. The legitimate rights of the people in Jagirs should be

protected.5. Child marriages should be discouraged.6. Local-self Government should be introduced.7. Untouchability should be eradicated and the untouchables

should be given due place in the society.

The youth, who participated in the conference at Sircilla,did not like the above cited stereotyped resolutions. Theydemanded for radical changes. These Resolutions could not bringany change in the attitude of the Nizam Government.

The leaders like Baddam Yella Reddy, Anabheri PrabhkarRao, Singireddy Bhoopathi Reddy and the social reformerBhoomaiah vakil (pleader) played important role in organisingthis conference. Representatives from all the taluks of the districtattended this conference. From Jagtial Kasam Shivaraja Gupta,Jaisetty Lakshmirajam Gupta and Siddamsetti Sangaiah etc.attended it. The branch of Andhra Mahasabha was opened byKasam Shivaraja Gupta at Jagtial. Raghunath Kache, whoattended this conference, established the Andhra Mahasabha

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branch at Manthani. After the conference of Sircilla, a permanentoffice of Andhra Maha Sabha was opened at Boiwada inKarimnagar. Baddam Yella Reddy was elected as the Districtpresident of Mahasabha, while Anabheri Prabhakar Rao waselected as secretary. Damodar Rao of Gundi-Ramadugu wasmade the incharge of the office. The branches of Andhra MahaSabha were opened at Sircilla, Jagtial, Manthani, Peddapalli,Metpalli, Koratla, Choppadandi, Sultanabad, Huzurabad andseveral other places in Karimnagar district.

The popular leaders like K.V.Ranga Reddy, J.V.NarasingRao, Suravaram Pratap Reddy, Ravi Narayana Reddy, BaddamYella Reddy etc participated in the Sircilla conference on 6thSeptember 1935. This conference was a source of inspiration tothe young people like Amrutlal Shukla of Sircilla, who playedlater on an important role in the Telangana Armed Struggle.Leaders like Polkampalli Venkata Rama Rao rendered valuableservices in the organisation of the fourth conference. Theancestors of Polkampalli Venkata Rama Rao are said to havehailed from Devarakonda in Nalgonda district and he is closelyrelated to the Chennamaneni brothers Rajeshwar Rao,Hanumantha Rao and Ch.Vidyasagar Rao, the former stateminister for Home in the Centre. The famous weight lifter KodiRama Krishna of Vijayawada is said to have exhibited his featsin this conference.

The offices of Andhra Mahasabha opened in the districtcarried on a campaign against Vetti Chakiri or forced labour,compulsory levy system of paddy and the exploitation of themasses by the privileged class like landlords, Jagirdars andDeshmukhs. The Volunteers of the Mahasabha helped theweavers in getting the cotton thread supplied by the Governmenton ration cards. They worked for the fair distribution of the cottonthread without allowing scope for black marketing.

The Later Conferences of Andhra Mahasabha

The fifth conference of Andhra Mahasabha was held atJagir village Shadnagar in 1936 under the presidentship of KondaVenkata Ranga Reddy. The sixth conference held at Nizamabadin 1937 was presided over by Mandamula Narsinga Rao. Whenthe Seventh conference was presided over by MandamulaRamachandar Rao at Malkapur, young men like Ravi NarayanReddy from Nalgonda, Kaloji Narayan Rao from Warangal andPolkampalli Venkatrama Rao from Karimnagar attended it. Thedelegates were divided into two distinct groups namelymoderates and leftists. The eighth conference held at Chilkurunear Huzurnagar in Nalgonda district in 1941 was presided overby the Communist leader Ravi Narayana Reddy. The problemsof women and the agricultural tenants were mainly discussed inthis conference. The Ninth Andhra Mahasabha conference heldin 1942 at Dharmavaram in Warangal district was presided overby Madiraju Rama Koteswara Rao. In 1943 the Tenth conferencewas held in Hyderabad. Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy belongingto moderates group having defeated the leftist leader BaddamYella Reddy of Karimnagar district became the president of thisconference. In the eleventh conference held at Bhuvanagiri in1944 the communists dominated and their leader Ravi NarayanReddy became the president. This Andhra Mahasabha attendedby ten thousand people came under the control of communists.The communist leader Chandra Rajeshwar Rao addressed thiseleventh session. This led to a split in the Mahasabha. Moderateslike Konda Venkata Ranga Reddy and others formed a separateassociation called the Nationalist Andhra Mahasabha which heldtwo sessions in 1945 and 1946. The last session of the NationalistAndhra Mahasabha held at Kandi Village in Medak district in1946 was presided over by Jamalapuram Keshava Rao. Howeverthe Nationalist Andhra Mahasabha ultimately merged itself intothe Hyderabad State congress.

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The Communist led Andhra Mahasabha held its twelfthsession at Khammam in 1946 under the presidentship of RaviNarayan Reddy. More than forty thousand people attended thisconference. On 3rd December 1946 the communist party wasbanned and naturally the activities of Andhra Mahasabha cameto a close.

Proselytisation (Religious conversions)

Forcible conversions in Karimnagar district fromHinduism to Islam went on unchecked. One Rajanna of Manthaniwas converted to Islam in 1926 and his name was changed asMoulvi Rafiuddin. Rajeshwar Rao, a Niyogi Brahman and a Doraor landlord of Peddapalli was also converted as Muslim with anew name Abdul Jaleel. At Adivarampeta in the old Manthanitaluk, one Jainuddin Kidnapped Rambai, the wife of ChitikesiVeeraiah of Vyshya community along with her 8 years old sonRamachandram. He converted them to Islam forcibly at the Qaziof Mahadevpur and changed their names into Haneesha Bi andAbdullah. Jainuddin married Haneesha Bi154. Many instancesof forcible conversion went on unnoticed. Many poor Harijanswere converted to Islam.

Bahadur Yar Jung, the leader of Hyderabad state IttehadulMuslimeen toured many places in Karimnagar district andencouraged conversions into Islam. He distributed free clothesand promised to pay Rupees twenty to each new convert. A goodnumber of Harijans in Sircilla and Yellareddypet areas arereported to have embraced Islam. Propagation of Islam went onunchecked and the Islam promoters were appointed on a salaryof Rs.12/- per month. In 1941 census, Harijans were notmentioned as Hindus. The column of their religion was left blank.Juvvadi Chokka Rao of Irkulla Village and a leader ofKarimnagar district made a protest and wrote a letter to GolcondaPatrika against the unfair methods adopted in the census of 1941.

Dr.Ambedkar also objected to the conversion of Harijans intoIslam.155

Besides Muslims, the Christian Missionaries also startedproselytizing activities from 1905 onwards. The Christianmissionaries entered the Karimnagar district in 1882. Theyestablished their centres at Karimnagar, Peddapalli, Jagtial andSircilla. In 1897 the Monsoons failed and the severe droughtsituation resulted in great famine. People suffered from soaringprices. The price of rice for one rupee was one Manedu i.e. fourseers equal to 5kg of today. But today one does not get 5kg riceunless he pays Rs.70/- or 75/-. Due to famine there were 152deaths of starvation in Karimnagar district alone. At Kothapallivillage hungry people went to the Christian missionaryMr.Wesley, who came to their rescue and supplied them withfree food. Taking advantage of the poverty, many Madigas andMannepus were converted into christianity156. Consequent to themedical and educational services rendered by the Missionaries,Many poor people were converted as Christians in Peddapalli,Sircilla and Jagtial areas. In 1921 there were 1581 Christians inKarimnagar district, while the figure after two decades rose to21,900 in 1941. The main reason for such increase wasproselytizing activities.157

Formation of Hyderabad State Congress 1938.

The leaders felt the need of establishing a politicalorganisation on secular lines for carrying on the struggle forresponsible Government. Due to the active part played by SwamiRamananda Tirtha, the Hyderabad State Congress was formedon 29th January 1938. He was able to enroll 1200 primarymembers. But it was banned on the grounds that it was acommunal and subversive body. Burgula Rama Krishna Rao andMandamula Narsing Rao tried to convince the Muslim authoritiesthat it was not a communal organisation but in vain. Then the

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Hyderabad State Congress and the Arya Samaj started Satyagrahaon 24th October 1938 for lifting the ban. They demanded forresponsible Government. Total 400 members divided into 18batches continued satyagraha batch-wise one after the other fortwo months upto 24th December 1938. Baddam Yella Reddyand others from Karimnagar district sat for satyagraha in the12th batch. On the advice of Gandhiji, Kashinatha Vaidya, wholed the last batch gave up the agitation putting an end tosatyagraha. Yet this satyagraha of two months may be consideredas a landmark in the political awakening of the Telangana region.

The Vandemataram Movement 1938

The year of 1938 is significant because it marks theemergence of first popular political struggle in the NizamDominions. Several organisations like the Arya Samaj, the HinduMahasabha, Praja Mandals and the Hyderabad State Congressundertook the satyagraha and agitated for the basic civil rightsof the people. The Vandemataram movement was an off-shootof this political awakening and unrest.

The Hindu students were found singing the Vandemataramsong in the prayer hall of the Osmania University on the occasionof the Dasara celebrations in 1938. The university authoritiesclosed the prayer hall and issued a circular not to singVandemataram song. Then the students started singing it in theUniversity precincts. They gave up the uniform of paijama andblue sherwani and started attending the classes wearing shirtsand Dhovatis. The authorities objected to it and denied to liftthe ban on singing the Vandemataram. When the students defiedthe order, the university authorities closed the hostels on thenight of 29th November 1938 and asked the students to vacateand quit the premises in the night itself. The students went onstrike, which continued from 29th November to 10th December1938 and very soon it spread even into districts. 350 students

from Osmania University, 70 from City college, 310 fromGulbarga college, 120 from Mahaboobnagar High school andmany other students from various institutions in the state weresuspended and removed from the Rolls.158 The Nagpur Universitycame to the rescue of the students expelled by the OsmaniaUniversity and permitted them to study and appear for theexaminations without wasting the academic year. NukalaRamachandra Reddy, Achyuta Reddy, T.Haigreeva Charybelonging to Warangal and P.V.Narasima Rao of Karimnagardistrict were among the students expelled by the OsmaniaUniversity. Subsequently they joined the Nagpur University.Battu Gopal Mallesham, a watandar of Sirikonda, now residingat Jagtial was also among the expelled students. He continuedhis studies like others in the Nagpur University. Now he is 94and narrates the events of those days, which took place on theUniversity campus. Many students suffered during theVandemataram movement. Leaders like Pandit Nehru andSubhash Chandra Bose supported the agitation of the students.Gandhiji supporting the students, asserted that they had a rightto sing Vandemataram. This movement revealed that the studentsof Hyderabad State also started taking active part in the publicand political activities against the Nizam’s Government.

The Gadis of Doras (Fortalices of Landlords) in Karimnagar Dist.

The Gadis played a very important role in the villageadministration during the Asaf Jahi period. The Gadi means theonly big and beautiful house or building of Dora or the landlordof the village. The Gadi is a stronghold or a fortalice or a pettyfort like residence of the landlord. The Jagirdars, Watandars,Maqtedars, Inamdars, Deshmukhs and Desais etc, who were biglandlords or feudal lords were called Doras or the masters oftheir villages. The Gadi was the nucleus, where from theadministration of the village went on. The plight of the villagerswas miserable under the autocratic and aristocratic Doras or

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landlords. According to the information available and gatheredto the extent possible, the need is felt to give the details of theGadis, which were the centres of village administration underthe Doras during the first half of the twentieth century. Peoplehad to bear with different types of administration at differentplaces under different Doras in the district.

Metpalli was the headquarters of a Jagir, which is about80 Kms to the North-west of Karimnagar. Nawab Fakhrul Mulkwas the Jagirdar, who often lived in Hyderabad and looked afterthe Jagir administration. There were five taluks and 118 villagesin different regions under the Jurisdiction of Metpalli Jagir. Biloliin Nizamabad district, Sirisala and Khandala in Karnataka, Boriin Maharashtra and Metpalli in Karimnagar district were fivetaluks, which were administered from Metpalli Jagirheadquarters. Under the supervision of Jagirdar Fakhrul Mulk,there was an Avval-Taluqdar (collector) and a police Mohatmeem(superintendent of Police), who administered all the five talukslying in different states from proper Metpalli Jagir headquarters.Oppression reigned supreme in the Jagirdari lands. The civilcourts had no jurisdiction over Jagir lands. Therefore theJagirdars and their agents were free to exert their own powers.They exacted from the peasants a variety of illegal taxes. It issaid that the bi-cycles were released for sale for the first time inthe market in 1912. It was a great wonder for the people ofMetpalli Jagir and Karimnagar district to see the Jagirdar FakhrulMulk riding on a bi-cycle. The Khadi Karkhana or factoryestablished at Metpalli on the ideals of Gandhiji brought politicalawakening in Karimnagar district.

Raja Shivaraj Bahadur was a wazir at Nizam. Bandalingapuram and Peddapalli in Karimnagar district were hisSamsthans or Jagirs. He had two sons namely Dharm Karan andIndra Karan. The father and the sons lived in Hyderabad andgave their Jagirs on lease to the Velamas. This continued for

generations together. A Velama boy named Lingala AnantaKishan Rao, brought from Nizamabad area, was the adopted sonand he was the last ruler of Banda Lingapuram Samsthan lyingadjacent to Metpalli Jagir. Jamedar Venkanna belonging toYellapi caste was his Diwan. A Velama named Peggerla Rajannabelonging to Raikal was in his service. According to localinformation Raja Anant Kishan Rao was the first landlord toprovide amenities to his people. He built a water tank in hisSamsthan village Banda Lingapuram and supplied water throughtap system. Even today the same water tank is supplying waterin the village. He arranged a generator and electrified his village.Indeed the most wonderful and rare attempt made by Raja AnantaKishan Rao to provide electricity and water through taps in hisvillage during the first half of the twentieth century, deserves ahigh degree of appreciation and admiration.

An anecdote popular in this region reveals that there wasa tussle between the Dora of Banda Lingapuram Samsthan andthe adjacent Jagirdar of Metpalli over the lands lying at theoutskirts of Vellula village. It is said that there were evenexchanges of fire some times between both the parties. Theyfiled a case in the High court, which gave judgement in favourof Metpalli Jagirdar. When the Mohatmeem or theSuperintendent of Police of Metpalli Jagir went to Vellulla totake over the lands, about hundred sepoys of Samsthan underthe command of Jamedar Venkanna raised their guns. The Jagirpolice is stated to have returned to Metpalli without any action.Such was the power exhibited by Banda Lingapuram Samsthanin those days. It is a tragedy that the Raja of Samsthan faced anuntimely death. The samsthan had two more Gadis under itscontrol, one at Ailapuram near Koratla and the other at Ravikantior Raikal. Raja Anant Kishan Rao is blessed with two sons. RajaGajasimha Rao and Raja Narasimha Rao, who settled inHyderabad.

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Gateways Bandalingapur Gadi Chalgal Gadi

The Chalganti Gadi lying in the midst of Chalgal villageis about 4 kms to the west of Jagtial town. Raja Juvvadi DharmaJalapathi Rao, the Dora of Chalgal married his only son RajgopalRao with the bride of Banda Lingapuram Samsthan. Thismarriage was attended by thousands of people of Samsthan andother places too. The Chalgal Gadi contains a beautiful twostoreyed building, which is still in tact and houses a private highschool today. More than half a century ago the beautiful archesof the building attracted the attention of the passengers travellingby bus from a very long distance, when there were no otherbuildings in the village. Raja Dharma Jalapathi Rao, to mark theSilver Jubilee celebrations of the reign of Mir Osman Ali Khanthe Nizam VII, built a very beautiful clock tower in the midst ofJagtial town in 1937. At the same time he built a two storeyedresidential building known as Chalgal Gadi to the north of VenuGopala Swamy Temple near the old bus stand centre at Jagtial.Now the township has grown in the open area of this Gadi. RajaDharma Jalapathi Rao’s son Rajgopal Rao is blessed with twosons namely Babu Krishna Bhupal Rao and Babu Dr.RamBhoopal Rao, who settled in Hyderabad. Dr.Ram Bhoopal Rao,while running the famous hospital ‘Satya Kidney Centre’ atHimayatnagar in Hyderabad passed away suddenly. His wife hailsfrom the famous Venkatagiri Samsthan.

Another important Bheemaram Gadi in Medipalli Mandal

is about 20 kms to the south-west of Jagtial. Juvvadi DharmaChokka Rao built the beautiful Gadi building in the Saka year1847, which is equal to A.D.1925. The building is now in ruins,but the entrance gate way is still in tact. The open area of Gadinow contains the buildings of panchayat office and Z.P.HighSchool. The second wife of the landlord Dharma Chokka Raohailed from the samsthan of Pithapuram. The Rajaram Gadi inDharmapuri Mandal was also under the control of Bheemaram.Chokka Rao of Bheemaram also built a Gadi to the north ofGovernment Area Hospital at Jagtial. The Duvvam-Taluqdarsor the Deputy Collectors of Jagtial used this Gadi for theirresidential purpose till recent times. Now this Gadi is no moreextant at Jagtial as the township came up known as Santoshnagarin that area. Juvvadi Dharma Chokka Rao of Bheemaram Gadihas two sons. The eldest son Ram Krishna Rao retainedBheemaram Gadi while Rajaram Gadi was given to the youngestson Sharat Chandra Rao. Now both these brothers settled inHyderabad.

Bheemaram Gadi Govindaram Gadi

Nizamuddin, the son of Chand Miyan, was the Maqtedarof Yusuf Nagar near Koratla. He was graduated from the AligarhUniversity in those days. His younger brother was MohidinPasha. These brothers were also the landlords of Mallial, whichis about 10 Kms to the south of Jagtial. More than seven decadesago, Nizamuddin had the credit of running private buses for thefirst time in this area. People had to depend upon these private

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buses only till the Road Transport Corporation was formed inthe old Hyderabad state. Before the private buses of Nizamuddinwere introduced , people had to travel on foot, bi-cycles or bybullock-carts. Situation was the same till police action in 1948.Nizamuddin had two sons Jaffar Nizam and Anwar Nizam. Theeldest son Jaffar Nizam, who worked as the professor of OsmaniaUniversity and also as the Vice-Chancellor of the KakatiyaUniversity passed away recently in Hyderabad.

Battu Lachanna, who belonged to the Vyshya communitywas the Watandar of Sirikonda in Kathlapur Mandal near Koratla.He had also three more villages namely Potharam, Katakapuramand Thatipalli under his control. He built a beautiful threestoreyed Gadi building at Sirikonda and maintained the requiredpomp and show like other contemporary Velama Doras. He wasnot in good terms with Nizamuddin, the Maqtedar. While hewas going in his small sawari bullock-cart, the followers ofNizamuddin fired at him. Though he sustained bullet injury, hewas saved. One of the descendants of his family Battu GopalMallesham settled as an advocate at Jagtial.

Itikyal in Raikal Mandal was a Maqta of the Velamas.The Maqtedar Chennamaneni Venkata Narasimha Rao built theItikyal Gadi building in 1941. Rudrangi Gadi in ChandurthiMandal was also under his control. He is blessed with four sonsnamely Satyanarayana Rao, Venkateshwar Rao, Krishna Rao andAshok Rao. All of them settled in Hyderabad. The eldest sonlate Satyanarayana Rao was elected as the member of A.P.Legislative Assembly. One of his younger brothersCh.N.V.Krishna Rao is highly charitable and philanthropic bynature. He earned the affection and good will of people by hisnoble deeds. He is a staunch devotee and built a wonderful ShirdiSai Baba temple at Itikyal and dedicated it to the people of thatplace. He also built the Ayyappa Temple at Raikal, which is inthe vicinity of his native place Itikyal. At present he is the

Managing Director of A.N.L. Parcel Service, which is a jointventure with A.P. State Road Transport corporation.

Shiridi Saibaba Temple, Itikyal. Swamy Ayyappa Temple, Raikal

Vittampet village near Vellula in Metpalli Mandal was aMaqta. A Karanam Brahman Nagulapalli Venkata Kishan Raowas its Maqtedar. The Government took over his Maqta and gavehim compensatory pension till he breathed his last in December1964. The watandar of Ramajipet village in Raikal Mandalnamed Chitneni Venkateshwar Rao is blessed with five sons.His eldest son is Hanumanth Rao and the next son Vijaya RangaRao was adopted by Venkata Narsinga Rao of Metpalli Gadi.Vijaya Ranga Rao was once elected as the member of A.P.Legislative Assembly and he also worked as the chairman ofKarimnagar Zilla Parishad for a term. Among the other sons ofVenkateshwar Rao, Yaswanth Rao went on adoption to KoratlaGadi, Raj Gopal Rao was given Gundampalli Gadi, whileRamajipet was retained by Vidyasagar Rao.

Kasuganti Narayan Rao the watandar of Muthyampet inMallial Mandal, who donated more than twenty acres of landand one lakh rupees to the Government Degree College at Jagtial,which is named after him, passed away in May 1984. One of hissons K.Lakshmi Narasimha Rao, who was elected twice asM.L.A. from Jagtial constituency in 1963 and 1967 is blessedwith three sons Prabhakar Rao, Sudhakar Rao and Vaman Rao.

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Prabhakar Rao and Vaman Rao settled in Hyderabad whileSudhakar Rao is living at Jagtial.

Nerella Gadi in Dharmapuri Mandal was held by GovindaRao. His son S.Janardhan Rao, a noble Dora was elected as thepresident of Jagtial Samithi. He died recently in Hyderabad.S.Venkateshwar Rao son of Janardhan Rao settled in Hyderabad.Juvvadi Rajeshwar Rao the Watandar of Maddunuru village inDharmapuri Mandal shifted to Hyderabad long back. D.MalharRao was the Landlord of Pembetla in Sarangapoor Mandal. Hisson Raj Gopal Rao and grandsons Dr.D.Surendar Rao andDevendar Rao are now living in Hyderabad. Govindaram Gadinear Bheemaram in Medipalli Mandal was held by BejjankiRajeshwar Rao. His son Raj Gopal Rao, who settled at Jagtialpassed away recently and all his three sons Dr.B.SatyanarayanRao, Dr.B. Shiva Prasad Rao and B.Jaya Prakash Rao have settledin Hyderabad.

Chakunta Kishan Rao, a Karanam Brahman was theDeshpande of sixty villages in Jagtial region. Deshpandes andDesais were vested with the powers of collecting revenue andother taxes. Deshmukhs and Sirdeshmukhs looked after Maliand Kotwal (Civil and Police duties) administration. ChakuntaKishan Rao had his Devidi or Kacheri (office) at Brahmanwadain Jagtial town. He appointed Pampati Burchirajam of Vyshyacommunity as the Tahsildar to collect revenue. People of Jagtialregion were surprised to see the touring car for the first time,when Desai Chakunta Kishan Rao, purchased and brought it toJagtial. He was survived by three sisters. The first sister was themother of Sadashiva Rao, the Desai of Manakonduru. The secondone was the wife of Vishnudas Gopal Rao of Jagtial who washolding two villages Thippanpet and Gopalrao pet lying nearJagtial on the way to polas. The third sister is the mother ofChakunta Gangadhar of Jagtial. Chakunta Kishan Rao was themost popular Deshpande of Jagtial region.

Another Karanam Brahman Namile Shankar Raobelonging to Buggaram in Dharmapuri Mandal was Desai offorty villages, which also passed into the hands of ChakuntaKishan Rao of Jagtial after his death.

According to the information available the need is felt togive the details of few more Gadis in Karimnagar district. GuduruGadi in Kamalapur Mandal of Huzurabad area was once underthe control of Madadi Malla Reddy. The Gadi was built in 1933and there were fifteen villages under its control. A descendantof this family Madadi Chinna Kesava Reddy was once electedas M.L.C. But he was killed by the peoples war Group. MadadiNarasimha Reddy the eldest son of Kodanda Rami Reddy wasonce the chairman of Warangal Zilla Parishad and later servedas minister also. Another member of this family Madadi RamChandra Reddy was once elected as M.L.A. from KamalapurConstituency. Now all the members of this family have settledin Hyderabad.

Aadimulam Venkata Rama Rao was once the landlord ofKamalapur Gadi, which had sixteen villages under its control.Venkatarama Rao was sarpanch of Kamalapur for some time.Another Member of this family Venkata Sharath Kumar Rao sonof Venkata Rajeshwar Rao worked as Sirpanch of Kamalapurvillage for about 20 years. The bastions of Gadi built in stoneare still in tact. Pendem Lakshman Rao was the Deshmukh ofUppal in Kamalapur Mandal. He had 30 villages under his controlUppal was once a Fargana under Elgandal Zilla. After LakshmanRao his son Ranga Rao looked after Uppal administration. Thewalls of Gadi with four bastions on four corners are still strong.The lower portion of bastions built in stone is in tact. Howeverthe upper portions built in brick are getting damaged by passageof time. Venkat Kishan Rao was once the Dora of Ghanapur inSaidapur Mandal. The Gadi contains a big tiled house which isleft unprotected for more than two decades.

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Sarvaipet village under Perkapalli Grampanchayat inSaidapur Mandal was once the headquarters of Sardar SarvaiPapanna, who fought against the Mughals and the sultans ofGolconda for about three decades from A.D. 1680-1710. He builta fortalice and a bastian of it is still in tact. There are Gadis inboth the villages Sarvaipet and Vennampalli. The Deshmukh ofVangara in Bheemdevarpalli Mandal was late P.V.NarasimhaRao, who was the Prime Minister of India from 1991-1996. Hegenerously distributed all his lands to the poor, while his twostoreyed Gadi building now remains partly ruined. Samba ShivaRao was the Deshmukh of Manakonduru Gadi which had sixtyvillages under its control. A well known member of this familynamed Sadashiva Rao Deshmukh, who passed away recently,was elected as the first sirpanch of Manakondur village. A fewmembers of this family are still living in the Gadi. This family isrelated to P.V.Narasimha Rao of Vangara and captainLakshmikantha Rao of Husunabad who is now M.L.A. and wasa minister for some time.

Lingannapet Samsthan with a two storeyed building inGambhirraopet Mandal had 40 villages under its control. VenkataNarasinga Rao Desai sold away all his lands except the Gadibuilding which now stands in tact. Gorregundam Gadi in MallialMandal was built by Juvvadi Narasinga Rao. This is a beautifultwo storeyed building which was partly damaged when peopleswar group burnt it. Narsinga Rao had two sons named VenkataRama Rao and Chokka Rao, who spent their boyhood in thisGadi building. Later on Juvvadi Chokka Rao went on adoptionto Irukulla lying near Karimnagar. Now the Gadi of Gorregundamis left unprotected. Lingala Ram Gopal Rao was the watandarwho held the Gadi at Koratla. His successors Jagan Mohan Raoand adopted son Yashwant Rao settled in Hyderabad. RamaKrishna Rao was the Deshmukh of Kodmial Gadi, whosedescendant Lakshman Rao has settled in Hyderabad.

The gadi of Gajasingavaram (Gajasingaram) inGambhirraopet Mandal lying on the western borders of thedistrict had five villages under its control. The earliest knownlandlord of this gadi was Konduru Teekanna Rao, who wassucceeded by Rayudu, Narsinga Rao and Gopal Rao one afterthe other. All of them aimed at the welfare of the people. Rayudugot a tank excavated at Maddimalla village which is called asRayuni Cheruvu even today. Gopal Rao, who foundedGopalraopalle the hamlet of Maddimalla after his name had twosons Pedda Rajesvara Rao and Chinna Rajesvara Rao. The anicutbuilt by Chinna Rajesvara Rao on lothu vagu is named after himby the Government while the local school is named after hiswife as Konduru Radhamma Memorial Z.P. High School. ChinnaRajesvara Rao is blessed with two sons Jagan Mohan Rao andMadan Mohan Rao. The new settlement called Rajeshwara RaoNagar is established under Gajasingavaram by Konduru JaganMohan Rao after the name of his father. Konduru Jagan MohanRao is known for his exemplary services being rendered in social,cultural and educational spheres. He is so patriotic and national-minded that his pioneering endeavours resulted in the installationof life size statues of captain Bonala Vijaya Raghunandan Raoat Karimnagar and Sircilla, who became a martyr in Indo-Pakwar of 1965 and immortalized himself as the one and the onlyrecipient of the prestigious Virachakra (Posthumous) award fromthe Telangana region.

Gajasingavaram Gadi K. Radhamma Memorial Z.P. High School

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Lingannapet Gadi Peddapalli Gadi

Peddapalli was the Jagir of Raja Shivaraj Bahadur, whowas a wazir of Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan, the Nizam VII. Heleased it like Banda Lingapuram to the Velamas. PolampalliRadha Kishan Rao held the Gadi of Peddapalli, which wasfamous for dance and music by the dancing girls of Bogam group(Courtesans). His sons Raja Murali Manohar Rao and Raja RamMohan Rao settled in Hyderabad. Now the Gadi is leftunprotected filled with wild plants. The famous Tadicherla Gadiin Malahar Mandal was also under the control of the Velamas.Vemulawada and Sircilla were administered by the Deshmukhs.The ancestors of Sardena Gopal Rao at Nerella Gadi in SircillaMandal and Bhaskar Rao at Nimmapalli Gadi in KonaraopetMandal were the Doras or the landlords of those villages inSircilla area.

The poet Jaishetty Rajaiah (1842-1921) of Jagtial wrotein his verses that there were 221 villages besides a few Madirasin the old Jagtial Taluk 159, which included the areas of Metpalliand Koratla also in A.D. 1903. The same poet stated in 1903that the Gandevaru belonging to Yellapi caste had four Jagirsnamely Chiluvakoduru, Israjpalle, Vengalapuram and Gullakotain old Jagtial taluk and two more Jagirs Paidipalli andMunjampalli in other taluks of this district. Vengalapur DharmaRao belonging to Gande family is now residing at Jagtial.

These Gadis, which were once the centres of villageadministration with great pomp and show, now remain in ruinshaving lost their glory and grandeur. The Gadis of BandaLingapuram, Ailapuram, Raikal, Sirikonda, Itikyal, Rudrangi,Chalgal, Bheemaram, Rajaram, Govindaram, Nerella, Buggaram,Koratla, Vemulavada, Sircilla, Racherla Boppapuram,Nimmapalli, Peddapalli, Tadicherla, Gajasingavaram,Lingannapeta, Kamalapur, Uppal, Guduru, Ghanpur, Sarvaipeta,Vangara, Manakonduru, Kodmial, Gorregundam and severalother places, which are now in ruins, remind the aristrocraticand oppressive rule of the then landlords during the first half ofthe twentieth century.

Vetti Chakiri System or The Forced Labour

During the reign of the Nizam, the Jagirdars, Maqtedars,Pattedars, Inamdars, Watandars, Deshmukhs, Deshpandes andDesais, who were landlords and feudal lords squeezed andharassed people creating an atmosphere of terror in the villages.However all these oppressors were very obedient and sub-servient to the Nizam Government. The atrocities and excessescommitted by these landlords were pathetic and pitiable.Hundreds and thousands of acres of fertile land was forciblyoccupied by the landlords, who converted them into their ownlands. The lands of the peasants, who could not pay the debtswere forcibly occupied by the Doras or landlords. Violentmeasures were adopted towards those, who could not pay therevenue or taxes. The village officers like Malipatel, Police Pateland Patwari or Karanam were appointed on hereditary basisand they teased the illiterate masses in many ways. The miserableplight of the peasants and people was indescribable. The feudalexploitation of the peasantry was unbearable.

The Doras treated their people as their servants and slaves.Carrying the palanquins and litters of the land-ladies on shoulders

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and the running of a Mangali or barber and a Rajaka orWasherman in the front and back of the sawari bullock-cart oflandlords were common features in those days. It was the dutyof the carpenters, black-smiths and the potters to serve the Dorasfreely. Vettichakiri or forced labour was common to people ofall castes in all the villages. No one was exempted from it. Unlessthe seeds were sown by the peasants in the lands of the landlord,they were not expected to sow seeds in their own lands. All theagricultural activities were carried on freely by the agriculturaltenants and women labourers. Even the aged people, women andchildren were not exempted from vettichakiri. Soon after thedelivery, even a woman in the child-bed was forced forVettichakiri. The Doras were so cruel and inhuman in some placesthat the women, who came to their lands for Vettichakiri soonafter their deliveries, were not allowed and given even a shortbreak time for breast feeding to their infants. Sweeping in thehouses of Doras, smearing the floor and the court-yards of theirhouses with cattle-dung, cleansing the vessels and utensils,washing the clothes, grinding grain for flour, pounding the paddy,milking the cattle, grazing the cattle, cutting the grass, bringingthe grass bundles for the cattle from the forest, supplying hotwater to the bathrooms, massaging the legs and what not? allkinds of domestic or menial labour and the unforeseen emergentservices were exacted by the Doras. They had no compassionand sympathy for the people, who rendered Vettichakiri.

The social life was so pathetic and pitiable that peoplehad to take off their shoes from the feet and holding them intheir hands, they had to walk in the presence their Doras bowingdown their heads with the words ‘Nee Baanchen Dora’ which isthe corrupt form of ‘Nee Banisan Dora’ which means ‘Iam yourslave O’ lord. To quote an example one Lakshma Reddy was aGumasta or an agent at Raikal Gadi before the police Action.He was so harsh and haughty that no one dared to walk in his

presence with shoes on his feet. Those, who did not do so, werebeaten by a Korada or whip at Chavidi or Kacheri (office of thevillage). During the period of Telangana Armed Struggle (1946-1951) all the Doras dreaded by the communists left their Gadisand ran away to cities. In their place they appointed their agents,who were called in Urdu ‘Aamuktyaram’ (vested with allpowers). These Agents proved more cruel and inhuman inexacting work than the original Doras. Vetti exactions thusbecame a symbol of the dominance of the landlords and theiragents. The oppression and the exploitation of the rural massesby the privileged class resulted in the Peasants Armed Strugglein Telangana.

But today the life of the Velamas is quite contrary to theconditions once prevalent before the Police Action. Most of theVelamas have settled in business and have taken up some workor the other to earn their livelihood. It is not an exaggerationthat there are poor Velamas also, who have neither work noremployment today.

The Armed Struggle in Telangana 1946-1951

The Telangana armed struggle, started in October 1946,lasted for five years till it was called off in October 1951. Thestruggle was primarily against the Nizam and the Razakars, butthe immediate enemies were the Doras or the landlords ofTelangana160. The Dora was a combination of the landlord,money lender and village official. He exacted free and forcedservices owing to his power and position. The continuousoppression and brutalities of Doras resulted in the armed struggle,which continued against the landlords even after the Nizam’srule ended with Police Action in september 1948. A large numberof peasants and the landless labourers spontaneously participatedin the struggles directed against Doras or landlords and theirGumastas or Agents.

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Galipalli in Ellanthakunta Mandal of Sircilla area inKarimnagar district became the centre of the struggle. BaddamYella Reddy, Baddam Malla Reddy, Baddam Balaram Reddy andmany others are the heroic sons of this village. In september1947 people of Galipalli opposed the Nizam police and drovethem away to the outskirts of the village. Later on reinforced byadditional force, the police attacked the villagers and fired onthem mercilessly. Many people lost their lives. Singi Reddy andAnji Reddy survived though they sustained bullet injuries. 300police men laid a camp at Galipalli and harassed the villagerscreating an atmosphere of terror. In later days Baddam YellaReddy, who defeated P.V.Narasimha Rao in the General Electionsof 1952, was elected as the Member of Parliament, while BaddamMalla Reddy was elected to the Hyderabad State LegislativeAssembly from Jagtial constituency. Baddam Yella Reddy bornto the couple Hanumaiah and Lachavva at Galipalli in 1904 diedof illness in December 1978 at the age of 74.

Another important son of this soil Anabheri PrabhakarRao, who fought against the Nizam and Razakars was born tothe couple Venkateshwar Rao and Radhabai on 15th August 1910in a Deshmukh family of Yellapi caste at Polampally village inThimmapur Mandal near Karimnagar. While studying in NizamCollege, he was inspired by the ideals of Gandhiji and enteredthe Anti-Nizam Movement as a student. On the call given byBaddam Yella Reddy in september 1947 many people joined thestruggle. A Dalam or squad was formed under the leadership ofAnabheri Prabhakar Rao. The members of the squads burnt theRecords of Patels and Patwaris in about forty villages in January1948. In a fight against the Police and Razakars, there was fearfulexchange of fire on 14th March 1948 between the police andthe communist squad in the hills and hillocks of Muhammadapurnear Husnabad in Karimnagar district. Dr.Sarojini Reganirecorded that about 8 members including Anabheri Prabhakar

Rao and Singireddy Bhoopathi Reddy died fighting heroicallyagainst the reserved police of the Nizam161. But Poreddy RamReddy, who participated in the struggle at Muhammadapur as ayoung man of twenty is alive and lives at Somarampeta villagein Ellanthakunta Mandal of Sircilla area. He states that aboutfifteen people died fighting heroically against the Nizam forces.They were Anabheri Prabhakar Rao from Polampalli, SingireddyBhoopathi Reddy from Taduru, Musku Chokka Reddy and YeletiMalla Reddy from Ogulapur, Aireddy Bhoom Reddy fromSomarampeta, Narayana from Begumpeta, B.Damodar Reddyfrom Nallagonda, Illendula Papaiah from Galipalli, Poli ChandraReddy and Kummari Yellaiah from Somarampeta, NallagondaRajaram and Sikkudu Sailu from Regadi Maddikunta and RondlaMadhava Reddy from Repaka etc. Besides these martyrs, manyothers sustained bullet injuries. It is strange that the name ofPoreddy Ram Reddy of Somarampet, who is alive, is includedin the list of the dead instead of Poli Chandra Reddy of the samevillage, who was shot dead and whose name was not found inthe list of the dead. All the names of these comrades, who diedfighting can be noticed on the stupa erected in their memorynear the hills of Muhammadapur162. The valiant commander ofthe Dalam Anabheri Prabhakar Rao and his comrades, who losttheir lives, remain immortal in the history of Karimnagar district.

Baddam Yella Reddy Anabheri Prabhakar Rao Amrutlal Shukla

Amrutlal Shukla was first a teacher at Sircilla. He was

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the son of Raghunandan Shukla and grandson of Munnu Prasad,who came from Uttar Pradesh and joined the service of Nizamabout 150 years ago. Amrutlal inspired by his participation inAndhra Mahasabha at Sircilla in 1935, fought against theatrocities committed by the landlords. He joined the ArmedStruggle and attacked Sircilla Police Station in 1950 along withGaddam Tirupathi Reddy and Thakur Shyam Sunder Singh andreleased the sympathisers of the movement. They collected fourrifles and about 500 bullets from the Police Station. This attackbecame a sensational news in the Hyderabad State. KarrelliNarsaiah of Malkapeta village in Konaraopeta Mandal was anassociate of Amrutlal. In later times both Amrutlal Shukla fromSircilla and Karrelli Narsaiah from Nerella were elected to theA.P. Legislative Assembly163.

As gleaned from the news papers and the detailsascertained from the aged persons, there were many peasantsand people known and unknown, who actively and voluntarilyparticipated in the peasants armed struggle. Kondojugari VenkatReddy of Galipalli, the follower of Baddam Yella Reddy joinedthe movement at the age of 20. Gaddam Tirupathi Reddy ofBandapalli village in Chandurti Mandal worked with AmrutlalShukla. His brothers Rami Reddy and Malla Reddy burnt theDaftars or Records and were imprisoned. Katla Rajaram andYeligeti Narayana from Choppadandi joined the movement.Duggirala Venkat Rao of Gopalapur village in Elkaturthi Mandalwas born in a poor Velama family. He was one among those,who attacked Raikal Police station in Saidapur Mandal. He wasimprisoned but escaped from jail and joined the Chanda andNagpur Camps. He was elected twice to the LegislativeAssembly. When he criticised the Naxalites, he was shot dead inAugust 1990. Damodar Rao of Gundi Ramadugu activelyparticipated in the movement. He was a Karanam Brahman. Hewas made incharge of the office of Andhra Mahasabha opened

at Boiwada in Karimnagar while Baddam Yella Reddy was thepresident and Anabheri Prabhakar Rao was the secretary of thedistrict Mahasabha164.

When the erstwhile Hyderabad state was reeling underthe tyranny of the Nizam, it was the unimaginable poverty thatled the peasants, landless labourers and the poor to take up armsinto their hands and to struggle against their oppressors. It wastoo difficult for them to procure their daily ration for livelihood.They were forced to take Gataka or porridge like food (Maizecrushed into small particles and then cooked for food). The onlyitem available was Kaaramu or Chilli powder to take this hardfood Gataka, which they could not get even for two meals a day.They used to cook rice only on festival days or whenever therelatives came to their house. The down-trodden were destinedto take Ambali or porridge (gruel made of millet flour boiled inwater with salt) and they had to live only on it, Their plight wasso pitiable that they were unable to get even one bread of millet,although they worked for the whole day on the fields of thelandlords. But the conditions have changed for the better fromone or two decades. The poor are now found taking coarse ricefood in the place of Gataka made of crushed maize grain.

The Communists attacked many Gadis or the buildingsof the landlords and threatened them and their agents, who led alife of luxury at the cost of the poor. The Gadi at Rudrangi inChandurthi Mandal was attacked during 1949-1950. The recordsof patel and patwari were burnt in the broad day light in themidst of the village.

The police stations and police camps were attacked atseveral places like Galipalli, Sircilla, Mahadevpur, Kalesvaram,Sultanabad, Manthani, Huzurabad, Konaraopeta, Koheda,Shivangalapalle (Konaraopeta Mandal), Garajanapalli(Yellareddipeta Mandal), Raikal in Saidapur Mandal, Husunabadand Akkannapet in Husunabad Mandal of Karimnagar district.

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The police station at Raikal in Saidapur Mandal ofHuzurabad area was attacked under the leadership of PolsaniNarsingarao. The sentry on duty was killed and several rifleswere carried away. Another leader Ganneruvaram Damodar Rao,who was strong and sturdy, bold and brave, actively participatedin the movement. Kasimpeta Venkat Reddy, Chamanpalli ChokkaRao and Juvvadi Gauthama Rao worked with him while carryingon their underground work. Ganneruvaram Damodar Rao was anoted foot-ball player and a good swimmer. When he was hidingfrom the police at Nandi-Mydaram in Dharmaram Mandal, he isknown to have swum across the big tank of that village when itwas full during the rainy season. He swam across the tank atKarimnagar many a time by betting with his friends. Now thistank is no more extant as the township has grown in its place,where the collectorate building stands at present. GanneruvaramDamodar Rao and Polsani Narsinga Rao are stated to have beenelected to the legislative Assembly in later times.

Gattapalli Murahar Rao better known as Murali belongingto Sultanabad Mandal was among those, who fought against theNizam reserved police on 14th March 1948 at Muhammadapurand sustained bullet injuries. Yet he was able to escape from thespot. Many a time he courted arrest and underwent imprisonment.He is stated to be a very bold man, who once escapedsuccessfully from the Sangareddy Jail. Thakur Shyam SunderSingh was another active participant in the struggle. He studiedin the high schools of Jagtial and Karimnagar. As a student leaderhe was suspended from the school. He worked with AmrutlalShukla and participated in the attack of Sircilla police station in1950. He was the brother of Late Thakur Rajaram singh, whowas an advocate by profession and a noted archaeologist byavocation. He lived at Peddapalli but passed away recently.Dhruva Singh of Huzurabad participated in the Quit Indiamovement and courted arrest in 1942. He established the Taluka

congress committee at Huzurabad in 1946. Later on he joinedthe Armed Struggle.

Chennamaneni Rajeshwar Rao of Sircilla area joined thestruggle and carried on the underground work from 1948 to 1951.He courted arrest and was in prison for one year. He is so populara leader that he is elected to the legislative Assembly about halfa dozen times. He is 84 and now he is the M.L.A. of Sircillaconstituency. His younger brother Ch.Hanumantha Rao, born in1929, is stated to have joined the struggle in his youth. In latertimes he rendered his services as the member of the PlanningCommission at the centre. He is awarded Padma Bushan. He isa reputed economist and now settled in Hyderabad. His anotheryounger brother Ch.Vidya Sagar Rao was the minister of statefor Home for some time at the centre. Their brother-in-lawPolkampalli Venkatarama Rao, who was senior to them, was anactive participant in the sessions of Andhra Mahasabha andcarried on the struggle against the Nizam’s Government.

Krishna Reddy from Mulkanuru in BheemdevarapalliMandal, Galikota Sriramulu from Manthani area, SadulaSambaiah and Maddirala Purshotham from Peddapalli area,Ch.Rajalingam from Sircilla, Yashwantraopeta VenkateshwarRao, Juvvadi Ratnakar Rao (Now Hon. Minister forEndowments) and Joginapalli A.Narayan Reddy from Jagtial areaare stated to have participated in the Anti Nizam movement. AtDharmapuri K.V.Keshavulu hoisted the National Flag on hisbuilding on 16th August 1947 i.e. before police action, whilethe local Brahman Sanganabhatla Manikya Sastri presided overthe meeting. When the Nizam police pursued them, both crossedthe river Godavari on that night itself and joined the camp atBalharsha. K.V.Keshavulu served as the Minister in later days.Padala Chandraiah from Mulkanur sustained bullet injury in hisleg, while he was in the movement. Satineni Ramulu fromKondapalkala Village in Manakondur Mandal was among those

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who attacked Koheda Police station. Now he is 84 and settled inKarimnagar.

When the Razakars were suppressed ruthlessly after thePolice Action, the government turned towards the activities ofthe communists. With the help of the armed forces the revolt ofthe communists was suppressed. By 1951 the communistsstopped their violent activities. Then the Government lifted banon them. Thus peace and tranquility were restored in Hyderabadstate. In October 1951 the communist party of India formallydeclared the struggle withdrawn. In 1952 the general electionswere held. The Communists won good number of seats inTelangana region.

Social Awakening and Library Movement

The Andhra Mahasabha held at Sircilla in 1935 led tosocial awakening in Karimnagar district. In order to educate themasses and to fight against the social evils, efforts were made toestablish the libraries in all the taluk centres. A branch of AndhraMahasabha was opened at Jagtial in 1935 by Kasam ShivarajaGupta, Jaisetty Lakshmirajam Gupta and Siddamsetti Sangaiahetc. who tried to reform the society by discouraging childmarriages and encouraging widow marriages.

Chanda Kantaiah, who was charitable and munificent inhis outlook, was a great patriot and a merchant in Warangal. Acollege established after his name as Chanda Kantaiah Memorialcollege, which is now popularly known as C.K.M.College is stillfunctioning in Warangal. Chanda Kantaiah and ProdduturiVeeresham visited Jagtial in 1945 and addressed a meetingarranged at the residence of Siddamsetti Veera Sangaiah in RamBazar. They stressed on the need for social reforms. The meetingattended by about 300 people was also addressed by local citizensRayancha Lakshmikantham, Mandiram Chandra Mouli Sastry

and Jagannathacharyulu165. A resolution was adopted in themeeting that unless the girls attain the age of 14 and the boysget the age of 18, they should not be married.

Kasam Shivaraja Gupta toured in several villages in 1943and encouraged the people to perform remarriages to the widows.He worked as a teacher for some time at Metpalli, where aremarriage to a widow was arranged. When nobody was readyto wash the feet of the widow girl while performing the ritual ofKanyadanam, Kasam Shivaraja Gupta boldly came forward andperformed Kanyadanam by washing her feet in the remarriage.Thus he became an example as a social reformer, although heendured many abuses from the traditionists. In order to encouragefemale education, he got a lady teacher named Nagamani fromAndhra area to Jagtial and established a private school for girlsin Telugu medium. He encouraged people to cultivate the habitof reading news papers. He became a news agent and got severalkinds of news papers and weeklies to Jagtial. On behalf ofDakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha the examinations fromPrathama to Vidwan were conducted and the pass certificateswere distributed under his supervision at Jagtial.

In 1939 there were five libraries in Warangal district,while there was only one library in Karimnagar district. KasamShivaraja Gupta established Andhra Grandalaya at Jagtial in1944. Arvapalli Lachaiah, (who later became a Magistrate inHyderabad) and Kasam Shankaraiah (now a retired lecturer)helped Gupta in its establishment. In recognition of his servicesas a social reformer Kasam Shivaraja Gupta is rightly called inthis region as the “Kandukuri Veeresha Lingam of Jagtial”.

As the follower of the teachings of Mahatama Gandi,Ragella Lachaiah belonging to Vyshya Community tried for theuplift of Harijans at Jagtial. He condemned untouchability andtaught them the alphabet in the nights taking his own lantern

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.B. 116

with him. He taught them about cleanliness and advised them totake bath daily in order to avoid diseases. He was called by peopleas “Jagtial Gandhi”. The Telugu poet Ramasimham (Ramsingh),who was a sikh by religion, belonged to Raghavapatnam villagein Gollapalli Mandal of Jagtial area. He condemned the childmarriages and encouraged the widow marriages during the firsthalf of the twentieth century. He wrote a book in verse knownas “Balavivaha Khandana and Punarvivaha Mandana” whichis very popular in Karimnagar district.

When Gandhiji stepped into Telangana, the youth wereinspired by his visit. When he visited Khammam in 1929,thousands of people came to see him. Many youngmen likeJamalapuram Keshava Rao were influenced by his teachings166.While Gandhiji was travelling by train from Madras to Wardhaon 5th March 1946, the youth of Warangal stopped him at therailway station for some time. M.S.Rajalingam, ChandaKantaiah, T.Haigreevachary, Chandra Mouleeshwar Rao andNagabhooshan Rao etc quickly arranged a meeting beside theRailway platform, which was attended by five lakh people167.After addressing the gathering, Gandhiji took rest for an hour.In the meanwhile the youth of Warangal collected donations oftwo lakh rupees and handed over the amount to Gandhiji for thecause of the nation. It is strange that the women offered goldornaments that they were wearing. It is said that the wife ChandaKanthaiah, the philanthropist gave away all the gold which sheadorned on her body. The patriotic spirit exhibited by women inoffering their gold ornaments to Gandhiji is exemplary andcannot be forgotten in history. Thousands of people fromKarimnagar district also went to see Gandhiji in Warangal, wherehis message roused their patriotic spirit.

Join Indian Union Movement

Mir Osman Ali Khan the last Nizam wanted to be an

independent ruler, that was not to the liking of a great majorityof people, who wanted Hyderabad state to join the Indian Union.The ‘Join Indian Union Movement’ was launched by SwamiRamananada Tirtha on 7th August 1947. He began to mobilisepolitical workers, students and youth under the banner of theState Congress and demanded that the Hyderabad State shouldjoin the Indian Union. The processions were taken out and theanti Nizam camps were conducted outside the borders of theNizam Dominions. Vijayawada Camp was organised byT.Haigreeva Chary while Kodati Narayan Rao organised theParitala camp. P.V.Narasimha Rao and K.V.Narsinga Raoorganised Chanda Camp and encouraged the anti Nizam Strugglein the districts of Karimnagar and Adilabad.

Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha Rao was born to thecouple Ranga Rao and Rukmini in 1921 in the Deshmukh familyof Karanam Brahmans at Vangara Village in BheemdevarapalliMandal of Karimnagar district. He had his schooling at Vangaraand then at the Government High School Karimnagar. Whilestudying the old Intermediate course of two years at Warangal,he participated in the Vandematharam movement of 1938 andwas suspended by the Osmania University. He led the anti Nizamcamp at Chandrapur (Chanda) in Maharastra. He joined thecongress in 1947 and gradually rose to dizzy heights till hebecame the Prime Minister and ruled the country for five yearsfrom 1991 to 1996. He is blessed with three sons namelyP.V.Ranga Rao, P.V.Rajeshwar Rao and P.V.Prabhakar Rao. Hisdaughter Saraswathi is married to Dr.Sharath, the eldest son ofKalvakota Venkata Narsinga Rao popularly known as K.V. aKaranam Brahman of Ramadugu village in Karimnagar district.P.V.Rajeshwar Rao the second son of P.V.Narasimha Rao marriedthe daughter of Bopparaju Lakshmikantha Rao of Husunabad.All the three relatives P.V., K.V. and Lakshmikantha Rao activelyparticipated in the anti Nizam movement. Voditela

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.B. 117

Lakshmikantha Rao better known as captain LakshmikanthaRao, who is at present M.L.A. and his brother Voditela RajeshwarRao of Singapuram village are the close relatives ofP.V.Narasimha Rao. Both the relatives P.V. and K.V.(P.V.Narasimha Rao and K.V.Narasinga Rao) were very popularas two great intellectuals of Karimnagar district.

Vanjara Gadi P.V.Narasimha Rao J. Chokka Rao

Raghunatha Rao Kache was the first person fromManthani to participate in the movement. The members ofJuvvadi Velama family of Irkulla Village lying near Karimnagaractively participated in the anti Nizam struggle. Juvvadi ChokkaRao, Juvvadi Gauthama Rao, Juvvadi Rameshwar Rao, JuvvadiHanmantha Rao and Juvvadi Muralidhar Rao were importantparticipants. Juvvadi Gauthama Rao born in 1929 at IrkullaVillage took part in the movement from his student life. Hecourted arrest and was kept in the prison of Aurangabad, wherefrom he escaped boldly and continued the struggle fromunderground. Gauthama Rao is well-known not only as afreedom fighter but also as a great literary luminary in the district.He is impressed by the literature of Kavi Samrat VishwanathaSatyanarayana right from 1946. He came in contact with thisgreat poet in 1953. When Kavi Samrat was working as theprincipal of S.R.R. Degree College at Karimnagar, he becameclose to him. Gauthama Rao had the fortune of writing down

about ten novels within two years, while the Kavi Samrat wenton dictating him the matter. Moyu Tummeda, Ekavira andSamudrapu Dibba were also among the novels dictated by KaviSamrat at Karimnagar. Gauthama Rao is known for themarvellous recitation of the contents of Ramayana KalpaVrikshamu written by Kavi Samrat.

Ganapati Rao of Manthani, J.R.Gopal Rao of Sircilla,Juvvadi Chokka Rao of Irukulla, Juvvadi Ramapathi Rao andJuvvadi Madusudhan Rao of Karimnagar, K.Sanjeeva Rao ofVelgonda, Dasari Raghavulu of Jagtial, Lingala SatyanarayanaRao of Velagaturu, Gande Jagan Madhava Rao of Chilvakoduru,Vakil Mukundlal Mishra of Karimnagar and Boinapally VenkataRama Rao of Thotapalli and many others known and unknownare said to have participated in the anti Nizam Struggle. JuvvadiRamapathi Rao and Juvvadi Chokka Rao were elected to theParliament from Karimnagar in later times. BoinapallyVenkatarama Rao participated in the Sarvodaya, Bhoodan andGrandhalaya movements. He opposed the procurement of paddyfrom peasants, under the compulsory levy system. He arrangeda meeting at Bejjenki which was addressed by Burgula RamaKrishna Rao and T.Haigreeva Chary. He is Known as ‘ThotapalliGandhi and he is awarded recently the honorary DoctorateDegree by the Kakatiya University.

Boga Papaiah Pantulu and Battu Lakshminarayana Rajuworking at Khadi Karkhana or Factory in Metpalli succeeded inbringing the political and social awareness in the western partof Karimnagar district. In 1947 twenty two people were at oncearrested in a day at Metpalli. Among them were Venkata NarsingRao Deshmukh of Metpalli and his attendant Chinnaiah. Themembers of Vaisya community namely Chakinam Venkanna,Katukam Gangaram, Ragella Somaiah, Dontula Narayana(Regunta Narayana), Vallakonda Rajam, Pampatti Buchirajam,

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.B. 118

Sama Buchirajam, Chepuri Bhoomaiah, Choutpalli KautikeKistaiah etc were arrested and sent to prison. Besides them themembers of other communities namely Guntuka Raja Gangaram,Guntuka Buchaiah, Busa Gangaram, Katkam Lakshmaiah, BattuBuchaiah, Hotel Narayana, Dr.Ramachandram (R.M.P.),Chittapuram Gangareddy and Kallur Narayana Rao etc wereamong the people arrested. All the twenty two arrested peoplewere kept in Karimnagar jail for two months. Thus the reign ofterror roused the indignation of the people against the Nizamand Razakars. People from all sections of the society appealedto Indian Government to take action and to join the Hyderabadstate in the Indian Union without any delay to save the life andproperty of the innocent masses.

The Indian forces surrounded the Hyderabad state andentered into its territory on 13th September 1948. The Nizamsurrendered to the Indian Government on 17th September 1948.The rule of the Nizams ended with the merger of Hyderabadstate into Indian Union.

The Chief Ministers

The coastal districts and the Rayalaseema districts werea part of Madras presidency. Amarajeevi Potti Sriramulu beganhis fast unto death on 19th October 1952 for a separate AndhraState. He attained martyrdom on 15th December 1952. Whenthe violence broke out, the Central Government carved outAndhra State from Madras presidency in 1953. Kurnool wasmade capital from 1953 to 1956. Andhra Kesari TanguturiPrakasham was the Chief Minister from 1-10-1953 to 15-11-1954. Then the presidential rule was imposed in the Andhra State.Afterwards Bejawada Gopala Reddy was the chief minister from28-3-1955 to 31-10-1956.

After the General Elections of 1952 Burgula Rama

Krishna Rao became the chief minister for the Erst-whileHyderabad state and he remained in power till 31-10-1956.

On linguistic basis the new state of Andhra Pradesh cameinto existence on 1st November 1956 comprising the Coastal,Rayalaseema and Telangana districts. The list of the ChiefMinisters since the formation of Andhra Pradesh state is givenhere under. The lists of the Prime ministers and the presidents,who ruled over the country of which Andhra Pradesh stateincluding Karimnagar district is a part, are also furnished hereunder for the benefit of the readers.

The Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh

1. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy 01-11-1956 to 10-01-19602. Damodaram Sanjeevaiah 11-01-1960 to 11-03-19623. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy 12-03-1962 to 28-02-19644. Kasu Brahmananada Reddy 29-02-1964 to 29-09-19715. P.V.Narasimha Rao 30-09-1971 to 17-01-19736. Presidential Rule 18-01-1973 to 09-12-19737. Jalagam Vengala Rao 10-12-1973 to 05-03-19788. Marri Chenna Reddy 06-03-1978 to 10-10-19809. T. Anjaiah 11-10-1980 to 23-02-1982

10. Bhuvanam Venkatram 24-02-1982 to 19-09-198211. Kotla Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy 20-09-1982 to 08-01-198312.Nanadamuri Taraka Rama Rao09-01-1983 to 15-08-198413. Nadendla Bhaskar Rao 16-08-1984 to 15-09-198414.Nanadamuri Taraka Rama Rao16-09-1984 to 02-12-198915. Marri Chenna Reddy 03-12-1989 to 16-12-199016. Nedurmalli Janardan Reddy 17-12-1990 to 08-10-199217. Kotla Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy 09-10-1992 to 11-12-199418.Nanadamuri Taraka Rama Rao12-12-1994 to 31-08-199519. Nara Chandra Babu Naidu 01-09-1995 to 13-05-200420. Y.S. Rajashekara Reddy 14-05-2004 to Present day

197 198

J.R.E

.B. 119

Our Prime Ministers

1. Jawaharlal Nehru 15-08-1947 to 27-05-19642. Gulzarilal Nanda 27-05-1964 to 09-06-19643. Lal Bahadur Sastri 09-06-1964 to 11-01-19664. Gulzarilal Nanda 11-01-1966 to 24-01-19665. Indira Gandi 24-01-1966 to 24-03-19776. Morarji Desai 24-03-1977 to 28-07-19797. Charan Singh 28-07-1979 to 14-01-19808. Indira Gandhi 14-01-1980 to 31-10-19849. Rajiv Gandhi 31-10-1984 to 01-12-1989

10. V.P.Singh 02-12-1989 to 10-11-199011. Chandra Shekar 10-11-1990 to 21-06-199112. P.V.Narashima Rao 22-06-1991 to 15-05-199613. Atal Behari Vajpayee 16-05-1996 to 31-05-199614. H.D.Dewa Gawda 01-06-1996 to 20-04-199715. Indra Karan Gujral 21-04-1997 to 18-03-199816. Atal Behari Vajpayee 19-03-1998 to 21-05-200417. Dr. Manmohan Singh 22-05-2004 to Presentday

Our Presidents of India

1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad 26-01-1950 to 13-05-19622. Dr. Sarvepalli Radha Krishnan 13-05-1962 to 13-05-19673. Dr. Zakir Hussain 13-05-1967 to 03-05-19694. V.V. Giri 24-08-1969 to 24-08-19745. Fakruddin Ali Ahmed 24-08-1974 to 11-02-19776. Dr.Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy 25-07-1977 to 25-07-19827. Gyani Zail Singh 25-07-1982 to 25-07-19878. R.Venkata Raman 25-07-1987 to 25-07-19929. Dr. Shankar Dayal Sarma 25-07-1992 to 25-07-1997

10. K.R.Narayanan 25-07-1997 to 25-07-200211. Dr. A.P.J.Abdul Kalam 25-07-2002 to 25-07-200712. Smt. Pratibha Patil 25-07-2007 to present day

REFERENCES

1. Hemachandra Rayachaudhuri, "Geography of the Deccan",EHD. p. 26

2. R.Subrahmamanyam, ‘Ashokuni Yerragudi Sasanamulu’(Telugu), No.s 1 to 13

3. Parameshwarilal Gupta, punchmarked coins in A.P. Museum. pp. 4,5

4. N.S.Ramachandra Murthy, "Trends in Archaeological Investigations in A.P." APHC, Vol. XXIV, 2000, p. 22

5. Ibid, p. 25

6. A.M.Sastry, "Presidential Address", APHC, Vol. V, 1980. p.s-1

7. Aloka parashar, "Trade in Mid-Godavari valley 200 B.C. to A.D." APHC Vol. X, 1986, p. 29

8. Ibid, p. 30

9. S.J. Mangalam, "Presidential Address" APHC Vol. XXIII, 1999. pp.14,15.

10. Ibid

11. N.S.Ramachandra Murthy, "Kotilingala an early historical site" APHC, Vol. XVI, 1992, pp. 34,35

12. N.S.Ramachandra Murthy, "Trends in Archaeological Investigations in A.P." APHC, Vol. XXIV, 2000, p. 25

13. S.J. Mangalam, "Presidential Address" APHC Vol. XXIII, 1999. p.15.

14. V.V.Krishna Sastri, “The Proto and Early Historical Cultures of A.P., Hyd, 1983, p.122.

15. Parameshwarilal Gupta, Op.cit. p. 27

16. Romila Thaper, The Past and Prejudice, p. 63

17. V.V.Krishna Sastri, Op.cit, p. 200

18. ARDAM, 1977-1978, p. 39&43

19. M.Rama Rao, Satavahana Coins in A.P. Govt. Museum, p. 9

20. Dr.Sanganabhatla Narsaiah, “Sapta Godavari Yekkada?” Misimi Telugu Monthly Magazine, Hyd, August-2003

21. B.S.L. Hanumantha Rao, "Presidential Address" APHC Vol. III 1978, p. 7

22. V.Sundararama Sastry, "Early pallava-vishnukundin Relations" APHC Vol. III, 1978, p. 16

23. V.V.Krishna Sastri, Bharatiya Samskriti-Puratatva Parishodhanalu(Telugu), Hyd. 1999, p. 196

24. M.Rama Rao, Select Andhra Temples., p. 1

25. Roy C. Craven, A Concise history of Indian Art, p. 133

26. Percy Brown, Indian Architecture, p. 62

27. James Fergusson, History of Indian Art and Eastern Architecture, p. 421.

28. Abdul Waheed khan, "Introduction", Early chalukyan Temples of Andhra Desa, p. I

29. Stella Kramrisch, The Art of India, Plate. 57.

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31. K.R. Srinivas Iyengar “Kannada Literature” chapter IX, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Vol.IV, p.224.

32. G.V. Devasthali, “Sanskrit Literature’’ chapter IX, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan Vol.IV, pp.188, 189.

33. Kolluru Suryanarayana, “Kollipara plates of Arikesari I” APHC Vol. VIII, 1984, pp. 10-14.

34. B.N. Satstri, Vemulavada Charitra-Sasanamulu, (Telugu) 1991, p.55

35. Ibid, pp. 46-52

36. RE, 1966, No. 170, pp. 42,43

37. N.Venkataramanayya, Op.cit, pp. 9-12.

38. Kunduri Eashwara Dutt, Prachinandhra Charitraka Bhugolam (Telugu), pp. 316, 317.

39. EHD, p. 508

40. B.N. Sastri, Op.cit, pp. 45-56

41. N.Venkataramanayya, Pallavulu-Chalukyulu (Telugu), p.187

42. D.C.Sircar, "The Eastern chalukyas" Chapter VI, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Vol. IV p. 135

43. N. Venkataramanayya, Chalukyas of Vemulawada., pp. 44,45,82.

44. R.C. Majumdar, "Rise and fall of the Partihara Empire" Chapter II,

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110.

IAP

WD

, No.

III,

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291

111.

A.P

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tric

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azet

teer

Niz

amab

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1973

, p.

25

112.

H.K

. S

herw

ani, H

isto

ry o

f Q

utu

b S

hahi

dyn

ast

y,

1974

, pp

. 99

-104

113.

R

aza

Alik

han,

Hyd

era

bad 4

00 y

ears

, 1591

-199

1,

pp.

65 &

66

114.

Md.

Abd

ul W

ahee

d kh

an, Qutu

b S

hahi C

oin

s A

.P.

Govt

. M

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961,

pp.

17

& 1

8.

115.

H.K

.She

rwan

i, Muham

mad Q

uli

Qutu

b S

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196

7, p

p. 1

36 &

145

116.

Md.

Abd

ul W

ahee

d kh

an, Op.c

it. p

. 7

117.

H.K

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rwan

i, Op-c

it.,

pp.

14-1

7

118.

Ibid

, p.

20

119.

Md.

Abd

ul W

ahee

d kh

an, Op.c

it. p

p. 1

8&19

120.

H.K

.She

rwan

i, His

tory

of

Qutu

b S

hahi

dyn

ast

y,

1974

pp.

406

, 40

7.

121.

B.N

. S

astr

i, Golc

onda C

harit

ra-S

am

skrit

i-Sasa

nam

ulu

(Te

lugu

), 2

000.

pp

. 24

5-24

6.

122.

H.K

.She

rwan

i, His

tory

of

Qutu

b S

hahi

dyn

ast

y,

pp.

442-

445.

123.

Raz

a A

li K

han,

Op.c

it., p

p. 4

7 &

48.

124.

S.M

oula

Ali,

D.Y

adag

iri R

eddy

& K

.Jag

an R

eddy

, S

ri S

ivaganga R

aja

Raje

shw

ara

Sw

am

y

Pun

ya K

shet

ram

, M

ahes

hwar

am (Te

lugu

) 20

04,

pp.2

3-30

.

125.

M.N

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char

ya, His

tory

of

cult

of

Nara

sim

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n T

ela

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1989

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. 12

3,12

4.

126.

H.K

.She

rwan

i, Op.c

it. p

. 64

5

127.

Ibid

, p.

653

.

128.

Ibid

, p.

479

.

129.

Ibid

, p.

655

130.

Ibid

, p.

642

131.

Censu

s H

andbook,

Karim

nagar

dis

tric

t, 1961

, p.

VI.

132.

AP

GK

D, 1

974,

p.

59.

133.

M.N

aras

imha

char

ya, Op.c

it, p

. 12

4 &

303

. (in

not

es a

nd r

efer

ence

s)

134.

Ibid

, p.

124

135.

Raz

a A

li K

han,

op.c

it, p

p. 8

2 &

83.

136.

Ibid

, pp

. 11

0 &

111

.

137.

AP

GK

D, 1

974,

p.

61

138.

A.N

agab

hoos

hana

m,

"The G

reatn

ess

of

Jagtia

l F

ort

",

P

ublis

hed

in E

nglis

h da

ily N

ewpa

per,

dat

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22-1

0-19

72.

139.

AP

GK

D, 1

974,

p.

61

140.

San

gana

bhat

la N

arah

ari,

“K

ala

srava

ntil

o D

harm

apuri’’

Tris

hati

(Tel

ugu)

, 19

79,

pp.

23-2

4.

201

202

J.R.E.B. 121

RaikalValgonda

KorutlaJagtial

Polavasa

Dharmapuri

Kotilingala

Ramagundam

Manthani

Kaleshvaram

Mahadevpur

PeddapalliChoppadandi

Ramadugu

Gangadara

Karimnagar

NagunuruVemulavada

Sircilla

GambhirraopetBejjenki

KohedaHusnabad

Huzurabad

Jammikunta

Odela

Historical sites of Karimnagar District

Dhulikatta

204203

141. Ibid

.

142. AP

GK

D, 1974, p. 61

143. Raza A

li Khan, op

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144. M.N

arasimhacharya,

Op.cit. p. 125.

145. Kola R

amchandra R

eddy, “E

lgandal Q

ila” Sata

vahana K

alo

tsava

la S

anch

ika, 2002. pp.22,23.

146. Jaishetty Rajaiah, Sri Lemulavada Raja Rajeshwara Satakam

& Manassam

bodhana Kritanalu (Telugu), Jagtial, 1933 & 1992. pp.204-207.

147. Ibid

, pp. 195-199.

148. Raza A

li Khan, op

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149. Ibid

.

150. Jaishetty Rajaiah,

op.cit, pp.212-217.

151. Y.Gopala R

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omprehensive H

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152. AP

GK

D, 1974, p. 62

153. Sarojini R

egani, Andhra

lo S

wata

ntriyo

dya

ma C

haritra

, Telugu A

cademy, 1986. p.191

154. K.N

arotham R

eddy, "Proselytisation in N

izam S

tate" A

PH

C, X

V Volum

e, 1991. pp. 210 - 214

155. Ibid

156. K. R

ama K

rishna, "Fam

ine Relief w

orks in Karim

nagar District"

AP

HC

, IX volum

e, 1985, pp. 140-142.

157. K.N

arotham R

eddy, Op.cit., p. 213

158. Sarojini R

egani, Andhra

lo S

wata

ntriyo

dya

ma C

haritra

, Telugu A

cademy, 1986. pp.200-202

159. Jaishetty Rajaiah,

op.cit, pp.236-240.

160. Vasant K. B

awa, "P

residential address" A

PH

C, Vol. X

III, 1989. p. 138

161. Sarojini R

egani, Andhra

lo S

wata

ntriyo

dya

ma C

haritra

, Telugu A

cademy, 1986. p.235

162. Andhra Jyothi daily, dated 14-3-2005, A

ndhra Jyothi daily paper, dated 17-7-2005

(Karim

nagar district edition), Andhra Jyothi Third A

nnual Special E

dition, Annexure I, K

arimnagar, 2005, p.20

163. Eenadu daily, K

arimnagar E

dition, dated 17-9-2003 Wednesday.

164. Ibid.

165. K.N

atotham R

eddy, "Social M

ovements in Telangana"

AP

HC

., vol. VIII, 1984. pp. 20-23.

166. J.Lakshminarayana, "T

he role of J.Keshava R

ao" A

PH

C, Vol. X

I, 1987, p. 106

167. Andhra B

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Ratn

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Veena”, 28-5-2001.