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MonitoringtherecreationaltakeofsharkspeciesofrelevancetoCommonwealthfisheriesKatherineCheshire,PeterWard,PhilSahlqvistandRupertSummerson
Research by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural
and Resource Economics and Sciences
ReporttoclientpreparedfortheRecreationalFishingIndustryDevelopmentStrategy
September 2013
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©CommonwealthofAustraliaOwnershipofintellectualpropertyrightsUnlessotherwisenoted,copyright(andanyotherintellectualpropertyrights,ifany)inthispublicationisownedbytheCommonwealthofAustralia(referredtoastheCommonwealth).CreativeCommonslicenceAllmaterialinthispublicationislicensedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0AustraliaLicence,saveforcontentsuppliedbythirdparties,logosandtheCommonwealthCoatofArms.
CreativeCommonsAttribution3.0AustraliaLicenceisastandardformlicenceagreementthatallowsyoutocopy,distribute,transmitandadaptthispublicationprovidedyouattributethework.Asummaryofthelicencetermsisavailablefromcreativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en.Thefulllicencetermsareavailablefromcreativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/legalcode.Thispublication(andanymaterialsourcedfromit)shouldbeattributedas:CheshireK,WardP,SahlqvistPandSummersonR,2013,MonitoringtherecreationaltakeofsharkspeciesofrelevancetoCommonwealthfisheries,ABARESreporttoclientpreparedfortheRecreationalFishingIndustryDevelopmentStrategy,DepartmentofAgriculture,Canberra,September.CCBY3.0.CataloguingdataCheshireK,WardP,SahlqvistPandSummersonR,2013,MonitoringtherecreationaltakeofsharkspeciesofrelevancetoCommonwealthfisheries,ABARESreporttoclientpreparedfortheRecreationalFishingIndustryDevelopmentStrategy,DepartmentofAgriculture,Canberra,September.ABARESproject:43224InternetMonitoringtherecreationaltakeofsharkspeciesofrelevancetoCommonwealthfisheriesisavailableat:daff.gov.au/abares/publications.DepartmentofAgricultureAustralianBureauofAgriculturalandResourceEconomicsandSciences(ABARES)PostaladdressGPOBox1563CanberraACT2601Switchboard+61262722010|[email protected]/abaresInquiriesregardingthelicenceandanyuseofthisdocumentshouldbesentto:copyright@daff.gov.au.TheAustralianGovernmentactingthroughtheDepartmentofAgriculturerepresentedbytheAustralianBureauofAgriculturalandResourceEconomicsandSciences,hasexercisedduecareandskillinpreparingandcompilingtheinformationanddatainthispublication.Notwithstanding,theDepartmentofAgriculture,ABARES,itsemployeesandadvisersdisclaimallliability,includingliabilityfornegligence,foranyloss,damage,injury,expenseorcostincurredbyanypersonasaresultofaccessing,usingorrelyinguponanyoftheinformationordatainthispublicationtothemaximumextentpermittedbylaw.
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AcknowledgementsThisstudywasfundedbytheDepartmentofAgricultureaspartoftheRecreationalFishingIndustryDevelopmentStrategy(RFIDS).BillSawynockprovidedcommentsonthedraftfundingapplication.JulianPepperell(PepperellResearch)andKevinMcLoughlin(ABARES)revieweddraftsofthisreportandprovidedadvice.TheauthorsacknowledgethecontributionsofNewSouthWalesDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries(NSWDPI),GameFishingAssociationofAustralia(GFAA),NorthernTerritoryDepartmentofResources,Fisheries(FisheriesDoRNT),QueenslandDepartmentofEmployment,EconomicDevelopmentandInnovation,Fisheries(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI),InfoFish,SillagoResearchPtyLtd,SouthAustralianResearchandDevelopmentInstitute(SARDI),FlindersUniversity,CommonwealthScientificandIndustrialResearchOrganisation(CSIRO)MarineandAtmosphericResearch,InstituteforMarineandAntarcticStudies,UniversityofTasmania(IMAS),DepartmentofPrimaryIndustries,Fisheries,Victoria(DPIVictoria),TheVictorianRecreationalFishingPeakBody(VRFISH),theVictorianGameFishingAssociation(VictorianGFA)andWesternAustralianDepartmentofFisheries(WADoF)incontributinginformationtothestudyandreport.Variousexpertsprovidedinformationthroughdiscussionsaboutrecreationalfishingandreviewingthestatelistingsinthecatalogue:NewSouthWales,AldoSteffeandDanielleGoshn(NSWDPI),GrahameWilliams(GFAA);NorthernTerritory,KaneDysartandTriciaBeatty(FisheriesDoRNT);Queensland,SteveTaylor(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)andBillSawynock(InfoFish);SouthAustralia,KeithJones(SillagoResearch),MalcolmKnight,AnnieVainickis(SARDI),PaulRogers,CharlieHuveneersandMatthewHeard(SARDI/FlindersUniversity);Tasmania,BarryBruce(CSIROMarineandAtmosphericResearch),JeremyLyle(IMAS);Victoria,SimonConron(DPIVic),ChristopherCollins(VRFISH)andGeoffFisher(VicGFA);andWesternAustralia,KarinaRyan(WADoF).
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Contents
Summary................................................................................................................................................................v 1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................1
Objectives...................................................................................................................................................2
2 Definingkeysharkspecies.......................................................................................................................3 Recreationaltargetspecies................................................................................................................3
Interactionswithcommercialfisheries........................................................................................9
Rankingofsharkspecies..................................................................................................................13
3 Recreationalfishingactivities.............................................................................................................16 4 Datacatalogue............................................................................................................................................18 5 Conclusions..................................................................................................................................................43
Informationgaps.................................................................................................................................43
Futuredirections.................................................................................................................................45
Glossaryandacronyms................................................................................................................................47 Personalcommunications...........................................................................................................................48 References..........................................................................................................................................................49
Tables
Table1Recreationaltargetspecieslistedbyscientificname(inalphabeticalorder)........4 Table2CriteriausedforallocatingrecreationallyimportantspeciescaughtinaCommonwealthfisherytoaninteractioncategory....................................................................10
Table3Fisheryabbreviations...................................................................................................................10 Table4ThenumberofeachrecreationallyimportantsharkspeciesreportedinCommonwealthfisheries(2000–10),includinganindicationofinteractionlevelsineachfishery.............................................................................................................................................11
Table5Overallrankingofrecreationallyimportantsharkspecies.........................................14 Table6SummaryofAustralianrecreationalfisheriesdatabasesthatreferencesharkcatches...........................................................................................................................................................19
Maps
Map1Distributionofreleasesformakosharks,whalersharks,hammerheadsharksandblueshark...............................................................................................................................................6
Map2Distributionofreleasesforgummyshark,tigershark,blacktipsharkandsoutherneagleray.......................................................................................................................................7
Map3DistributionofreleasesforOceanicwhitetipshark,PortJacksonshark,threshersharksandschoolshark............................................................................................................................8
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Summary TheRecreationalFishingIndustryDevelopmentStrategy(RFIDS)commissionedtheAustralianBureauofAgriculturalandResourceEconomicsandSciences(ABARES)toassessinformationonrecreationalsharkfishingthatwasrelevanttotheAustralianGovernment.RFIDSrecognisedtheneedforgovernmentstodeveloppolicyandtorespondtotheneedformanagementandconservationofsharks.Asasteptowardsbetterunderstandingtheimpactsofrecreationalfishingonsharks,theobjectivesofthepresentstudywereto:(1)determinethenatureandextentofdataavailableonrecreationalinteractionswithsharkspeciesofinterest(includingrecreationaltargetspecies,listedspeciesorspeciesnominatedforlisting,andspeciesthatinteractwithCommonwealthfisheries)and(2)identifykeygapsininformationonrecreationalcatchesofsharkspeciestoinformtheapplicationofexistingandfuturemanagementarrangementsforspeciesnominatedforlisting.
ThisstudyidentifiedsharkspeciesofinteresttotheAustralianGovernmentusinginformationfromseveralsources.Recreationalsharkfishingactivitieswereidentifiedfromliteraturesearches,databasesanddiscussionswithfisheryscientists,managersandrecreationalanglers.Acatalogueof35databaseswascompiledfromliteraturesearchesandmetadataondatabases.ThecataloguecompiledbythisstudyprovidesthefirstcentralsourceofinformationondatapertainingspecificallytoAustralianrecreationalcatchesofsharks.Thedatabasesaredescribedandevaluatedintermsoftheirspatialandtemporalresolution,datacollectionmethods,dataelementsanduncertainties.Thisprovidesaguidetolocatingdata,determiningthesuitabilityofthosedataforfurtheranalysisandkeyinformationgaps.
Therearetwomaincategoriesofrecreationalfishingactivitiesthatinteractwithsharks;inshorefishingandgamefishing.Gamefishingmostlyoccursintheopenoceanandincludestournaments,commercialcharterboatactivitiesandrecreationalgamefishing.Anglerattitudestowardssharkfishingvaryconsiderablyamongjurisdictions.SharksarerarelytargetedinQueenslandandtheNorthernTerritory,whereastheyaremorepopulartargetsinthesouthernstatesofAustralia.Therearesomerecreationalanglersinthesouthernstatesthattargetsharkforconsumption,mostfrequentlyretainingelephantfish,gummy,schoolandsmallmakosharks.
Fewrecreationalfishingsurveyshavefocusedongatheringinformationspecificallyonsharks.AustralianstatesandtheNorthernTerritoryhaveseparateprogramsformonitoringrecreationalfishingcatches.Theycollectdataonvarioussharkgroups,althoughthenatureofdatacollectionandlevelofidentificationofsharkswithintaxonomicgroupsvaries.Assessmentofvoluntarytag‐and‐releasedatafromtheNewSouthWalesDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries(NSWDPI)GameFishTaggingProgramindicatedthatthemostcommonlytaggedspeciesweremako,whaler,hammerheadandbluesharks.Thetopfourrecreationalsharkspeciesidentifiedinthisstudywereshortfinmako,tiger,scallopedhammerheadandgummysharks.
Evaluationofthecataloguecompiledbythepresentstudyanddiscussionswithstatefisheryagencies,recreationalfishingrepresentativesandotherrecreationalfishingexpertshighlightedseveralinformationgaps.Intermsofcurrentpolicyandrecentconservationinitiatives,keyknowledgegapsincludespeciesidentification,survivalratesofreleasedsharksandinformationoncatchlevelsanddistribution.Thesurvivalofreleasedsharksrequiresfurtherresearchasitwillinfluencedecisionsonwhetherreleasebyanglerscanbeeffectiveinreducingsharkmortality.Theresultsofsuchresearchmayalsoprovideanglerswithguidanceonhowtoreducetheirimpactsonsharkpopulations.Reliablespeciesidentificationiscrucialtomonitoringofcatchtrendsandtheassessmentofpopulationstatus.Theconsiderationofspeciesnominated
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forconservationlistingalsorequiresreliablespeciesidentificationandinformationofpopulationstatusandcatchlevels.
Researchanddatacollectionprioritiesneedtoreflectmanagementissuesandpolicydirections.Althoughoutsidethescopeofthisstudy,arisk‐basedapproachoffersacost‐effectivewaytoidentifyvulnerablesharkspeciesandalsotoprioritiseresearchanddatacollection.Suchapproachesrequireestimatesofcatchlevels,catchattributes(includingspeciescompositionandbody‐size)andbiologicalattributes(suchasageandgrowth).Considerationofmanagementoptionswillrequiremoredetaileddataontheseasonalandgeographicaldistributionofrecreationalfishingactivitiesandsharkcatches.
Thisstudyidentifiedfuturedirectionstoaddresstheseknowledgegapsandtoimprovemonitoringofrecreationalinteractionswithsharks.Traditionalapproachesinvolvingnationalsurveysofrecreationalsharkfishingactivitiesareunlikelytobeaffordable.Thegovernmentscouldconsidercontributingtobroader,routinesurveysofrecreationalanglersandensuringthatthosesurveyscollectrepresentativedatathatincludesthereliableidentificationandreportingofsharkspecies.TheNSWDPIGameFishTaggingProgramisanotherusefulsourceofinformationonthedistributionandrelativelevelsofsharkcatches,althoughcareisrequiredininterpretingthosedata.Governmentsmightconsiderimprovingtheusefulnessofthosedatabysupportingprogramstoenhancethereliabilityofspeciesidentificationandtodeterminetheproportionofsharksthataretagged‐and‐releasedcomparedtotheproportionthatarereleasedbutnottagged.
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1 Introduction Oftheestimated1200chondricthyianspecies(sharks,skates,raysandchimaeras)thatoccurworldwide,aboutone‐quarter(322species)occurinAustralianwaters.Thirty‐ninepercentofsharksand69percentofraysareendemictoAustralia(LastandStevens2009).Characteristicscommontomanysharksandrays(collectivelyreferredtoas'sharks'inthisreport)arelonglifespans,slowgrowthrates,latematurationandlowfecundity,leavingthemvulnerabletoover‐exploitationandslowtorecover,iftheyarenotcarefullymanaged(Stevensetal.2000).
AseriesofsharkassessmentshasbeenproducedaspartofAustralia’scommitmenttoimplementtheInternationalPlanofActionfortheConservationandManagementofSharks(1999).ThefirstconsolidatedreportonthebiologyandfisheriesforsharksinAustraliawasproducedin2001;theAustralianSharkAssessmentReportfortheAustralianNationalPlanofActionfortheConservationandManagementofSharks(SAR2001).Subsequently,Australia’sNationalPlanofActionfortheConservationandManagementofSharks(NPOA‐Sharks)wasreleasedin2004,toprovideadviceandguidancetofisheriesandconservationmanagersandthepubliconsustainablemanagementofsharkpopulations.The2009SharkAssessmentReportfortheAustralianNationalPlanofActionfortheConservationandManagementofSharks(SAR2009)wasproducedaspartofthatreview.OutcomesfromtheseassessmentshavehighlightedthatwhiletherecreationalcatchofsharkinAustraliaismanagedatthestateorterritorylevelthereisnoconsolidatedsourceofdataonrecreationalsharkcatchesinCommonwealthwaters.Itisinherentlydifficulttomonitorandquantifytherecreationalcatchofsharks.OneofthekeyrecommendationsofSAR2009wasthatassessmentsoftheriskthatnon‐commercialfisheriesposetosharksshouldbeconducted.
SharksarecaughtinmostsectorsofAustraliancommercialfisheriesandarecommonlycaughtbyrecreationalanglers.Therearetwomaincategoriesofrecreationalfishingthatinteractwithsharks;inshorefishingandgamefishing(commonlybeyondthecontinentalshelfinoceanicwaters).Insomeregionstherecreationalcatchofsharkscanbeconsiderable,althoughmostarereleased(HenryandLyle2003,McLoughlin&Eliason2008).Althoughgamefishersoftentargetlargebillfishandtuna,sharksareoftentargetedduringtournamentsandforrecreation(McLoughlin&Eliason2008)orconsumption(Rose2001).
ThereisarequirementundertheEnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityConservationAct1999(EPBCAct)thatsharkslistedonAppendixIorIIoftheConventionontheConservationofMigratorySpeciesofWildAnimals(alsoknownasCMSorBonnConvention),towhichAustraliaisaParty,alsobelistedasmigratoryspeciesundertheEPBCAct(EPBC1999).UndertheEPBCActitisanoffencetokill,injure,take,trade,keepormovelistedmigratoryspeciesinCommonwealthareas(EPBC1999).ThelistingofsharkspeciesunderinternationalconventionsandagreementsthereforehasthepotentialtoaffectrecreationalfishinginAustralia.Forexample,porbeagle(Lamnanasus),shortfinmako(Isurusoxyrinchus)andlongfinmako(Isuruspaucus)sharkswereincludedonAppendixIIoftheCMSin2008,duetointernationalconcernsregardingtheirconservationstatus.Accordingly,thesespecieswerelistedundertheEPBCActinJanuary2010,withsignificantimplicationsforrecreationalfishing.Makosharksareahighlyprizedgamefish,whileporbeaglesharksareoccasionallytakenbyrecreationalanglers.InJune2010theAustralianGovernmentintroducedtheEnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityConservationAmendment(RecreationalFishingforMakoandPorbeagleSharks)Act2010.Thisamendmentprovidesanexceptiontotheoffenceprovisionsandallowsfortargetedrecreationalfishingofmakoandporbeaglesharkstocontinue.
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ThelistingofsharkspeciesundertheinternationalConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES),whichwasestablishedtoensurethatinternationaltradedoesnotthreatenthesurvivalofwildanimalsandplants,isalsorelevanttothemanagementofsharksinAustralia.In2013,forexample,fivecommerciallyvaluablesharkspecieswerelistedunderCITESAppendixII:oceanicwhitetip(Carcharhinuslongimanus),scallopedhammerhead(Sphyrnalewini),greathammerhead(Sphyrnamokarran),smoothhammerhead(Sphyrnazigaena)andporbeaglesharks.SpecieslistedunderAppendixIImustbetradedwithCITESpermits,whichrequireevidencethattheyareharvestedsustainablyandlegally.
ThereisnocentralsourceofinformationonAustralianrecreationalcatchesofsharks.Whiletherearevariousstateandterritory‐basedrecreationalmonitoringprogramsandsurveys,theircoverageoftherecreationalcatchesofsharkspeciesispatchy,particularlyforthespeciesthatinteractwithCommonwealthfisheries.Monitoringsharkcatchesandinteractionspresentssignificantdifficulties.DataarecollectedbytheAustraliangamefishingsectorthroughcompetitions,tournamentsandtagandreleaseprograms.Thestate‐basedassessmentsoccurindependentlywithineachjurisdictionandprimarilyconsistofacombinationoflogbookreporting,offsitesurveys(sometimesassociatedwithvoluntaryfishingdiaries)andonsitesurveys.TheonlynationalsurveyofrecreationalcatchestodatewastheNationalRecreationalandIndigenousFishingSurveyconductedfortheperiod1999‐2001(HenryandLyle2003).
ObjectivesThisstudywasdevelopedthroughdiscussionswithDepartmentofAgriculturestaffabouttheinformationneedsfordevelopingpolicyandrespondingtoconservationrequirementsforsharks.Theinformationcollectedbythisstudyisrequiredto:
determinethenatureandextentofdataavailableonrecreationalinteractionswithsharkspeciesofinterest(includingrecreationaltargetspecies,listedspeciesorspeciesnominatedforlisting,andspeciesthatinteractwithCommonwealthfisheries)
identifykeygapsininformationonrecreationalcatchesofsharkspeciesthatinteractwithCommonwealthfisheriestoinformtheapplicationofexistingandpossiblefuturemanagementarrangementsforspeciesnominatedforlisting.
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2 Defining key shark species Recreationallyimportantsharkspecieswereidentifiedusingacombinationofcriteria:recreationaltargetspecies,speciesofinterest(listedspeciesorspeciesnominatedforlisting),andinteractionswithCommonwealthfisheries.Availabledatasetsandreportswereexaminedtoallocatescoresbasedonvariouscriteria,andtherebyassignanoverallrankingoftheimportancetoCommonwealthfisherymanagementofsharksthatinteractwithrecreationalfisheries.
RecreationaltargetspeciesTheprocessofidentifyingrecreationallyimportantsharkspeciesinvolvedthreemaininformationsources:
1) therecreationalrankingofGriffithsandPepperell(2006)
2) whetherthespecieswasan‘eligible’speciesfortaggingandcapturebytheGameFishingAssociationofAustralia(GFAA)andtheAustralianNationalSportfishingAssociation(ANSA)
3) thenumberofanimalstaggedundertheNSWDPIGameFishTaggingProgram(Table1).
GriffithsandPepperell(2006)assignedaqualitativerankingtoeachrecreationalsharkspeciesthatwasbasedonitsrelativeoccurrenceinrecreationalcatches,its‘iconic’orprestigestatus,personalobservationsandtheopinionsoftherecreationalfishersthattheycontacted.Basedonthecriterialistedabove,themosthighlyranked(greaterthan3)recreationallyimportantsharkspecieswere:
shortfinmakoshark(I.oxyrinchus)
tigershark(Galeocerdocuvier)
gummyshark(Mustelusantarcticus)
elephantfish(Callorhincusmilii).
Otherspeciesofrecreationalimportance(rank2;Table1)included:
whalersharks(F.Carcharhindae,Carcharhinusspp);notincludingBlacktip(CarcharhinuslimbatusandCarcharhinustilstoni)orOceanicwhitetip(Carcharhinuslongimanus)sharks
schoolshark(Galeorhinusgaleus)
PortJacksonshark(Heterodontusportusjacksoni)
southerneagleray(Myliobatisaustralis)
blueshark(Prionaceglauca)
hammerheadsharks(Sphyrnaspp.).
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Table 1 Recreational target species listed by scientific name (in alphabetical order)
Scientificname Commonname Listedstatus1 RecreationaltargetcriteriaANSAeligible
GFAA Rank3eligible Tags2
F.Alopiidae Threshersharks* y^ y^ 72 n.a.
Alopiaspelagicus Pelagicthresher IUCN(VU) y^ y^ n.a.
A.superciliosus Big‐eyethresher IUCN(VU) y^ y^ n.a.
A.vulpinus Commonthreshershark
IUCN(VU) y^ y^ 1
Callorhinchusmilii Elephantfish n n 3
F.Carcharhindae(Carcharhinusspp.)
Whalersharks* y^ y^ 7769 n.a.
Carcharhinusbrachyurus Bronzewhaler y^ y^ 3090 2
C.falciformis Silkywhaler y^ y^ 2
C.longimanus Oceanicwhitetip IUCN(VU) y^ y^ 118 2
C.obscurus Duskywhaler IUCN(VU) y^ y^ 2
Carcharhinusspp. Blacktipsharks* y^ y^ 675 2
C.limbatus Blacktipshark y^ y^ n.a.
C.tilstoni Australianblacktipshark
y^ y^ n.a.
Furgaleusmacki Whiskeryshark n n 1
Galeocerdocuvier Tigershark y y 864 4
Galeorhinusgaleus Schoolshark EPBC(CD),IUCN(VU)
y y 414 2
Heterodontusportusjacksoni PortJackson n n 135 2
Carcharadoncarcharias Greatwhiteshark EPBC(VU)(M),CITES(I/II)CMS(I/II),IUCN(VU)
n n n.a.
Isurusspp. Makosharks* CMS(II) y y 5798 n.a.
Isurusoxyrinchus Shortfinmako CMS(II),EPBC(PL)
y^ y^ 4
I.paucus Longfinmako CMS(II),EPBC(PL)
y^ y^ n.a.
Lamnanasus Porbeagle CMS(II)IUCN(VU),CITES(PL)
n y 0
Mustelusantarcticus Gummyshark y y 334 3
Myliobatisaustralis Southerneagleray Y Y 348 2
Notorhynchuscepedianus Sevengillshark y n n.a.
F.Orectolobidae Wobbegong NotakeinNSW,EPBC(PL)
n n n.a.
Prionaceglauca Blueshark y y 3787 2
F.Pristiophoridae. Sawsharks* y n 1
Pristiophoruscirratus Commonsawshark y n 1
P.nudipinnis Southernsawshark y n 1
F.Sphyrnidae Hammerheadsharks*
y^ y^ 4542 2
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Scientificname Commonname Listedstatus1 RecreationaltargetcriteriaANSAeligible
GFAA Rank3eligible Tags2
Sphyrnalewini Scallopedhammerhead
IUCN(EN) y^ y^ 2
S.zygaena Smoothhammerhead
IUCN(VU) y^ y^ 2
Data Sources: 1 IUCN ‐ International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List (IUCN 2011), EPBC ‐ Environmental Protection and
Biodiversity Act List (EPBC 1999), CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES 2011), CMS‐ Convention of Migratory Species (CMS) (PL = nominated for listing under EPBC, CD = conservation
dependent, VU = vulnerable, EN = endangered, I = Appendix 1, II = Appendix 2). 2 NSW DPI Game Fish Tagging Program (1974–2010). 3 Griffiths and Pepperell (2006).
Notes:
* Common name often includes more than one species of this family.
^ Indicates listing as species complex.
Recreational ranking: n.a. = not available, 1 = low importance, 5 = high importance.
TheNSWDPIGameFishTaggingProgramprovidesacontinuousandcomprehensivedatabaseoftagreleaseofsharks(Table3andTable4).Importantsharkspeciesidentifiedfromthisdatabaseinclude:
Common(morethan1000tags;Map1):
makosharks
whalersharks(notincludingblacktiporoceanicwhitetipsharks)
hammerheadsharks
blueshark.
Less common (300–1000 tags; Map 2 and Note: Data were aggregated by one degree (111 kilometres) grid
and the centroids of some of these grids may be on land. source: NSW DPI Game Fish Tagging Program (1974–2010).
Map3):
tigershark
blacktipsharks
schoolshark
gummyshark
southerneagleray.
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Map 1 Distribution of releases for mako sharks, whaler sharks, hammerhead sharks and blue shark
Note: Data were aggregated by one degree (111 kilometres) grid and the centroids of some of these grids may be on land. source: NSW DPI Game Fish Tagging Program (1974–2010).
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Map 2 Distribution of releases for gummy shark, tiger shark, blacktip sharks and southern eagle ray
Note: Data were aggregated by one degree (111 kilometres) grid and the centroids of some of these grids may be on land. source: NSW DPI Game Fish Tagging Program (1974–2010).
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Map 3 Distribution of releases for oceanic whitetip shark, Port Jackson shark, thresher sharks and school shark
Note: Data points occur in lines and may occur on land, this due to the nature of the mapping method, where data points have been aggregated by one degree (111 kilometres) grid and the centroids of some of these grids may be on land. source: NSW DPI Game Fish Tagging Program (1974–2010).
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Rare (fewer than 300 tags; Note: Data were aggregated by one degree (111 kilometres) grid and the centroids of
some of these grids may be on land. source: NSW DPI Game Fish Tagging Program (1974–2010).
Map3):
oceanicwhitetipshark
PortJacksonshark
threshersharks(Alopiasspp.).
Thetaggingdatabase,whileprovidingacomprehensiverecordofrecreationaltaggingofsharks,needstobeevaluatedforaccuracyintermsofspeciesidentificationandtagginglocality.Forexample,therearesomereportsofspeciesbeingtaggedoutsideoftheirknowngeographicaldistribution(i.e.schoolandgummysharksinnorthernwaters).Thisdatabasedoesnotrepresentsharksthatwerecaughtbutnottagged.
InteractionswithcommercialfisheriesInteractionsbetweenrecreationallyimportantspeciesandCommonwealthfisheries(Table3)havepreviouslybeenreviewedbyGriffithsandPepperell(2006).InteractionswithCommonwealthfisheriesweredefinedaseither‘significant’,‘moderate’or‘insignificant’basedonacombinationofaverageannualcatchorpercentageofallcatch(Table2;GriffithsandPepperell2006).
RecreationallyimportantspecieswithsignificantinteractionswithCommonwealthfisheries:
shortfinmakoshark
tigershark
elephantfish
gummyshark
RecreationallyimportantspecieswithmoderateinteractionswithCommonwealthfisheries:
scallopedhammerheadshark
bronzewhalershark
whalersharks;notincludingblacktiporoceanicwhitetipsharks
blacktipsharks
commonthreshershark
blueshark
schoolshark.
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RecreationallyimportantspecieswithrareinteractionswithCommonwealthfisheries:
whiskeryshark(Furgaleusmacki)
silkywhaler(Carcharhinusfalcimformis)
PortJacksonshark
porbeagleshark
smoothhammerhead
sawsharks.
Table 2 Criteria used for allocating recreationally important species caught in a Commonwealth fishery to an interaction category
Recreationalimportancerank
Averageannualcommercialcatch(2001–05)<100kgORComprises<5%ofannualfisherycatch
Averageannualcommercialcatch(2001–05)100–1000kgORComprises5–20%ofannualfisherycatch
Averageannualcommercialcatch(2001–05)>1000kgORComprises>20%ofannualfisherycatch
3–5 Moderate Moderate Significant
1–2 Insignificant Moderate Moderate
0 Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant
Source: Griffiths and Pepperell (2006), where commercial catch levels are based on logbook estimates
Table 3 Fishery abbreviations
Code Fullname
CSF CoralSeaFishery
ECD EastCoastDeepwaterTrawlETBF EasternTunaandBillfish
GAB GreatAustralianBightTrawl
GHT SouthernandEasternScalefishandSharkFishery,Gillnet,hookandTrap
HSN HighSeasNon‐trawlHSS HighSeas
NFO NorfolkIslandOffshore
SEN South‐EastNon‐trawlSET South‐EastTrawl
SQJ SouthernSquidJig
SSF SouthernSharkFishery
STR SouthTasmanRiseTrawlWTBF WesternTunaandBillfish
WDW WesternDeepwaterTrawl
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Table 4 The number of each recreationally important shark species reported in Commonwealth fisheries (2000–10), including an indication of interaction levels in each fishery
Scientificname Commonname Totalnumber
reported
Levelofinteraction*
CSF
ECD
ETBF
GAB
GHT
HSN
HSS
NFO
NPF
SET
STR
SQJ
WDW
WTBF
F.Alopiidae Threshersharks 3352
Alopiaspelagicus Pelagicthresher
A.superciliosus Big‐eyethresher
A.vulpinus Commonthreshershark I M I M M I I
Callorhinchusmilii Elephantfish 340220 S S S M
F.Carcharhindae(Carcharhinusspp.) Whalersharks 541
Carcharhinusbrachyurus Bronzewhaler 37437 I M M M I M I I
C.falcimformis Silkywhaler 227 I I
C.longimanus Oceanicwhitetip 3349 M I M
C.obscurus Duskywhaler 1139 I M I
C.limbatus Blacktipshark –
C.tilstoni Australianblacktipshark –
Carcharhinusspp. Blacktipsharks 9234 M M I I I I
Furgaleusmacki Whiskeryshark 50119 I I M I I
Galeocerdocuvier Tigershark 2461 S S M M
Galeorhinusgaleus Schoolshark 362641 I I M M I I I M I
Heterodontusportusjacksoni PortJackson 1821 I I
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Scientificname Commonname Totalnumber
reported
Levelofinteraction*
CSF
ECD
ETBF
GAB
GHT
HSN
HSS
NFO
NPF
SET
STR
SQJ
WDW
WTBF
F.Lamnidae
Carcharadoncarcharias Whiteshark 1
Isurusoxyrinchus Shortfinmako 22706 M M S M M M M S S
I.paucus Longfinmako 24
Lamnanasus Porbeagle 355 I I I I I
Mustelusantarcticus Gummyshark 4925593 S S M M S M
Myliobatisaustralis Eagleray 801 I M M
Notorhynchuscepedianus Sevengillshark 4802
F.Orectolobidae Wobbegong 1720
Prionaceglauca Blueshark 11300 I M I M I I I I
F.Pristiophoridae. Sawsharks 182 I M I M
Pristiophoruscirratus Commonsawshark 578830 I M I
P.nudipinnis Southernsawshark 336050 M
F.Sphyrnidae Hammerheadsharks 637 I
Sphyrnalewini Scallopedhammerhead 2737 M M I I I M
S.zygaena Smoothhammerhead 14542 I I I M I I
Source: Griffiths and Pepperell (2006)
Notes:
Significant (S), moderate (M) or insignificant (I) (from Griffiths and Pepperell 2006).
^ indicates listing as species complex.
Table 3 provides fishery names and abbreviations.
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RankingofsharkspeciesThreecriteriawereusedtoassignanoverallrankingoftheimportancetoCommonwealthfisherymanagementofsharksthatarecaughtbyrecreationalanglers:
1) Recreationaltarget(Table1):
1.1RecreationalrankingfromGriffithsandPepperell(2006):
highimportance=3–5
lowimportance=1–2
notavailable=0
1.2FrequencyofanimalstaggedinNSWDPIGameFishTaggingProgram(Table1):
commonly=3
lesscommonly=2
rarely=1
noteligible=0
2) Listedstatus(Table1):
IUCN(Endangered)orCITES(AppendixI/II)orCMS(I/II)=2
IUCN(Vulnerable)orEPBCActorstatelisted=1
notlisted=0
3) Interactionswithcommercialfisheries(Table2,Table3,Table4)
significant=3
moderate=2
insignificant=1
Basedontheaboverankings,themostimportantrecreationalsharkspecies(totalrankofeightandabove)were:
1) shortfinmakoshark
2) tigershark
3) scallopedhammerheadshark
4) gummyshark
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Table 5 Overall ranking of recreationally important shark species
Scientificname Commonname Listedrank1
Recreationaltargetrank
Comm.fisheryinter‐actionrank3
Over‐all
rankTag‐releaserank2
Recreationalrank3
F.Alopiidae Threshersharks 1 1 0 2 4
Alopiaspelagicus Pelagicthresher 1 1 0 0 2
A.superciliosus Big‐eyethresher 1 1 0 0 2
A.vulpinus Commonthreshershark 1 1 1 2 5
Callorhinchusmilii Elephantfish 0 0 3 3 6
F.Carcharhindae Whalersharks 0 2 2 2 6
Carcharhinusbrachyurus Bronzewhaler 0 2 2 2 6
C.falciformis Silkywhaler 0 2 2 1 5
C.longimanus Oceanicwhitetip 1 2 2 2 7
C.obscurus Duskywhaler 1 2 2 2 7
C.limbatus Blacktipshark 0 2 0 2 4
C.tilstoni Australianblacktipshark 0 2 0 2 4
Carcharhinusspp. Blacktipsharks 0 2 2 2 6
Furgaleusmacki Whiskeryshark 0 0 1 1 2
Galeocerdocuvier Tigershark 0 2 4 3 9
Galeorhinusgaleus Schoolshark 1 2 2 0 5
Heterodontusportusjacksoni PortJackson 0 0 2 1 3
Carcharadoncarcharias Greatwhiteshark 2 0 0 0 2
Isurusspp. Makosharks 2 3 0 3 8
Isurusoxyrinchus Shortfinmako 2 3 4 3 12
I.paucus Longfinmako 2 3 0 0 5
Lamnanasus Porbeagle 2 0 0 1 3
Mustelusantarcticus Gummyshark 0 2 3 3 8
Myliobatisaustralis EagleRay 0 2 2 2 6
Notorhynchuscepedianus Sevengillshark 0 0 0 0 0
F.Orectolobidae Wobbegong 1 0 0 0 1
Prionaceglauca Blueshark 0 3 2 2 7
F.Pristiophoridae. Sawsharks 0 0 1 1 2
Pristiophoruscirratus Commonsawshark 0 0 1 1 2
P.nudipinnis Southernsawshark 0 0 1 1 2
F.Sphyrnidae Hammerheadsharks 0 3 2 2 7
Sphyrnalewini Scallopedhammerhead 2 3 2 2 9
S.zygaena Smoothhammerhead 1 3 2 1 7
Data sources: 1 IUCN ‐ International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List (IUCN 2011), EPBC ‐ Environmental Protection and
Biodiversity Act List (EPBC 1999), CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES 2011), CMS‐ Convention of Migratory Species (CMS) (PL = nominated for listing under EPBC, CD = conservation
dependent, VU = vulnerable, EN = endangered, I = Appendix 1, II = Appendix 2). 2 NSW DPI NSW Game Fish Tagging Program data. 3 Griffiths and Pepperell (2006).
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Otherrecreationallyimportantsharkspecies(totalrankofsixorseven)included:
smoothhammerhead
elephantfish
whalersharks(notincludingblacktiporoceanicwhitetipsharks)
bronzewhaler(Carcharhinusbrachyurus)
duskywhaler(Carcharhinusobscurus)
oceanicwhitetipshark
blacktipsharks
southerneagleray.
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3 Recreational fishing activities InshoreanglingandoffshoregamefishingaretheprimerecreationalfishingactivitiesthatinteractwithsharksinAustralia.Charterboatfishingisasubcomponentofgamefishing,whichusuallytargetslargegamefishotherthansharks;althoughthereisacharterboatfisheryinVictoriawhichspecificallytargetssharks.
AnglerattitudestowardssharkfishingvaryconsiderablyacrossAustralia.SharkstendtobeamorepopulartargetinthesouthernstatescomparedtonorthernAustralia.Thisisapparentlyrelatedtotheavailabilityofcertainsharkspeciesinthesewatersandtheabsenceofgamefish,suchasmarlin.SharksaregenerallynotpopulartargetspeciesinQueenslandortheNorthernTerritory.InQueenslandasmallproportionofrecreationalanglerstargetsharkssuchaswhalers,spot‐tail,spinnerandblacktipsharksinspringandsummer,mostlyintheMoretonBayregion(S.Taylorpers.comm.).ThegamefishingsectorinQueenslandgenerallyonlytargetssharkswhenthereisaspecificinterest,forexample,significanttaggingofbullsharkshasoccurredintheBrisbaneRiver,drivenbyinterestfromcommunitygroups(B.Sawynockpers.comm.).Despitetherecentintroductionofbaglimits(onesharkorrayperday)andsizelimits(lessthan1.5m),sharksaregenerallynotapreferredcatchinQueensland,beingdescribedas‘notenjoyabletocatch’ora‘wasteoftime’(Lynchetal.2010).ThisattitudeisreflectedbyNorthernTerritoryanglers,wheresharksareconsideredtobeanuisance(T.Beattypers.comm.).SharksarerarelytheprimarytargetofgamefishersintheNorthernTerritory(T.Beattypers.comm.)andWesternAustralia(K.Ryanpers.comm.).
Thereisasubsetofinshoreanglersinthesouthernstatesthattargetsharkforconsumption,mostfrequentlyelephantfish,gummy,schoolandsmallmakosharks,whileothernontargetspeciessuchaswhalersmayalsoberetained(S.Conronpers.comm.).Mostsharkscaughtbytheinshorerecreationalanglersareabycatchofactivitydirectedatotherspecies.Recreationalbycatchgenerallyconsistsofthesmallersharkspecies(suchasPortJackson,draughtboard,dogfish,spurdogsharksandwobbegongs)orsmallerspecimensoflargerspecies(seven‐gilledandthreshersharks).InTasmania,thereispotentiallyasignificantbutundocumentedbycatchofsharksintherecreationalnetfishingsector(J.Lylepers.comm.).
Sharksareamorepopulartargetforgamefishinginthesouthernstates(NewSouthWales,Victoria,TasmaniaandSouthAustralia),althoughthepercentageofanglerstargetingsharksremainsrelativelylowinallstatesexceptVictoria(Park2007,Wardetal.2012).Largesharks,suchasmakoandtigersharks,aremostcommonlytargetedbutincidentalcatchesofhammerhead,whalerandbluesharksarerelativelycommon.NewSouthWaleshasthelargestgamefishinginterestinsharks,closelyfollowedbyVictoria,SouthAustraliaandTasmania(G.Williamspers.comm.).Intermsofrelativepriority,sharksaremostpopularinVictoria,wheresouthernbluefintunaistheonlyothercommongamefishspecies(C.Collinspers.comm.).Similarly,inSouthAustralia,bronzewhalersharks(likelyaspeciescomplex)andeagleraysarerelativelypopulartargetspecies.
Themotivationfortargetinglargesharksisreportedtobethechallengeandskillforsuccessfullylandinglargeanimals,competitionpointsandprestige(G.Williamspers.comm.).A2011surveyofgamefishers(mostlytournament)onthesoutheastcoastofAustraliareportedthatonly7percentofrespondentsweretargetingsharks;ofthese,mako,hammerhead,tigerandbluesharkswerethemostpopular(Wardetal.2012).Sharkswerepredominatelytargetedbygamefishtournamentparticipants(onlyonenon‐tournamentrespondentnominatedsharks
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asatarget).Makosharkswerethemostfrequentlycaughtspecies,followedbytigerandhammerheadsharks(Wardetal.2012).
TheNSWDPIGameFishTaggingProgramprovidesinformationonthescaleofrecreationalinteractionswithsharks.Parketal.(2007)reportedthat,between1993and2005,15percentofgamefisherssurveyedwerespecificallytargetingsharks.Gamefishinghasplayedaroleinprovidingspecimensanddataforresearch.Recreationalanglersandgamefishersalsoreportoccasionalinteractionswiththreatenedspecies,includinggreynurseandgreatwhitesharksinthesouthernstatesandthenorthernriversharkandspeartoothsharkintheNorthernTerritory.
Thereisbelievedtohavebeenasignificantshiftintheattitudesofgamefisherstosharkssincethelate1990s.Theproportionofthesharkstaggedandreleasedhasincreasedinthesouthernstates(G.Williamspers.comm.).Theproportionreleasedwillalsovarywithspecies;larger,morepopularcompetitionspeciessuchastigersharkstraditionallyhavethelowestproportionoftagging(29percentfortheperiod1993–2005)(Park2007).Theproportionoftigersharkstaggedandreleasedshowsignificantannualvariations.Duringtournamentsthemeanproportionoftigersharkstaggedandreleasedwas23percentin2007–2011comparedtoover45percentduring2009/10(Pepperell2011).Higherproportionsoftagandreleasewererecordedforblue(70percent),mako(72percent)andhammerheadsharks(88percent)between1993and2005(Park2007).Ithasbeensuggestedthatthefishingmethodmayinfluencethenumbersofsharkstagged,asasharkneedstobeinareasonableconditiontobereleased(Park2007).However,theNSWGameFishingAssociationhasalong‐standingminimumsizelimitonsharkscaughtonlineweightsduringtournaments(andclubpointscores).Theseare60kgforsharkscaughton10kglineclassorless,and80kgonlineclassesabove10kg.Thismeansthatthegreatmajorityofsharkscaughtthatarelessthantheseweightswouldhavebeenreleased,probablywithatag(J.Pepperellpers.comm.).
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4 Data catalogue Acatalogueof35databaseswascompiledfromacombinationofrecreationaldatabasesprovidedinthe2008CatalogueofAustralianrecreationalfisherydatabases(Sahlqvist2008)andmorerecentdatabasesidentifiedbystatecontacts(Table6).EachstateandtheNorthernterritoryhasaprogramformonitoringrecreationalcatches,whichincludevarioussharkgroups,althoughthenatureofthereportinganddataconsistencyvaries.Importantly,thereareveryfewrecreationalsurveysthatspecificallyfocusongatheringinformationonsharks(althoughseeLynchetal.2010).Thereforethesuitabilityofthedatawilldependonthequestionsaskedandthedesignoftheindividualsurveys.
Therearethreemaintypesofdatacollectionmethods;logbooks,voluntarydiariesandsurveys(suchasoff‐siteoron‐sitesurveysataccesspointsandduringcompetitions).Thereisalsoasignificantamountofdataavailableingamefishingrecordsandannualreportsofclubsandassociations.Datasetformatsarenotconsistentbetweenstatesand,withtheexceptionoftheNationalRecreationandIndigenousFishingSurvey(2000‐01)andsubsequentstate‐widesurveysbasedonthesamemethodology,therearefewthatarespatiallyandtemporallycomparable.
Generally,sharksandraysarelistedeitheranasanentiregroup(forexample‘sharksandrays’,or‘sharks’or‘rays’),speciescomplexes(suchas‘whalersharks’)or,morerarely,individualspecies(Table6).Thegroupsthataremostfrequentlyreferredtointhedatacatalogueinclude:
makosharks
whalersharkandblacktipsharks
hammerheadsharks
gummyshark
tigershark
schoolshark
blueshark
threshersharks.
Lessfrequentlyreferredtosharksincluded:
wobbegong
PortJacksonshark
southerneagleray
elephantfish
whiskeryshark.
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Table 6 Summary of Australian recreational fisheries databases that reference shark catches
Datasettitleandcustodian
Projectobjectives Method,spatialandtemporalinformation Ca
tch
Released
Effort
Datanotes Temporalresolution
Uncertainties Comments References
NationalRecreationalandIndigenousFishingSurvey(DeptAg.,FRDC,stateagencies)
Collectnationallyconsistentandcomparablestatisticsonfishcatch,fishingeffort,participation,demographics,andexpenditurebyrecreationalanglers.
Phonescreeningsurvey,diaryAllstates2000–01
SharksandraysRawdatahasfineridentificationsforonlysomesharksandnotforraysDemographicsexpenditure,attitudes
Fishingevent
Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Angler‐reporteddata.Onlynumbersofanimalswererecorded,sizeswereback‐trackedfromothersources.Validationsofdataentryandcalibrationexerciseswereconducted.Novalidationofdataaccuracy.
Providesdirectlycomparableinformationacrossstates.Rawdatainaformatthatwouldbedifficulttoaccess.Primarysurveydataaresubjecttoprivacyrestrictions.
HenryandLyle(2003),JonesandDoonan(2005),Coleman(2004),Lyle(2005).
GameFisherSocio‐economicSurvey(ABARES)
EstimatethevalueofgamefishingtoseveralkeyeastAustralianregionalcentres.
On‐sitesurveysoftournamentandnontournamentgamefishersEasternAustralia2011
MakoWhalerHammerheadTigerBlueSpeciestargetedandnumberscaught
Trip(mostlytournamentperiods)
Fisherreporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy,althoughcapturedatacouldbevalidatedthroughtournamentrecords,andtheNSWmonitoringprogram.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness).
Primarysurveydataaresubjecttoprivacyrestrictions.
Wardetal.(2012).
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Datasettitleandcustodian
Projectobjectives Method,spatialandtemporalinformation Ca
tch
Released
Effort
Datanotes Temporalresolution
Uncertainties Comments References
NSWGameFishTaggingProgram(NSWDPI)
Toobtaininformationonthebiologyofbillfish,tunas,sharksandsportfish,includingdistribution,movement,growthandexploitation.
TagcardsubmissionNational,W.Pacific,Indian1973–ongoing
BlueHammerheadMakoTigerThresherWhalerPortJacksonWhitetipSchoolGummyBlacktipEaglerayTagandrecapturelocation,date,andfishsize
Dateandlocationofreleaseandrecapture
Levelofsharkidentificationvaries:'group'–specieslevel.Charterboatoperatorandangler‐reporteddata.Limitedcapacitytoverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness).Spatialdatawillbebiasedtowardspopularfishingregionsandpopulartagginglocations.
Temporalandspatialdistributions.Visualestimatesoflength,lowlevelofaccuracy.Visualestimatesofweight,higherlevelofaccuracy.Dataisavailableforannualreports,researchprojects,andstockassessments.
Various,includingannualreportsandscientificpapers.Chan(2001)http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries/recreational/saltwater/gamefish‐tagging
GameFisherClubAnnualReports(NSWDPI)
Recordhistoricrecordsofgamefishcapturesreportedinannualgamefishclubreports.
CompileinformationfromannualreportsincentraldatabaseNational1937–ongoing
BlueHammerheadMakoTigerThresherWhalerPortJacksonWhitetipSchoolGummyBlacktipEaglerayAccurateweightsofeachsharkrecorded
Dateandlocationofcapture
Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Althoughcompetitionfishmustbeweighedbyaweighmasteroncalibratedscales.Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Onlyinformationongamefishersavailable.
Dataonsharkshavenotyetbeencompiledsince2000.
Inprogress.Pepperell(1992)Chan(2001)
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Datasettitleandcustodian
Projectobjectives Method,spatialandtemporalinformation Ca
tch
Released
Effort
Datanotes Temporalresolution
Uncertainties Comments References
Austag,Suntag(ANSA)
Coordinatethecollectionoftagging,catchandeffortandhookinglocationdatabyANSAmembers.ProvidetheframeworkandstandardsforthemanagementandoperationofseparateprogramsineachState.
TagcardsubmissionNational19951986–ongoing
GummyBlueBlacktipBullElephantfishMostsharkseligible,althoughnotmanyaretargetedLownumbersofrecords–expectincaseswheresharksspecificallytargeted,e.g.bullsharksintheBrisbaneRiver
Dateofreleaseandrecapture
Specieslevelidentificationofsharksoftenpoor.Angler‐reporteddata.Limitedcapacitytoverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).
Temporalandspatialdistributions.Movementandgrowthdataavailableforrecaptures.
Various,includingannualreportsandscientificpapers.MostrecentannualreportcanbefoundonInfofishwebsite:http://www.info‐fish.net/documents.asp?section=austag
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Datasettitleandcustodian
Projectobjectives Method,spatialandtemporalinformation Ca
tch
Released
Effort
Datanotes Temporalresolution
Uncertainties Comments References
NSWGameFishTournamentMonitoring(NSWDPI)
Estimationofcatchandeffortfromclub–basedgamefishinginNewSouthWalesinsupportoftheassessmentofbillfish,tunaandsharks.
Radioscheds,post‐fishinginterviews.NSWStatewide1993–ongoing
MakoWhalerHammerheadTigerBlue‘other’SizecompositionFrequencyofanglerstargetingsharksChangesincatchrates
Tournamentperiod
Notrepresentativeofthewholecoastorallseasons.Butsomeconsistencyinthemonitoringanditdoesprovideaseriesofsnap‐shotsthatcangiveanindicationoftherelativequalityofgamefishangling.Providedetailedcatchandeffortinformation.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness),althoughradioscheddoesgetaroundthisbias.Tournamentsheldwhen‘fishingisatitsbest’.Numberofparticipantsvarieswithevent.
Commentsmadeoncatchcomposition,trendsincatchratesovertimeandzoneandthesizecompositionofthepopulations,peaksinjuvenilecatches.Combinedwithpost‐fishinginterviewdataallowsfortotalharvesttobeestimatedfortournaments.Predominatelycatchandrelease.
Park(2007).Murphyetal.(2002).PepperellandHenry(1997).
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Datasettitleandcustodian
Projectobjectives Method,spatialandtemporalinformation Ca
tch
Released
Effort
Datanotes Temporalresolution
Uncertainties Comments References
BiologicalmonitoringatNSWgamefishingtournaments(NSWDPIandPepperellResearch)
Toorganise,coordinateandreportonbiologicalresearchandsamplingatmajorgamefishtournamentsinNSW.Toestablishabaselinemonitoringprogramforrecordingbiologicaldataofweighedfish,andtoarchivesamplestaken.
BiologicalinformationiscollectedfromfishreturnedforweighingattournamentsNSWStatewide1998–ongoing
MakoWhalerHammerheadTigerBlueAllfishmeasured,weighed,andsexed,andbiologicalsamplestakenResearchersfrommanyagenciesattendandgainaccesstospecimensfortheirstudies
Tournamentperiod
Predominantlydatafromfishretainedforweighing.
Trainedstaffidentifiesspeciesandrecordbiologicalmeasurements.Standardizedsetsofequipmentformeasuringandsamplingdistributedtosamplers.Commentsmadeoncatchcomposition,trendsincatchratesovertimeandzoneandthesizecompositionofthepopulations,peaksinjuvenilecatches.
Chan(2001)Pepperell(2008,2010)RefertoNSWDPIwebsiteScientificpapersderivedfromvariousresearcherse.g.makosharkgenetics.
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Datasettitleandcustodian
Projectobjectives Method,spatialandtemporalinformation Ca
tch
Released
Effort
Datanotes Temporalresolution
Uncertainties Comments References
NSWSaltwatertournament–anglingdata(NSWDPI)
Estimationofcatchandeffort,sizecompositionandspeciescompositionforNSWrecreationalfishingtournament–basedangling.
Voluntarycatchcard.NSWStatewide2001–09
Measured,weighed,andsexed,andbiologicalsamples
Tournamentperiod
Listssharksnotspecies.Cannotestimatestate‐widerecreational‐basedfishharvestasthesamplingframeisnotcomplete.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness).Noaccountforthisintheanalysis–majorramificationforcatchrateindices.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Angler‐reporteddata.Lengthdatainaccuracy,orabsent,unwantedfishnotrecorded.
Validationisneededtoensureusefulnessofdataforresourceassessmentpurposes,suggestpost‐fishingsurvey.Discontinuedduetolevelofbias,lackofvalidationandunrepresentativecoverage.
WilliamsandScandol(2008).
NSWCharterLogbook(Estuarine,GameFishers,NearOffshore)(NSWDPI)
Estimationofcatch,effort,byspeciesandfishingmethods,usedforresourcemanagement,resourceallocation,stockassessment,compliance.
CompulsorylogbookNSWStatewide2000–ongoing
Species,groupsencounteredInteractions’withthreatenedspecies
Daily
Charteroperatorandangler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Releaserecordedonformsbutuncertainlevelofcompliance.
Dataisconsideredhighlyunreliablenotwidelyused.
Noneavailable
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Datasettitleandcustodian
Projectobjectives Method,spatialandtemporalinformation Ca
tch
Released
Effort
Datanotes Temporalresolution
Uncertainties Comments References
NSWMarineTrailerBoatStudy(NSWDPI)
Obtainstate‐wideandregionalestimatesoftotalfishingeffort,harvestandharvestratesofrecreationalanglersthatfishintheoffshorewatersofNSW.Onstate‐wideandregionalscales,relatetheestimatesoftotalharvestobtainedfortherecreationalfishingpopulationtotheallocationofresourcesbetweenrecreationalandcommercialusers.
Seriesofon‐sitesurveys,visualboatcountsNSWStatewide1993–1995
SchoolGummyWhalerHarvestestimatesinclude:numberofanimals,weightsSizecompositionforspecieswithgoodlengthweightrelationshipsAnglerdemographics(genderandpostcode)
Daily,weekdayvs.weekend,season,annual
On‐sitesurveymethodsminimiserecallerrors,allowtrainedstafftoexamine,identifyandmeasurethecatchretainedbyrecreationalanglers.Potentialforunderestimateifappliedstate‐wideasdatarepresentsdaytimecatch(nonight)andlargeaccesspoints(nobeach,smalllaunchpointsincluded).Aviditybiasisaccountedforintheestimates.
Summariesofaggregateddataareavailableinthereport.Somedataisconfidential.
Steffeetal.(1996).
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Datasettitleandcustodian
Projectobjectives Method,spatialandtemporalinformation Ca
tch
Released
Effort
Datanotes Temporalresolution
Uncertainties Comments References
RecreationalfishingsurveysintheGreaterSydneyregion(NSW)(NSWDPI)
Tocollectsitespecific,baselinedataonrecreationalfishingeffortandcatchwithintheGreaterSydneyregion.
Tocollectinformationonthesizestructureoffishretainedbyrecreationalanglerswiththeregion.
SeriesofonsitesurveysGreaterSydneyRegion2007–09
WhalerHammerheadGummyWobbegongShortfinmakoPortJacksonBlindGulperSizecompositionforspecieswithgoodlengthweightrelationships
Daily,weekdayvweekend,season,annual
On‐sitesurveymethodsminimiserecallerrors,allowtrainedstafftoexamine,identifyandmeasurethecatchretainedbyrecreationalanglers.Excellentinformationatthesitelevel.Limitedlengthfrequencyinformationavailableforsomesharkspecies.PotentialforunderestimateifappliedgreaterSydneyregionasdatarepresentsdaytimecatch(nonight)andlargeaccesspoints(nobeach,smalllaunchpointsincluded).
Significantamountofsurveysconducted.Summariesofaggregateddataareavailableinthereport.Somedataareconfidential.Reportincludesinformationonthecatchkeptbyrecreationalanglersbutexcludesinformationonthereleasedcomponentofthecatch.Reportonlyprovidesinformationofthenumbersofsharksbutlengthfrequencydataisalsoavailablesharks.
SteffeandMurphy(2011).
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Datasettitleandcustodian
Projectobjectives Method,spatialandtemporalinformation Ca
tch
Released
Effort
Datanotes Temporalresolution
Uncertainties Comments References
Vicon‐siterecreationalfisheriessurveys(DPIVic)
Undertakeon–sitesurveysforthecollectionoftimeseriesofcatchandeffortinformationandsizeandagecompositiondataforfisheryandstockassessmentpurposes.
On‐sitesurveySelectedVictorianbaysandinletsPortPhillipBay1995/962002–ongoingWesternPort1998–ongoingSouth‐westVictoria–2011GippslandLakes1995–0ngoing
Species,groupsGummySchoolBlueMakoElephantfishTargetingCatchratesSizecomposition,awarenessofrulesNotessharksarenotcommonlytargetedandcaughtinmostbaysandinlets(c.f.snapperandwhiting)
Dateandtimeoftrips
On‐sitesurveymethodsallowtrainedstafftoexamine,identifyandmeasurethecatchretainedbyrecreationalanglers.Indicatorsproducedincludedtimeseriesoftargetedcatchratesandsizecompositionofkeyspeciesbyavid(experienced)anglers.Estimateofrecreationalcatchofelephantfishover1yearinWesternPort.
Contributestoestimatesonannualrecreationalharvestinstatusreports.
Stockassessmentandfisheriesassessmentreports.
VicAnglerFishingDiaryProgram(DPIVic)
Undertakeanglerdiaryprogramsforthecollectionoftimeseriesofcatchandeffortinformationandsizeandagecompositiondataforthepurposesofstockassessment.
VoluntarydiarySelectedVictorianestuaries1998–ongoing
GummySchoolSizecomposition,demographics
Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Voluntary(decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness).
Contributestoassessmentofstatusoffishstocks.
Stockassessmentandfisheriesassessmentreports.
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Datasettitleandcustodian
Projectobjectives Method,spatialandtemporalinformation Ca
tch
Released
Effort
Datanotes Temporalresolution
Uncertainties Comments References
QldRecreationalfishingvolunteerdiaryRFISH(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)
Estimationofparticipation,catchandeffortonastate‐widebasisandbystatisticaldivisionofresidenceforfisheriesmanagementandstockassessmentpurposes.Someexpenditureandsocioeconomicdataarecollected.
Diary/phonesurveyQldState‐wide1996–2005
SharksGear,reasonforrelease,economicdata,targetspecies
Annualestimatesforsharks(96–01)andsharksandraysin2005Rawdata=catchofsharksfromeachfishingevent
Listssharksnotspeciesinthereport(finerdetailintherawdata)butcannotverifyspeciesidentifications.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness).Angler‐reporteddata.
Mayprovidesomeindicatorsofchangingfishingpatternsovertime.AvailabilityofdataissubjecttoaDataAgreementwithFisheriesQueensland,confidentialitycriteriaapply.
McInnes(2006,2008).Higgsetal.(2007).State‐wideestimatesavailableinChriswebhttp://chrisweb.dpi.qld.gov.au/chris
GreatBarrierReefElasmobranchRecreationalFishersSurvey2007(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)
Betterunderstandingofcatch,harvest,releaseofelasmobranchsintheGBRMP.Understandingofrecreationalanglershandlingandreleasetechniquestocontributetodevelopmentofappropriatetechniques.Understandingofanglerattitudes.
Onsitesurveys,questionnaire(shoreandboatbased).CoastlineTownsvilletoCardwell.(GBRcoastline)2007
SharksandRaysBullHammerheadSchool*TigerThresherBronzewhaler*WhitetipBlacktipMilk#Sharpnose#Anglerattitudestocatchingsharks,informationonhandlingandreleasepracticesLocationandfishingmethod
12weeksperiodbeginningSeptember
Retainedelasmobranchsidentifiedbyscientificstaff,anglersreportedonreleasedcomponent.*Angleridentificationsincludedspeciesnotknowntooccurinthearea.#Scientificstaffidentifiedsharksthatwerenotreportedbyanglers.
n.a. Lynchetal.(2010)
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2010State‐wideRecreationalFishingSurvey(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)
Collectconsistentandcomparablestatisticsonfishcatch,fishingeffort,participation,demographics,andexpenditurebyrecreationalanglerstocomparewithNRIFS.
Diarymemory‐jogger(sameapproachasthe2000–01NRIFS)QueenslandState‐wide2010–11
WhalersHammerheads‘Othersharks’StingraysShovelnoserays.ExpandedcatchestimatesCatchreportedforthestateandfor19fishingregionsReasonforrelease,noeconomicdata
AnnualweightedestimatesRawdata=fishingeventwhere>0elasmobranchscaught
Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy,buttelephoneinterviewerspromptforidentifyingfeatures.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy,completeness).
Mayprovidesomeindicatorsofchangingfishingpatternsovertimeandtheimpactofnewinpossessionlimitsandmaxsizelimitof1.5mTLforsharks.AvailabilityofdataissubjecttoaDataAgreementwithFisheriesQueensland,confidentialitycriteriaapply.CatchestimateswillbeavailableinDataOcean(updatedversionofChrisweb)inlate2011.
Reportexpected2012.
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Recreationalfishingboatrampsurveys(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)
Estimationofregionalcatchandeffortfromboatbasedanglers,primarilyfocussedonrockyreefspeciessuchassnapper,pearlperch,teraglinandyellowtailkingfish.
Onsitesurvey(busroutemethod)atmarineboatrampsinsoutheasternQueenslandQueenslandSEcoast2007
SharksSizecomposition,fishinglocation
Daily Listssharksnotspecies,morespecificspeciesdatawererecordedbutbecausetheoverwhelmingmajorityofsharkswerereleasedbyanglers,theywerenotidbyfieldagentsandself‐reportingerrorcouldbeanissue.Oftenonlyrepresentdaytimecatch‐potentialforunderestimate.
Minimalnumbersofsharks.Notmuchinfoonsharks.DataavailabilityissubjecttocompletionofaDataAgreementwiththeDPI&F.
Webleyetal.(2009)
Queenslandcommercialfishingtourlogbooks(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)
Tomonitorchartercatchofindividualspeciesusingtotalcatchorsomeformofeffortsuchasnumberofdaysfished,numberofboatsaccessingthefisheryorcatchperuniteffort.
CompulsorylogbookQueenslandOffshoreareas1993
Limiteddataonthespeciescompositionofsharkscaught.NofieldheadingonthelogbookforsharksSizecomposition,fishinglocation
Daily Releasesareonforms,notsureofcompliancelevels.PrestigeBias’charteroperatorandangler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.
AvailabilityofdataissubjecttoaDataAgreementwiththeDepartmentofPrimaryIndustriesandFisheries,confidentialitycriteriaapply.TheseassessmentsareusedinreportssuchasAnnualStatusReports,EPBCreportsorPerformanceMeasureSystems.Thisinformationisalsousedinmanagementdecisions.
Sumptonetal.(2005).andstockassessments
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CapReef(CapricornReefMonitoringProgram)(FisheriesQueensland,DEEDI)
Tocollectinformationontheeffectsofmanagementchangesonfishandanglers.Objectives:
ImprovecommunityknowledgeoftheGreatBarrierReef(intheCapricornregion).
ImprovecommunityinvolvementinmanagementoftheGreatBarrierReef.
Surveysandtrailercounts.FishtaggingtomonitorgrowthandmovementGreatBarrierReef(CapricornRegion)2004–ongoing(10yrcommitment)
SharksRelativeabundanceandsizestructureofkeyfishspecies.Changesinanglerparticipationorfishingpatterns.Movementofkeyfishspeciesfromextendedmarinenationalparkandconservationzones.
Fishingtrip Specieslevelidentificationofsharksoftenpoor.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Thequalityoffishingtripreportdataislikelytobevariableintermsofspeciesidentification,especiallydataprovidedbytelephone.However,comparisonoffishlengthscollectedatboatrampswiththosereporteddirectlybyanglersshowedclosecorrelation.
FormalqualityassuranceprocessesinplacefortheSuntagprogram—thedataarestoredonthesamedatabaseandsimilarerrorcheckingprotocolsareused.UncleartowhatextentvolunteertrainingisactivelyundertakenaspartoftheCapReefprogram.
Plattenetal.(2007,2008)
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SARecreationalFishingSurvey2007/08(PIRSA/SARDI)
DetermineharvestlevelsandfishingeffortofkeymanagedspeciesbySArecreationalanglersinSouthAustraliain2007/08.Providestatisticallyrobustdataonaregionalbasisbyfishingplatform.Determinelevelsandreasonsforreleaseofkeyspecies.CompareestimateswiththoseobtainedfromtheNRIFS2000/01surveywhichusedthesamemethodology.
Phonescreeningsurvey/diary/logbook/on‐sitesurveysSAState‐wide2007/08
MakoWhalerHammerheadGummySchoolWobbegongPtJackson‘Interactions’withwhitesharksSizecompositionofharvestedkeyspecies,anddemographicsofanglers.Attitudinaldataonanglers
Fishingevent
Temporallylimited,SpatiallyrestrictedtoSA(andtoSAresidentsonly).Somesharksreportedrarelythereforereducingconfidenceinestimates.Angler‐reporteddata.Catchcannotbedirectlyvalidated.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Surveysandlogbookdatacollectionnotspecificallydesignedtoestimatecatchandeffort.
RepeatsmethodsusedinNRIFS2000/01allowsfordirectcomparisonofestimates.Comparisonsoffishingeffort.PIRSAholdsdatabases.
Jones(2009)
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SAcharterboatfisherycatchandeffort–updatedin2007(PIRSA/SARDI)
Tocollecttripcatch(retainedandreleasednumbersoffish)andfishingeffortinformationonallrecreationalcharterboatlicenceholders.TocollectinformationandreportoninteractionsbetweenmarinewildlifeandcharterboatfishingoperationsinSAToprovideanannualstatusreportoncatchandeffortintheSAcharterboatfishery.
CompulsorylogbookSAState‐wide2005–ongoing
WhalerGummySchoolPtJacksonElephantWhiskeryInteractionswithwhitesharks/threatenedspeciesFishinglocation,wildlife.SizegradesandreleasednumbersonlyforKGwhitingandsnapper,since2007,andnotforsharks
Daily PrestigeBias’charterboatoperatorandangler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Charterboatsfrequentlyoperatewhen‘fishingisatitsbest’forparticularspecieswithinaseasonalthoughday‐dayconditionsvary.
Reportsontimespenttargetingspecificspecies,catch,bycatch.Confidentialitymayapplytospecificspeciesorregionsiflessthan5licenceholdersfishingonafishingblock.
Knightetal.(2007).Knight(2009).
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KingstonSurfFishingCompetition1984–ongoing(KingstonFishingClub)
Recordcatchforcompetitionpoints.
Weigh‐inrecordsfromcompetitionorganisersCoorongBeach:Kingston–Ti‐treecrossing1984–ongoing
Sharks(allspeciescombined)Rays(allspeciescombined)Nodatakeptontotalcatch,norreleasednumbers.Numbersofparticipantsincompetition(asmanyas1200participantspercompetition)
Annual3daycompetition
(January)
Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Numbersandweightsofonlythosespeciesweighedin.Maynotberepresentativeofwholecatch.
Nocatchfiguresforindividualanglers.
Kingstonsurffishingcompetitionweb‐site.
PortMacDonnellOffshoreFishingClubrecords(SARDI)
CollectinformationonthedietinteractionsandreproductivebiologyofsharksoffSA.Facilitategreaterpublicandscientificunderstandingoftheecologicalrolesandsignificanceofpelagicsharks.
FishingClubRecords,andSARDIattendancetomonitorbiologyofoffshoresharks.SouthEasternstatesMay,annual2007–ongoing
IdentificationtoSpecieslevelwhenSARDIscientistinattendance.Short‐finnedmakoBlueGummySchoolLengthsandweightsrecordedbyscientistsClubprovidesdataonweighedinspecies
Annual(Mayfishingcompetition,fishingtrips)
Weighedinspecimensonly,maynotberepresentativeoftotalretainedcatch.Noreleaseinformation,althoughsometagandreleaseoccurs.CouldbesourcedfromNSWDPI.
n.a. RogersandHuveneers(2009)
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RecreationalFishingSurveyofMulloway(SANRMBoard,UniversityofAdelaideandSARDIpartnership)
ToprovideabetterunderstandingoftherecreationalfisheryforMullowayintheIPA,informmanagementofthekeyrecreationalfisheryrelatedissuesinthisisolatedregionandprovideoptionsforfurtherdevelopmentandimprovementoftheonsitesurveymethod.
On‐siteinterviewsurveysbytrainedaboriginalcommunity(Yalata)staff,throughoutmullowayseasonandvoluntaryresearchformsYalataBeach,FarWestCoastofSA(shorebasedfishingonly)Nov–March,2010
Mainfocusofsurveyonmulloway,however,recordsofsharkscaughtarecollected.Sharks(bycatch)identifiedtospecieslevelGummyBronzewhalersDuskywhalersSchoolsharksInformationonhomepostcodesoffishingparties,numbersinparty
TripRecordsbyfishingparties
Estimated35%ofrecreationalanglersvisitingtheareawereinterviewed.Voluntaryformsreturnedby8%ofvisitorstothearea.Unknownifthesummerseasonisrepresentativeofseasonalityofsharksinthisregion.
n.a. Rogersetal.(2010)
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TheFishCountSurvey:ASurveyofRecreationalFishingintheNT(FisheriesDoRNT)
Designedtocollect‘bigpicture’informationon:a)anglerparticipation,b)recreationalcatchandeffortdatafortargetspecies,c)economicassessmentofinvestmentandexpenditured)anglerawarenessandopinions
Phonescreeningsurvey/diaryNTstatewide1994–1996
Sharks/raysAnglerdemographics
Fishingevent/household
Recalland‘prestige’biaswereaccountedfor.
n.a. (Coleman1998)
NTRecreationalFishingSurvey(FisheriesDoRNT)
Phonescreeningsurvey/diary/logbook/on‐sitesurveys*RepeatofNRIFSmethodsNTState‐wide2009/10
Sharks n.a. Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Angler‐reporteddata.‘PrestigeBoas’Cannotvalidate.Validationandcalibrationexerciseswereconducted.
Currentlyunderway–datanotyetavailable.
n.a.
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NTFishingtouroperatorlogsheetdata(FisheriesDoRNT)
ProvideinformationformanagementoftheguidedfishingtourismindustryandrecreationalfisherieswithinNorthernTerritory.
CompulsorylogbookNTState‐wide1994–ongoing
SharksRegion,method
Daily Potentialprestigebiasincharterboatoperatorandangler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Charterboatsfrequentlyoperatewhen‘fishingisatitsbest’forparticularspecieswithinaseasonalthoughday‐dayconditionsvary.
SummarystatisticsareavailablefromFisheriesNT.
AnnualNTfisherystatusreports.HallandDysart(2007)
KingAshBayBarramundiMonitoring(ANSA)
ToundertakeatwoyearbaselinesurveytogatherdatarelatingtothestatusofthebarramundifisherywithintheMcArthurRiver.Establishaneducationcentretopromotetheprojectandencouragegoodfishingpractices.EstablishinganinformationcentreadjacenttotheKingAshBayoffice.
Trailercountsandonsitesurveys(boatramp)McArthurRiverdownstreamfromKingAshBay,JohnsonRiver(CrookedCreek)andCarringtonChannel2010–11
SharksNotfocussedassharks,butsharksmayformbycatch
Fishingevent
Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Angler‐reporteddata.‘PrestigeBias’cannotvalidate.
n.a. Reportinprogress.Informationavailablehttp://www.info‐fish.net/kingashbay/
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WestCoastBoatSurvey(WADoF)
Estimationoftherecreationalboatbasedcatchandfishingeffortfromastratifiedrandomsampleoflicensedboats.
Diary/phonesurveyWAWestcoast2005/06*Beingrepeatedin2011*
Sharks n.a. Listssharksnotspecies.
Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.
Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Angler‐reporteddata.Oftenonlyrepresentdaytimecatch,'lengthofstaydiscrepancies'(?),overestimatesineffortoftenencountered.
Surveyreportinprogress.Beingrepeatedin2011.
Barthartha(2007).
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WAAnglerLogbook(WADoF)
Gathercomprehensivedataonregionalandseasonalcatchcomposition(species,sizes),includingdiscards,byallrecreationalmethods.Provideopportunityforrecreationalanglerstocontributetoresearchandmonitoring.
Cost–effective,state–widemonitoringofdistributionandabundanceofminorspecies.Gatherdataondistributionofeffortandanglerbehaviour.
WAState‐wide2004–ongoingDiary
SharksBronzewhalerHammerheadTigerGummyPtJackson
Sizedata
Daily Listssharksnotspecies(finerdetailmaybeavailableonrequest).
PrestigeBias.Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.
Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).
UselogbookCPUEasrelativeindexofabundanceforkeyspecies.
Smithetal.(2007).
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TasRecreationalrocklobsterandabalonesurveys(TAFI)
Estimateparticipation,catchandeffortforrocklobsterandabalonebyregionandmethod.Usedforresourcemanagement,includingevaluationagainstTARC(rocklobster)andstockassessment.
Diary/phonesurveyTASState‐wide2000–ongoing
Sharksmaybecaughtasabycatchinpotsthoughcurrentlynotrecorded.Region,method
n.a. n.a. NOTEcommercialcatchsamplingofpotsisbeingundertakentoidentifybycatch(includessomesharks–mainlydraughtboardandPortJackson).Interactionratescouldbeappliedtoestimaterecreationalbycatch.
n.a.
TasRecreationalSetlineSurvey(TAFI)
Identifypatternsofusageandspeciestargeted.Comparisonbetweendroplineandlongline.
Licensedanglerssurveyed/recallTasState‐wide2010–11
Skates/raysGummySharksSpeciestargeted,mainspeciescaughtandmainbycatchspecies
Setlinelicence‐holders
Nocatchestimates,qualitativeassessmentofimportanceofkeytarget,catchandbycatchspecies.
Dataisrestricted. Reportdueforcompletionend2011
TasRecreationalGillNettingSurvey(TAFI)
n.a. Diariesandtrackingsurveys,phoneinterviewTasState‐wide2010
Skates/RaysGummySharksProblemswithspecieslevelidentifications
Catchbyregion,fishingevent
Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).
Aggregationofsomeregionsandspecieshasbeennecessaryandnotalldataelementshavebeenreportedtothelowestfeasiblelevel.Thisisanimportantpointtoconsiderwheninterpretingsurveyfindings.Dataisrestricted.
Reportdueforcompletionend2011
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TasState‐widerecreationalfishingsurveys(TAFI)
Estimateparticipation,demographics,catchandeffortbyallmethods.
Phonescreeningsurvey/diaryTasState‐wide2007/08
Sharks/RaysAppendixlists:GummySchoolDogfishDraughtElephantfishSharksSkates/raysAnglerdemographics
Fishingevent
Angler‐reporteddata.Cannotverifyqualityandlegitimacy.Estimatesofcatchandeffortmaybeimprecise(highrelativestandarderrors)andalternative,targetedsurveysarerecommendedtoprovideamorereliableassessmentoftheseactivities.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness).Comparativelyrareorhighlyspecialisedactivitiesmaynotbewellrepresented.Temporallylimited.
Aggregationofsomeregionsandspecieshasbeennecessaryandnotalldataelementshavebeenreportedtothelowestfeasiblelevel.Thisisanimportantpointtoconsiderwheninterpretingsurveyfindings.Dataisrestricted.
Lyleetal.(2009).
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TasSouthernBluefinTunaRecreationalCatchSurvey(TAFI)
EstimatecatchandeffortofSBTandothergamefishspecies,useforresourcemanagement.
Onsitesurvey/charterlogbooksSouthernTasmania2003and2008
MakoBlue
Trip Onlyminimallyreferstosharkcatch.Uncertaintiesinestimates,incompletespatialandtemporalcoverageoftheprivate‐boatfisheryandincompletecoverageofthechartersector.Voluntary(non‐response,decreasedparticipation,accuracy/completeness,recall).Angler‐reporteddata.Temporallylimited.
Dataisrestricted Forbesetal.(2009).
Source: Sahlqvist (2008)
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5 Conclusions
InformationgapsThroughevaluationofthecatalogueanddiscussionswithfisheryscientists,managersandrecreationalfishingexperts,thisstudyidentifiedkeyknowledgegapsassociatedwithrecreationalfishingforsharksofinteresttotheAustralianGovernment.Theseinclude:
confidenceinspecieslevelidentificationandaccuracyofdata
understandingofspeciescompositionofsharkswithinaregion
thestockstructureofsharksandhowthisrelatestocurrentmanagementboundaries
catchratesofsharkspeciesthatinteractwithinshorerecreationalanglers
thefateofsharks,includingproportionsretainedandproportionsreleased,andpost‐releasemortality
thesocialimportanceandeconomicvalueofrecreationalfishingforsharks.
Themostsignificantknowledgegapistheavailabilityofaccurateandrepresentativespecies‐specificcatchinformationandtherefore,aquantitativeunderstandingoftheoverallimpactofrecreationalfishingactivitiesonsharkpopulations.TheNPOA(DAFF2004)identifiedtheneedforimprovedspeciesidentificationasfundamentaltoimprovingtheunderstandingofimpactsoffishingonsharks.Species‐specificcatchinformationfrominshorerecreationalanglingismorelimitedthanfromgamefishing.Specieslevelidentificationisaproblemforthelargegroupsthatincludespeciesthatcanbedifficulttodistinguish,includingthemanycarcharhinidspecies.Thishaspotentialtobeasignificantissuewhenanglersinteractwithprotectedspecies.Forexample,programsarebeingestablishedintheNorthernTerritoryforanglerstoreportinteractionswiththreatenedspecies,whichrequiresaccurateidentification.Identificationislessofanissueforcommonspeciessuchasgummyandschoolsharks,orinareaswhererecreationalanglersarefamiliarwithsharks.Forexample,Victoriananglersaremorelikelytocorrectlyidentifysharkspeciesthananglersinareaswheresharksarenotatargetspecies.Problemswithidentificationmeanthatspecies‐specificcatchratescannotbedescribedfromrecreationalfishingdatawithoutonsitevalidationbysuitablyqualifiedstaff.Whilesubstantialimprovementshavebeenmadeintheidentificationofsharkcatchesincommercialfisheriesthroughspeciesidentificationguidesandobserverprograms,speciesidentificationremainspoorinrecreationalfishingdatasets.
Monitoringrecreationalfishingactivitiesisoftensubjecttoavarietyofbiasesanduncertainties.Thesebiasesarepredominantlyassociatedwiththevoluntarynatureofmanyofthesurveys:non‐response,accuracyorcompleteness,decreasedparticipationovertimeandaninabilitytoverifytheaccuracyofangler‐reporteddata(Griffithsetal.2010).Thereisalsothepotentialtoeitherunderestimateoroverestimatecatchorfishingeffortthroughextrapolationacrossspatialortemporalscaleswhensamplingwasnotrepresentative.Thesamplingperiodsandmethodsemployedwilloftenbetargetedtowardsaspeciesorgroup,resultinginbiastowardspopularfishingregionsortemporallyskewedcatchasaresultofsurveyinginthe'best'locationsatthe'best'times.Furthermore,misreportingorunderestimationofinteractionswithsharksislikelytobesignificantinareaswheresharksareconsideredanuisance,suchasnorthernAustralia.
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Fewsurveyshavespecificallyfocusedonrecreationalfishingforsharks(althoughseeLynchetal.2010).Akeyknowledgegapisthereforeaquantitativeunderstandingoftheoverallimpactofrecreationalfishingactivitiesonsharkpopulations,whichformanyjurisdictionswillbeexacerbatedbyapoorunderstandingofthespeciescompositionofsharkswithinamanagementarea.Thispresentsissuesfordevelopmentofpolicyonsharksastherecreationalinteractionwithsharkscannotbeplacedinthecontextofthespeciescompositionfortheregionbecauseofspecificattitudesorbiasamonganglersinparticularregionsortowardsparticularspecies.Anotherknowledgegapisassociatedwithinteractionsofinshoreanglerswithsharks,particularlythoseanglingfromtheshore.Thismayrepresentasignificantcomponentoftherecreationalfishinginteractionswithsharks;andinparticular,thisgroupofanglersislikelytorepresentthehighesttakeofsharksforconsumption.Consequently,thisgapmayresultinunder‐reportingofsharkinteractionsandinparticularthetakeofpopularspecies,suchasgummyandschoolsharks.
Thereislittledataonthefateofsharks,proportionsretainedandproportionsreleasedandtagged,inmostjurisdictions.Therearesomedataavailable(species,length,weight,sex)onsharkstakenbygamefishingthroughvariousprograms,butlittlefromthebroaderrecreationalanglerpopulation(Table6).Catch‐and‐releasefishingandtaggingprogramsundertakenbyrecreationalanglers,andparticularlygamefishers,assistinsharkresearchandmanagementastheyencourageanglerstoreleasesharksandcanpotentiallyidentifyregionsofhighabundanceforparticularsharkspecies.Taggingprograms,withasuitablesamplingregime,canprovidebasicbiologicalinformationonmigrationandbehaviour,aswellascomparativecatchratesbetweenregions(McLoughlin&Eliason2008).Theseprograms,however,onlycollectinformationfromaselectgroupofgamefishersoncertainspeciesofsharkandwillnotcoverallrecreationalactivitiesrelatingtosharks.
Thepotentialimpactofcrypticpost‐releasemortalityofsharkshasbeenhighlightedasbeingacrucialuncertaintyforrecreationalfishingactivities.Crypticmortalityreferstotheunobserveddeathofanimalsfollowingcaptureandrelease(McLoughlin&Eliason2008).Taggingorcapture‐and‐releasecanresultinmortalityofsomesharks,duetophysicalandphysiologicaltrauma.AreviewbyMcLoughlin&Eliason(2008)suggestedthatsurvivalratesofsharksreleasedbyrecreationalanglerswerelikelytobemorevariableandlowerthanestimates(90percentsurvival)providedinformalassessmentsoftaggingstudiesduetodifferencesinhandlingtechniques.Whilelandingsharkshasaknownimpactonthepopulations,thefateofreleased,lostanddiscardedanimalsrequiresfurtherresearchandevaluation.
Inregionswheresharksarenottargetedandarefrequentlydiscarded,theimpactofpost‐releasemortalityisasignificantknowledgegap.Thereareaseriesofguidelinesavailableforrecreationalanglersthatstepthroughtheprocessoftaggingandreleasing,orsimplyreleasing,sharksandraysfollowingbestpracticemethods,includingEPA(2007),Recfish(2008),NSWDPI(2011a,b)andRecFishingResearch(2011).AsurveyofrecreationalanglersinQueenslandindicatedthatdespitealackofinterestinlandingasharkmanyanglersbelieveditwasimportanttoreleasehookedanimalsingoodconditionandtoensuretheirsurvival(Lynchetal.2010).
Anotherknowledgegappertainstothepopulationstructureofsharksandhowthisinfluencesthescaleatwhichthemanagementofsharkstocksshouldoperate,forexamplelocal,regionalorglobal.TheConventiononMigratorySpecieslistingsofshortfinmako,longfinmakoandporbeaglesharksemanatedfromconcernsoverthestatusofMediterraneanstocks,butthesespecieswerelistedgloballyonAppendixII.TherelevanceofthislistingtoAustralianeedsfurtherevaluation.Furthermore,impactofrecreationalfishingactivitiesinAustralianwaterson
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thesespeciesisnotknown.Anin‐depthdiscussionofthisisoutsideofthescopeofthecurrentstudy,butitisimportanttonoteforoverallcontext.
FuturedirectionsEstimatingthefrequencyofrecreationalinteractionswithsharkspeciesisanimportantstepinassessingspeciesnominatedforlistingandidentifyingspeciesthatrequirefurtherevaluation.Acost‐effectivewaytoinitiatethisprocessistouseavailabledata,despitethemanyknowledgegapsinthemajorityoftherecreationaldatasets.Thepresentreviewhasshowntheneedformoredetailedexaminationoftheavailabledatasets(listedinthecatalogue)todeterminesuitabilityforvariousanalysesofthespeciesofinterest.Themostsuitablesingledatasetforfurtheranalysisandinterpretationisthegamefishingandanglerclubreports.Thiscouldprovideinformationontrendsinannualrecreationalinteractionswithsharks.Undertakenincollaborationwithgamefishingandanglingclubs,thishaspotentialtoprovidealongtermcomparisonofannualcatchesofrecreationalsharkspecies.Thesuitabilityofthesedataforfillingknowledgegapsregardingproportionofsharkscaughtandreleased,orkeptshouldbefurtherinvestigated.Inallcasesitiscriticaltogroundtruthwhatspeciesarebeingcaught.Thisrequiresfieldvalidationofatleastasub‐sampleofrecreationalcatchesbytrainedstaff(asisoftenutilisedincreelandboatrampsurveys,likethosereportedbyPepperell2008,2010).
Otheroptionsincludeinitiatingmoredetailedrecreationalsurveystobuildoncurrentmonitoringprograms.Thisapproachwouldbebestservedbyongoingdiary‐stylesurveys.Thiswouldrequirethedevelopmentofasetofspecificquestionsforrecreationalsharkfishingthatcouldbeaddedtostateornationalsurveys.Developmentofthisapproachwouldneedtoconsiderallocationoffundingtosupportthecollectionandanalysisoftheadditionaldata.Thequestionsdevelopedwouldneedtobedesignedtoaddressknowledgegaps(suchastheland‐basedorinshorefishingcomponent)andthewordingofquestionswouldneedtoconsiderthebestapproachtocollectinformationonanationalscale.Forexample,inNorthernAustralianmanyanglersdonot'land'sharksandthereforeinteractionscouldbeunderestimatedifthewordingdoesnotcapturetheinteraction.
Futuresurveyswillrequirebetterspecies‐specificcatchinformation.Improvementsinspeciesidentificationbyrecreationalanglerscouldbeassistedbythedevelopmentanddistributionofregionalidentificationkitsduringsurveys.Manyidentificationguidesalreadyexistforsharkspecies,includingMcAuleyetal.(2002)andDEEDI(2009),buttheremaybeaneedforfurtherdevelopmentofaneasytouseandwidelydistributedguide,inconjunctionwithanincreasedawarenessoftheimportanceofaccuratereportingamongstanglers.
Thedevelopmentofadedicatedsurveyfocusedonnationalrecreationalsharkactivitiesisthenextlevelupfromthelow‐costoptions.Ingeneral,theconductofsuchspecialisedrecreationalsurveysistime‐consumingandexpensive.ARespondentDrivenSampling(RDS)recallsurveymaybeacost‐effectivemethod,andwouldneedtoberunoveraminimumof12‐monthstobesuitableforseasonallyvariablesharks.Thisismorereliantonvoluntaryresponse,andthereforehasmorepotentialforbias(Griffithsetal.2010).Stenekes&Sahlqvist(2011)reviewedcommunityinvolvementinthecollectionofdataonrecreationalfisheries.Theyhighlightedtheneedtoensurethequalityandcredibilityofdatathroughlong‐termfundingandprogramstorecruit,trainandmaintainvolunteers.Othercost‐effectivemethodsforcollectingdataonsharkcatchesfromanglersincludediarysurveys,whichallowforhighresolutioncatchandeffortdatatobecollectedand,ifwelldesigned,canreducebiasassociatedwithvoluntarysurveymethods(Griffithsetal.2010).Foradiarysurveytobeeffective,itwouldneedtobeimplementedinconjunctionwithasuitablescreeningsurveyappliedtothegeneralpopulation(forexample,
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telephonesurveys)ortheanglingpopulation(forexample,bysamplingastate‐wideanglinglicenseregister,whereoneexistsandisaccessible),toprovidedatathatcanbeusedtodeterminetherepresentativenessofthesurvey’ssub‐sample.
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Glossary and acronyms ABARES AustralianGovernmentbureau;theAustralianBureauofAgriculturalandResourceEconomics
andSciencesCOMS TheConventionontheConservationofMigratorySpecies(CMS)ofWildAnimals(alsoknownas
CMSorBonnConvention)aimstoconserveterrestrial,aquaticandavianmigratoryspeciesthroughouttheirrange.Itisanintergovernmentaltreaty,concludedundertheaegisoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,concernedwiththeconservationofwildlifeandhabitatsonaglobalscale.
DPIVic VictorianStateGovernmentdepartment;theDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries,Fisheries,Victoria
EPBC TheAustralianGovernment’scentralpieceofenvironmentallegislation;TheEnvironmentProtectionandBiodiversityConservationAct1999(theEPBCAct).
FisheriesDoRNT
NorthernTerritorygovernmentdepartment;DepartmentofResources,Fisheries
FisheriesQld,DEEDI
Queenslandstategovernmentdepartment;DepartmentofEmployment,EconomicDevelopmentandInnovation,FisheriesQueensland
FRDC Australiangovernmentagency;TheFisheriesResearchandDevelopmentCorporation
GFAA Nationalgamefishingassociation;theGameFishingAssociationofAustralia.
IMAS ResearchbranchoftheUniversityofTasmania;InstituteforMarineandAntarcticStudies
IUCNRedList
TheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature(IUCN)RedListisaninventoryoftheglobalconservationstatusofplantandanimalspecies.Itusesasetofcriteriatoevaluatetheextinctionriskofthousandsofspeciesandsubspecies.Thesecriteriaarerelevanttoallspeciesandallregionsoftheworld.
NSWDPI NewSouthWalesStateGovernmentdepartment;theDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries.
PIRSA SouthAustralianstategovernmentdepartment;theDepartmentofPrimaryIndustriesandRegionsSouthAustralia
SANRMBoard
SouthAustralianstategovernmentdepartment;theSouthAustralianNaturalResourceManagementBoard
SARDI SouthAustralianstategovernmentresearchinstitute;SouthAustralianResearchandDevelopmentInstitute
TAFI Tasmanianstategovernmentdepartment;TasmanianAquacultureandFisheriesInstitute
VicGFA Victoriangamefishingclub;theVictorianGameFishingAssociation
VRFish Victorianrecreationalfishingorganisation;TheVictorianRecreationalFishingPeakBody
WADoF WesternAustralianstategovernmentdepartment;theDepartmentofFisheries
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Personal communications Person State Institution Date
AldoSteffe NSW NewSouthWalesDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries 13.10.2011
GrahameWilliams NSW GameFishingAssociationofAustralia 14.10.2011
KaneDysart NT NorthernTerritoryDepartmentofResources,Fisheries 14.10.2011
TriciaBeatty NT NorthernTerritoryDepartmentofResources,Fisheries 18.10.2011
BillSawynock Qld InfoFish 14.10.2011
JulianPepperell Qld PepperellResearch 30.01.2012
SteveTaylor Qld QueenslandDepartmentofEmployment,EconomicDevelopmentandInnovation,Fisheries
10.10.2011
KeithJones SA SillagoResearchPtyLtd 24.10.2011
PaulRogers SA SouthAustralianResearchandDevelopmentInstituteandFlindersUniversity,SouthAustralia
23.10.2011
MattHeard SA SouthAustralianResearchandDevelopmentInstituteandFlindersUniversity,SouthAustralia
23.10.2011
BarryBruce Tas CSIROMarineandAtmosphericResearch 23.10.2011
JeremyLyle Tas UniversityofTasmania,InstituteforMarineandAntarcticStudies 14.10.2011
ChristopherCollins Vic VRFish 08.11.2011
GeoffFisher Vic VictorianGameFishingAssociation 09.11.2011
SimonConron Vic VictorianDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries,Fisheries 19.10.2011
KarinaRyan WA WesternAustralianDepartmentofFisheries 21.10.2011
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