Monitoring of Platform31," EnergySprong" projects

Wouter Borsboom, TNO

"Monitoring results nearly and net energy dwellings".

Thanks to Platform31 team: Ivo Opstelten, Niels Sijpheer Jeffrey Mennen and TNO: Marcel van Vliet, Piet Jacobs, Peter de Jong, RIGO: Kees Leidelmeijer, Esther Cozijnsen and Van Beek: Erik de Liege, and Impromet.

Wouter Borsboom, Monitoring results NZEB

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Energy leap program

Innovation-implementation program “Energiesprong”

(Energy leap in English) focuses on the development

of marketable propositions for energy neutral (on the

meter) buildings which are affordable, profitable for the

building industry, provide good living conditions and

realize the promised performance characteristics.

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Monitoring program Energy leap

Integral monitoring of demonstration projects is an important part of this

program. 200 dwellings including Net Zero Energy will be monitored by:

Smart meters gas

Smart meters electricity

Temperatures living room, sleeping room

Outdoor climate (through weather stations)

Questionnaires

Blowerdoor, infrared, inspections

.

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Can we built comfortable Net Zero Energy dwellings at a reasonable price, and of good quality which perform as promised?

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Comfort: Simulation shows possible overheating in many concepts

Air tight + heat recovery Air tight and heat recovery

Kerkrade Passive house renovation + night ventilation + overhang

Rc value Facade

Pri

mar

y E

ne

rgy

de

man

d M

J/y

ear

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Example 1: no passive cooling measures

Montferland

Floor, Roof, Façade insulation of Rc=6

Heating: Combination of gas boiler and air/water heat pump

No passive cooling, some houses have active cooling (heat pump)

Survey: 58 % satisfying temperatures in the bed rooms during the

summer, 8% too hot, 17 % sometimes to hot and 17% fluctuating

temperatures.

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Example 2: passive cooling measures

Kerkrade

Floor Rc=5, Roof Rc=10, Façade Rc=7

Heating: gas boiler, ventilation with heat recovery

Passive cooling: overhang + night ventilation

Survey: 95% of tenants stated temperature improved after renovation

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Example 3 Active cooling measures

Montferland

Floor Rc=3,5, Roof Rc=5, Façade Rc=4

Heating and Cooling: Ground source heat pump

No passive cooling measures

Cooling is used to balance ground source

Coolling load T setpoint

Cooling load / ground source regeneration during data collection

Co

oli

ng

lo

ad

(G

J)

Tem

per

atu

re (

C)

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Summer comfort is possible in NZEB dwellings

A good strategy has to be chosen:• Passive measures to prevent cooling load or• In case of ground source heat pump cooling can be used to

balance the ground source.

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Reasonable price

Energy cost in Dutch houses is about 45.000 Euro in 15 years (6,4

Million Japanese Yen)

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Development in retrofitting

Time

130.000

100.000

80.000

Zero on the meter

Inte

gral

ren

ovat

ion

cost

s in

cl. V

AT

Roosendaal 2010

60.000

Kerkrade 2011

Apeldoorn 2012

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Energy related costs renovation Energy leap projects

Primairy Energy use (GJ/m2)

En

erg

y re

late

d c

ost

s

13

First Results Rijswijk Buiten (NOM)

Wouter Borsboom, Monitoring results NZEB

Dwelling Use (meter)

Supply (meter) Difference

Yield PV Actual use

A 2342 -3122 -780 3200 2420

B 2328 -3079 -751 3600 2849

C 1639 -3333 -1694 3500 1806

D 2087 -3141 -1054 3400 2346

E 3135 -3011 +124 3400 3524

PV + Ground source heat pump + energy efficient appliancesEnergy use and supply in kWh after about 11 months:

Dwelling E: High set point temperature of 23,5 °C

Net zero energy seems possible in the current year.Homeowner pays Klimaatgarant about 100 Euro/month for 25 years of proper functioning of the installations.

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Wouter Borsboom, Monitoring results NZEB

Reasonable costs: Combination boiler and air/water heat pumpYearly electricity use Montferland is about 30 percent higher then calculated

CalculationMonitoring

Yea

rly

Ele

ctri

city

use

(kW

H)

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Electricity costs for some houses are much higher

Differences in electricity use design versus monitoring is on average

30%, in individual cases up to 90%.

This leads to some cases of a higher use of 2000 kWh more and 37

Euro/month extra. (5300 Yen/month)

Interesting to evaluate the performance of the air/water heat pump

and user influence (opening of windows etc).

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Wouter Borsboom, Monitoring results NZEB

Reasonable costs: yearly gas use Kerkrade is about 10 percent higher then calculated

CalculationMonitoring

Yea

rly

gas

u

se (

kW

H)

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Gas costs for some houses are higher in Kerkrade

Average difference between calculation and monitoring is about 10

percent.

Individual cases of 230 m³/year and 12 Euro/month (1712 yen/month

Possible explanation is window use

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Analyse window use Kerkrade

Windows are observed during winter for a month at 10:00, 13:00 and 17:00

Average open windows per dwelling during observation

Gas

use

dur

ing

win

ter

time

(m3 )

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New wireless sensor sets will be used in other projects

Server

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Possible explanation window use

Temperature can be maintained by gas boiler

Complaints ventilation system leads to low ventilation rates (1/3

dissatisfied tenants)

Recirculation cooker hoods can explain use of doors during cooking

This can lead to higher energy bills (up to 150 Euro (21000 Yen) a

year, for low income tenants.

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Reasonable costs seems possible in the near future

First results of NOM project “Rijswijk Buiten” looks positive.

Be careful towards low income tenants. Rents are raised in some

projects beyond the saving of energy costs after renovation because

of the improved quality. Net income is already low, and energy costs

can fluctuate on an individual base. In Kerkrade 63 percent is satisfied

with the rent, 35 percent states that it is too much.

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How to control quality: Built Transparantly (Bouwtransparant) (NL)

Check of the Energy performance calculationNear Infrared picturesBlower door and smoke testsVentilation FlowIndicative noise measurementTools for assessment of construction mistakes Estimation Energy losses

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Causes of leakages avoidable, mostly in the same spots.

Cause of leakage:

number of times in project

total number of times

Chimney 13 14Window 9 32Window frame 9 29Door 9 12Roof-facade 5 5Ventilation grill 5 18Hatch crawl space 3 3Door frame 3 3

Results in 13 nearly zero energy projects

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Most common spots to check: Chimney and roof outlets

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Most common spots to check: Air leakages at windows and window frames

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Typical distribution of leakages

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No obvious relations between number of leakages, types of leakages or building mistakes

Dwelling# types of leakage

total # leakages

measured ACH 50

Specification ACH

Renovation/ new

types of BIOM #

1 7 7 14,6 renovation 152 7 30 12 renovation 53 2 3 8 renovation4 5 5 7,9 renovation5 7 9 6 renovation6 3 4 5,6 renovation7 4 5 2,6 0,6 new 88 5 17 2,5 1,7 new 49 6 15 2,2 1,7 new 810 2 4 2 0,6 new 1211 3 7 1,8 0,6 new 1212 4 8 1,8 new 513 6 8 1,45 new 7

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Effect of airtightness on gas use for space heating calculated with constant air tightness distribution (NEN 7120)

Gas

use

(m

3)

0 1 2 3 4ACH

Dwelling with high U value of building envelope

Lower U value of building envelope

Dwelling type

Calculation of the effect of non compliance of air tightness

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There is a clear need for quality control

Higher infiltration can not only lead to more energy use but also a

need for more installed power for heating or cooling.

There are also other reasons for quality control: proper functioning

of the building and installation and prevention of cold spots

which can lead to moisture and mould (mold) grow.

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Performance guarantee, how to check?

Parameter Requirement Method example when

Temperature Max. 300 hour PMV > 0,5 (+/-. 26,5 °C)

calculation Design phase

Airtightness qv,10 < 0,4 dm3/(s m2)

Blowerdoor test completion

Sound < 30 dB measurement completion

Electricity ventil. Energy calculation measurement completion

Elektr. Heat pump < … kWh/year Separat meter use

Elektra User < … kWh/year (smart) meter data use

PV yeald > … kWh/year Separat product. meter use

Heat loss coef. < … W/K Smart meter data use

Dom. Hot water < … GJ/year Smart meter data use

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Performance guarantee: need for cost effective monitoring technology

Monitoring of Rijswijk Buiten

• Independent‒ Smart meters

• Manufacturer monitoring systems of heat pumps and ventilation (Itho):

‒ Indoor temperature

‒ Thermostat Set point

‒ Heat pump efficiency (COP)

‒ Power consumption by heat pump

• Manufacturing monitoring system of PV panels‒ KWh Output

Need for inexpensive ways to monitor/validate the performance of systems: Huge challenge for industry and research institutes

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Heating demand and COP based on manufacturer performance monitoring “Rijswijk Buiten”

Outside temperature above 0 °C

Heat supply (year)

He

at s

up

ply

(GJ

)

COP during data collection

COP DHWCOP SH

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We can built satisfying NZEB dwellings at a reasonable price, with comfort and of good quality which are reliable in the near future. But we have to learn by doing

Thanks for your attention