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MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S TIMBER PRICING PERFORMANCE: AN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) , Simon Fraser University, 1978 A PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS .. i n the Department of Economi cs @ Paul B. Drysdale 1984 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY August 1984 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced i n whole or i n part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author

MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S AN …summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6216/b16313550.pdfAN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) ,

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Page 1: MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S AN …summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6216/b16313550.pdfAN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) ,

M O N I T O R I N G BRITISH COLUMBIA'S

TIMBER PRICING PERFORMANCE:

AN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS

by

P a u l B. D r y s d a l e

B. A. ( Hon. ) , Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 7 8

A PROJECT SUBMITTED I N PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF ARTS ..

i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t

o f

Economi c s

@ P a u l B. D r y s d a l e 1984

SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY

Augus t 1984

A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . T h i s work may n o t b e r e p r o d u c e d i n w h o l e o r i n p a r t , by p h o t o c o p y

o r o t h e r means , w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e a u t h o r

Page 2: MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S AN …summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6216/b16313550.pdfAN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) ,

APPROVAL

Name : Paul Drysdale

Degree : Master of A r t s

T i t l e of Project: Monitoring Bri t ish Columbia's Timber Pricing Performance: An Examination of Interregional Stumpage Comparisons .

Examining Cornnittee:

Chairman : Clyde G. Reed

fdchard Schwindt Senior Supervisor

Terence Heaps

John Richards External Examiner Asst. Professor Faculty of Business Administration Simon Fraser University

Date Approved: a/?. / 7 / 5

Page 3: MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S AN …summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6216/b16313550.pdfAN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) ,

PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE

I hereby grant t o Simon Fraser Un ive rs i t y the r i g h t t o lend

my thes is , p r o j e c t o r extended essay ( t h e t i t l e o f which i s shown below)

t o users o f the Simon Fraser Un ive rs i t y L ib rary , and t o make p a r t i a l o r

s i n g l e copies on ly f o r such users o r i n response t o a request from the

l i b r a r y o f any o ther un ive rs i t y , o r o ther educational I n s t i t u t i o n , on

i t s own behalf o r f o r one o f i t s users, I f u r t h e r agree t h a t permission

f o r m u l t i p l e copying o f t h i s work f o r scho la r l y purposes may be granted

by me o r t h e Dean o f Graduate Studies. I t i s understood t h a t copying

o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s work f o r f i n a n c i a l ga in sha l l not be allowed

wi thout my w r i t t e n permission.

T i t l e o f Thesis/Project/Extended Essay

Monitoring British Columbia's Timber Pricing Performance: An Examination

of Interregional Stumpage Comparisons

Author:

(si$nat#re)

Paul Drysdale

(da te)

Page 4: MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S AN …summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6216/b16313550.pdfAN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) ,

The major it,^ <)f I 3 r . i t i 41 ('01 1111ll) i t i ' s ( irnlx.~~ rctsource is valued

by a sys ten of government, c.Irai*gcs known a s stumpage appra i sa l s .

This method of t,imber- v d u a t , i on tl(:tl~rcLs conversion c o s t s and an

allowance f o r p r o f i t and r i s k f 'r-om end producl values f o r timber

t o a r r i v e a t a r e s i d r ~ a l vnlrw wliich r.cflcct,s t h e rwnt of t h e

timber resource.

One approach t o monitoring tlle performance of B r i t i s h Columbia's

appra isa l system has been t o conduc:t comparisons of timber values

with t h e P a c i f i c Northwest whcr~? a s i zeab le f r a c t i o n of t h e timber

resource is valued by competitive markets. This paper examines these

comparisons with a two-f 01 t i purposc: . 'l'tw f i r s t aim is t o determine

whether t h e s e comparisons arc n v iab le means of monitoring t h e adequacy

of t h e survey, t o make n judgr:rnc-nt, on t h e accuracy of B r i t i s h Columbia

timber 'charges.

The comparisons rcw.n 1 (d t 1 rat, [ J r i ti st1 Col~mbi a timber values a r e

lower i n absolute d o l l a r terms than timber values i n t h e P a c i f i c

Northwest. It was unclear f'r7om e a r l i e r s t u d i e s whether t h i s

d i f f erencc is due t o fact o1.s sr 1c.h a s yxxcics and qua l i ty d i f fe rences

and t h e more d i f f i c u l t opera t ing condi t ions i n B r i t i s h Columbia,

o r due t o exis tence of compeLitive markets i n t h e P a c i f i c Northwest

Later s t u d i e s attempted 1nor1, s tandardized comparisons where t h e

explanatory f a c t o r s w e r e accounted for i n a q u a n t i t a t i v e manner. However,

t h e s e adjustments w e r e plag11c.d by some fundamental d i f f e rences i n

Page 5: MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S AN …summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6216/b16313550.pdfAN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) ,

t imber appra i sa l and u t i l i z a t i on systc.ms. Furthermore, d i f fe rences

i n indust ry s t r u c t u r e and regula t ion could not be accounted f o r

i n t,he comparison in a clt~ant i t . il i vc- in;lrmc>r, ; ~ n d qua1 i tilt ive evaluation

was not always c l e a r .

These d i f ferences l i m i t I hcl ~ ~ s t ~ f u l n e s s of t h e comparisons.

Subject t o t h e l i m i t a t i o n s of t llc widencc., t h e overa l l assessment

is t h a t B r i t i s h Columbia tirnbcl, cllclrg(~s may bc overvaluing t h e

timber resource. Serious doubts about Lhis conclusion a r e ra i sed ,

however, from recent eviclencc~ on hidding i n a new market which

now e x i s t s f o r Crown t i d ) c r , i n 131.i l i sh Collunbia.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

P a g e

APPROVAL PAGE ............................................ ABSTRACT ................................................. iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................ v

L I S T O F TABLES ........................................... v i

INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1

NOTES ............................................ 5

S E C T I O N I ................................................ STUMPAGE AND THE THEORY O F RESOURCE RENT ......... 6

CURRENT B R I T I S H COLUMBIA TIMBER P R I C I N G SYSTEM ... 9

P A C I F I C NORTH-WEST TIMBER P R I C I N G SYSTEM ......... 1 1

NOTES ............................................ 1 4

S E C T I O N I1 ............................................... I N S T I T U T I O N A L ASPECTS OF BRITISH C O L U M B I A ' s

FOREST INDUSTRY ................................ STRUCTURE OF B R I T I S H COLUMBIA'S TIMBER MARKET .... I N S T I T U T I O N A L AND STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF THE

U . S . P A C I F I C NORTH-WEST TIMBER MARKETS ......... ............................................ NOTES

S E C T I O N 111: INTER-REGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS ........ ..................................... INTRODUCTION

P R I C E WATERHOUSE REPORT ..........................

Page 7: MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S AN …summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6216/b16313550.pdfAN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) ,

HALEY ............................................ I m p a c t o f H a l e y ' s S t u d y ........................

ITC STUMPAGE COMPARISONS ......................... Methodo logy a n d P r o b l e m s ....................... S p e c i e s a n d ' ~ u a 1 i t y ............................ B i d V s . A p p r a i s e d V a l u e s ....................... O t h e r A d j u s t m e n t s .............................. O p e r a t i n g C o s t s ................................ Log P r i c e C o m p a r i s o n s .......................... Summary and C o n c l u s i o n s ........................ I m p a c t o f ITC R e p o r t ...........................

JOINT REPORT ..................................... Cash Stumpage Payments .... ...................... Annual R e n t a l s ................................. Road C o s t s ..................................... S p e c i e s a n d Q u a l i t y D i f f e r e n c e s ................ O p e r a t i n g C o s t s ................................ C o n v e r s i o n S y s t e m s ............................. E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e J o i n t R e p o r t ................. Summary a n d C o n c l u s i o n s ........................

SECTION I V ............................................... TAXATION ....................................... TIMBER SUPPLY A N D D E M A N D ......................... DIFFERENCES I N OVERALL OBJECTIVES OF THE

FOREST INDUSTRY ................................ SMALL BUSINESS TIMBER MARKET ..................... NOTES ............................................

SUMMARY A N D CONCLUSIONS 96 . ................................... REFERENCES .... ............................................. 98

Page 8: MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S AN …summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6216/b16313550.pdfAN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) ,

LIST OF TABLES

Table

I

I1

V I I

V I I I

Pane

Example o f A p p r a i s e d S tumpage C a l c u l a t i o n A S i m p l i f i e d A p p r a i s a l C a l c u l a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C o m p a r i s o n o f B i d P r i c e s A d v e r t i s e d P r i c e s a n d A c t u a l Payments f o r Cu t T imber f o r t h e P a c i f i c North-West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . .

Summary o f C r o s s - B o r d e r C o m p a r i s o n Be tween t h e M t . B a k e r - S n o q u a l m i e N a t i o n a l F o r e s t a n d t h e Vancouver f o r e s t R e g i o n - 1980. . . . . . . . . .

Summary o f C r o s s - B o r d e r C o m p a r i s o n Be tween t h e M t . B a k e r - S n o q u a l m i e N a t i o n a l F o r e s t a n d t h e Vancouver F o r e s t R e g i o n - 1982. . . . . . . . .

Log P r i c e D i f f e r e n t i a l A t t r i b u t a b l e t o D i f f e r e n c e s i n Log Q u a l i t y a n d S p e c i e s Mix.. . . . .

S p e c i e s A d j u s t m e n t f o r T imber H a r v e s t e d f r o m M t . B a k e r - S n o q u a l m i e N a t i o n a l F o r e s t a n d t h e Vancouver F o r e s t Reg ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C o m p a r i s o n o f Ba l sam T i m b e r Q u a l i t y Be tween t h e M t . B a k e r - S n o q u a l m i e N a t i o n a l F o r e s t .......... R e g i o n a n d t h e V a n c o u v e r F o r e s t R e g i o n

Compar i son o f Average B i d P r i c e w i t h Average A p p r a i s e d P r i c e f o r B r i t i s h Co lumbia S m a l l B u s i n e s s E n t e r p r i s e S a l e s . . .....................

v i i

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INTRODUCTION

The B r i t i s h N o r t h Amer ica Ac t e s t a b l i s h e d t h e r i g h t s o f t h e

p r o v i n c i a l a n d f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t s i n 1867 . I t a l l o c a t e d t h e

o w n e r s h i p a n d c o n t r o l o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s t o t h e p r o v i n c e s .

G e n e r a l l y , B r i t i s h Co lumbia r e t a i n e d Crown o w n e r s h i p o f l a n d a n d

r e s o u r c e s , a n d , a s a r e s u l t , 95 p e r c e n t o f t i m b e r l a n d i n B r i t i s h

Columbia i s owned by t h e p r o v i n c e . 1

T imber i s t h e b a s i s o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a l s m o s t i m p o r t a n t

i n d u s t r y . O f t h e p r o v i n c e l s 94 .7 m i l l i o n h e c t a r e s . 54 .6 m i l l i o n

o r 5 7 p e r c e n t i s c l a s s i f i e d as f o r e s t l a n d . T r e e s p r o v i d e t h e

r a w m a t e r i a l f o r t h e f o r e s t i n d u s t r y t h a t h a s c o n s i s t e n t l y

a c c o u n t e d f o r h a l f o f t h e v a l u e o f s h i p m e n t f r o m t h e

m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s i n t h e p r o v i n c e . The f o r e s t i n d u s t r y

a l s o f e a t u r e s p r o m i n e n t l y i n t h e f i e l d o f e x p o r t w h e r e l u m b e r ,

p u l p , a n d n e w s p r i n t a c c o u n t f o r o v e r h a l f t h e t o t a l a s w e l l . 2

C l e a r l y , t h e n t p o l i c y c o n c e r n i n g t h e f o r e s t i n d u s t r y i s a c r u c i a l

a r e a f o r t h e p r o v i n c e l s p u b l i c i n t e r e s t .

Timber p r i c i n g i s o n e s u c h a s p e c t o f f o r e s t p o l i c y . I t s

a c c u r a t e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y b o t h f o r a n e f f i c i e n t u s e o f

t.imber i n p r o d u c t i o n a n d a n a c c e p t a b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f i n c o m e

b e t w e e n t h e i n d u s t r y a n d t h e p u b l i c . T h e r e i s , however , more

t h a n o n e way t o a c h i e v e t h i s r e s u l t . B r i t i s h Co lumbia h a s o p t e d

t o p r i c e i t s t i m b e r p r i m a r i l y by a n a p p r a i s a l method w h i c h

c u r r e n t l y a p p l i e s t o 80 p e r c e n t o f t h e t i m b e r a n n u a l l y h a r v e s t e d .

T h i s a p p r a i s a l me thod a t t e m p t s t o a p p r o x i m a t e t h e p r i c e o f

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s t a n d i n g t i m b e r t h a t would e x i s t i n t h e p r e s e n c e of c o m p e t i t i v e

m a r k e t s . The amount s h o u l d r e f l e c t t h e f u l l e c o n o m i c v a l u e o f

t h e r e s o u r c e a n d s h o u l d , i n p r i n c i p l e , g o t o t h e Crown. I n

t h e o r y , c o m p e t i t i v e b i d s w o u l d e n s u r e t h i s r e s u l t . I n t h e

a b s e n c e of c o m p e t i t i v e m a r k e t s f o r t i m b e r , however , t h e

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p r o t e c t i n g t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t l i e s w i t h

g o v e r n m e n t a d m i n i s t r a t o r s a c t i n g i n a c o o p e r a t i v e f a s h i o n w i t h

i n d u s t r y o f f i c i a l s .

A s w i t h o t h e r r e g u l a t e d i n d u s t r i e s , t h e r e i s t h e n e e d t o

m o n i t o r r e s o u r c e v a l u a t i o n when i t i s done t h r o u g h g o v e r n m e n t

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n t h r o u g h m a r k e t s . I n t h e f o r e s t

i n d u s t r y , s u c h m o n i t o r i n g c o n c e r n s t h e a c c u r a c y o f B r i t i s h

Columbia t i m b e r a p p r a i s a l s i n a s s e s s i n g t i m b e r v a l u e s a n d

c o l l e c t i n g f o r t h e Crown t h e f u l l v a l u e o f t h e r e s o u r c e r e n t .

One m e t h o d o f m o n i t o r i n g B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ' s t i m b e r p r i c i n g

s y s t e m h a s b e e n t o compare B r i t i s h Co lumbia t i m b e r v a l u e s w i t h

t h o s e o f t h e P a c i f i c Nor th -Wes t . T h e r e a r e s t r o n g r e s o u r c e

s i m i l a r i t i e s b e t w e e n r e g i o n s , a n d b o t h t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West a n d

B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a s h a r e t h e same o u t p u t m a r k e t s f o r t i m b e r .

However, i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th -Wes t , c o m p e t i t i v e b i d s u s u a l l y

d e t e r m i n e t i m b e r v a l u e s o n p u b l i c l a n d s ; h e n c e . a n i n t e r - r e g i o n a l

c o m p a r i s o n s h o u l d p r o v i d e a good b a s i s f o r e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e

a c c u r a c y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a 1 s a d m i n i s t e r e d a p p r a i s a l s .

The o u t c o m e o f s u c h c o m p a r i s o n s h a s b e e n o f c o n s i d e r a b l e

p o l i c y i n t e r e s t i n r e c e n t y e a r s . I n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th -Wes t .

l u m b e r p r o d u c e r s h a v e c h a r g e d t h a t i n a d e q u a t e C a n a d i a n t i m b e r

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a p p r a i s a l s h a v e r e s u l t e d i n r a w m a t e r i a l c o s t a d v a n t a g e s f o r

C a n a d i a n l u m b e r p r o d u c e r s whose p r o d u c t s compe te i n t h e i r

m a r k e t s . Under t h e t e r m s o f t h e T a r i f f Act o f 1 9 3 0 , t h e s e

p r o d u c e r s f e l t e n t i t l e d t o a c o u n t e r v a i l i n g d u t y a s p r o t e c t i o n

a g a i n s t s u c h s u b s i d i e s . I n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o t h e s e a l l e g a t i o n s

h a v e b e e n made by b o t h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e

Commiss ion ( I T C ) a n d a p a r a l l e l body, t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s

I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( I T A ) .

T h i s p a p e r w i l l e x a m i n e s t u d i e s w h i c h h a v e compared B r i t i s h

Co lumbia t i m b e r v a l u e s w i t h t h o s e o f t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West . The

p u r p o s e o f t h i s s u r v e y i s t w o - f o l d . One a im i s t o e s t a b l i s h t o

w h a t e x t e n t s u c h c o m p a r i s o n s are m e a n i n g f u l . Compar ing t i m b e r

v a l u e s b e t w e e n r e g i o n s c a n be a v e r y complex i s s u e . E v e r y s t a n d

o f t i m b e r i s e s s e n t i a l l y u n i q u e w i t h r e s p e c t t o a w i d e r a n g e o f

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . T h i s f a c t may i m p l y s u b s t a n t i a l v a r i a t i o n i n

t i m b e r v a l u e s e v e n w i t h i n n a r r o w g e o g r a p h i c a r e a s . When

c o m p a r i n g l a r g e a r e a s , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o a c c o u n t f o r a l l s o u r c e s

of v a r i a t i o n w h i c h a r e a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d

t o s e p a r a t e t h i s f r o m v a r i a t i o n a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e t i m b e r

p r i c i n g s y s t e m s t h e m s e l v e s . On t o p o f t h i s , i n s t i t u t i o n a l

d i f f e r e n c e s a n d t h e h i s t o r i c a l p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f e a c h r e g i o n must

be c o n s i d e r e d .

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The s e c o n d p u r p o s e i s t o u s e t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s u r v e y t o

make a n a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e a c c u r a c y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a l s

a p p r a i s a l s i n d e t e r m i n i n g a p p r o p r i a t e t i m b e r v a l u e s .

T h i s s t u d y h a s f o u r d i s t i n c t p h a s e s . F i r s t . t h e b a s i c

t h e o r y o f r e s o u r c e p r i c i n g i s r e v i e w e d a n d a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n o f

t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West a n d B r i t i s h Co lumbia t i m b e r p r i c i n g

s y s t e m s i s g i v e n . S e c o n d , a d e s c r i p t i o n a n d a n a l y s i s i s m a d e ' o f

e a c h r e g i o n ' s s t r u c t u r a l a n d i n s t i t u t i o n a l f e a t u r e s . T h i r d , a

c r i t i c a l r e v i e w i s made o f t i m b e r c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n B r i t i s h

Co lumbia a n d t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West . E m p h a s i s h e r e i s o n t h e

C o a s t a l r e g i o n s o f b o t h a r e a s . The r e v i e w p r i m a r i l y i n c l u d e s

e v i d e n c e r e l a t i n g t o t h e c o u n t e r v a i l i n g d u t y c a s e w h i c h was

i n v e s t i g a t e d by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s I T A a n d ITC. I n t h e f i n a l

s e c t i o n , t h e e f f e c t o f s o c i a l a n d p o l i t i c a l o b j e c t i v e s o f e a c h

r e g i o n on t i m b e r v a l u e s i s a s s e s s e d . . F i n a l l y , e v i d e n c e on

b i d d i n g i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a l s s m a l l b u s i n e s s t i m b e r m a r k e t i s

p r e s e n t e d a n d d i s c u s s e d t o s u p p l e m e n t t h e e v i d e n c e on

c r o s s - b o r d e r c o m p a r i s o n s .

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NOTES

I N T R O D U C T I O N

1 C a i l , R . E . , m d . Man and t h e Lay, U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia P r e s s , Vancouver, 1 9 7 4 .

2 B . C . M i n i s t r y o f F o r e s t s . The S a l e of Cr-ber i n B r i t i s h Columbia and t h e d e t e r w o n o f i t s ~ r i c a , p . 2 . Dec. 2 , 1 9 8 0 , V i c t o r i a .

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SECTION I

STUMPAGE A N D THE THEORY OF RESOURCE RENT

Here t h e t h e o r y o f t i m b e r p r i c i n g i s e x a m i n e d f r o m t h e

v i e w p o i n t o f a s i m p l e h y p o t h e t i c a l e x a m p l e o f a f o r e s t i n d u s t r y

c o n t a i n i n g m i l l s w i t h d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s o f c o s t a n d l o c a t i o n a l

a d v a n t a g e s . ' C o n s i d e r a g i v e n l u m b e r m a r k e t s e r v e d by s e v e r a l

m i l l s . Each o f t h e m i l l s c o u l d f a c e d i f f e r e n t c o s t c o n d i t i o n s

a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e s t a n d f r o m w h i c h t h e y

draw t h e i r t i m b e r . F o r i n s t a n c e , o n e m i l l may d raw i t s t i m b e r

f r o m a r i c h f o r e s t o f i d e a l d e n s i t y . I t may a l s o h a v e n a t u r a l

t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a d v a n t a g e s f o r g e t t i n g t h e c u t t i m b e r t o t h e

s a w m i l l . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e a d v a n t a g e s , t h e m i l l may a l s o be

v e r y c l o s e t o i t s m a r k e t s . O t h e r m i l l s may h a v e l o n g e r l o g

h a u l s , be f u r t h e r f r o m m a r k e t s , a n d / o r d raw t h e i r t i m b e r f r o m

sparser s t a n d s . Thus , f irms i n t h i s m a r k e t s c o u l d b e f a c i n g

q u i t e d i f f e r e n t c o s t c o n d i t i o n s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f t h e i r t i m b e r s o u r c e a n d i t s l o c a t i o n .

T h e s e s i t u a t i o n s a f f e c t t h e amount f i rms a r e w i l l i n g t o pay

f o r s t a n d i n g t i m b e r b u t do n o t i n f l u e n c e t h e i r o u t p u t d e c i s i o n s .

Payment f o r r aw t i m b e r , l i k e a n y n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e , a r e a r e s u l t

o f s u p p l y a n d demand i n t e r a c t i o n b u t do n o t i n f l u e n c e s u p p l y

d e c i s i o n s . The o n l y c o s t s t h a t m a t t e r a r e t h o s e w h i c h o p e r a t o r s

mus t i n c u r i n e x t r a c t i v e e f f o r t s t o y i e l d p r o d u c t s w h i c h a f t e r

a p p r o p r i a t e p r o c e s s i n g a r e m a r k e t a b l e . I f a f i r m c a n c o v e r a l l

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o f t h e s e c o s t s , i n c l u d i n g t h e c o s t o f c a p i t a l a n d a n o r m a l

r e t u r n . i t w i l l o p e r a t e i n t h e l o n g r u n . The amount t h e f i r m

would be w i l l i n g t o pay f o r t h e t i m b e r i s , however , d e p e n d e n t on

c o s t c o n d i t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i t s t i m b e r s o u r c e .

To see t h i s , s u p p o s e t h a t a p r i c e o f $200/mbf ( t h o u s a n d

b o a r d f e e t ) i s d e t e r m i n e d i n a c o m p e t i t i v e m a r k e t f o r t h e f o r e s t

i n d u s t r y ' s f i n a l o u t p u t . On ly t h o s e m i l l s who c a n o p e r a t e w i t h

c o s t s o f $200/mbf o r l e s s w i l l c o n s i d e r s u p p l y i n g t h e i r o u t p u t .

A l l o t h e r firms who c a n n o t c o v e r t h e i r c o s t s w i l l l e a v e t h e

i n d u s t r y i n t h e l o n g r u n . Now. a m i l l w i t h t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d

l o c a t i o n a l a d v a n t a g e s may h a v e c o s t s a s l o w a s $125/mbf . S u c h a

f i r m would be m a k i n g a n a b o v e n o r m a l p r o f i t o f $75/mbf . F i r m s

w i t h s u c c e s s i v e l y h i g h e r c o s t s would h a v e l o w e r r e t u r n s . I f none

of t h e s e m i l l s owned t h e i r t i m b e r , b u t i n s t e a d b i d on t h e r i g h t

t o c u t i t , i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e m i l l w i t h c o s t s o f $125/mbf c o u l d

b i d j u s t m a r g i n a l l y l e s s t h a n $75/mbf a n d be b e t t e r o f f w i t h t h e

t i m b e r r i g h t s t h a n w i t h o u t them. A m i l l w i t h c o s t o f $175/mbf

would o n l y b i d a t most $25/mbf and a m i l l w i t h c o s t s o f $200/mbf

would n o t b i d . Thus , a l l o f t h e s e m i l l s would b e w i l l i n g t o b i d

t h e amount o f t h e i r s u r p l u s o v e r a n o r m a l p r o f i t . A l f r e d M a r s h a l

d e f i n e d s u c h a s u r p l u s a s e c o n o m i c r e n t o r income d e r i v e d f r o m

t h e g i f t s o f n a t u r e . T h i s i s b e c a u s e t h e r e a s o n t h a t t h e f i rm

c o u l d b i d a s h i g h a s $75/mbf was t h e low c o s t a s s o c r a t e d w i t h t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e t i m b e r s t a n d . I t i s a l s o c l e a r t h a t a

s u r p l u s g e n e r a t e d f r o m s u c h a s o u r c e s h o u l d a c c r u e t o t h e t i m b e r

owner .

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The amount o f t h i s s u r p l u s cou 11d a l s o be e x t r a c t e d

a d m i n i s t r a t i v e l y . One would s i m p l y work b a c k f r o m t h e e n d

p r o d u c t m a r k e t p r i c e o f $200/mbf a n d s u b t r a c t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ,

p r o c e s s i n g , a n d l o g g i n g c o s t s a n d a r r i v e a t t h e v a l u e o f t h e

s t a n d i n g t i m b e r . C o n c e p t u a l l y , b o t h a p p r o a c h e s s h o u l d a r r i v e a t

t h e f u l l v a l u e o f t h e s u r p l u s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e q u a l i t y .

m a t u r i t y , a n d l o c a t i o n a l s u p e r i o r i t y of t h e t i m b e r s t a n d . B o t h

a p p r o a c h e s c o u l d a l s o r e s u l t i n e r r o r s .

I n a b i d d i n g s y s t e m , t h e f u l l v a l u e o f t h e r e n t may n o t be

c o l l e c t e d . T h e r e may be f e w a c t u a l o r p r o s p e c t i v e s a w m i l l

o p e r a t o r s w i t h i n r e a s o n a b l e h a u l i n g d i s t a n c e s a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y

t h e r e may n o t be s u f f i c i e n t c o m p e t i t i o n i n t h e b i d d i n g .

A l t e r n a t i v e l y , t h e r e may be c o l l u s i o n t o s u p p r e s s c o m p e t i t i v e

b i d d i n g among t h o s e p r e s e n t a t t h e a u c t i o n . I n t h e c a s e o f

a d m i n i s t e r e d c h a r g e s , e r r o r s c o u l d b e made i n d e t e r m i n i n g c o s t s

o r s e l l i n g p r i c e s o f e n d p r o d u c t s . E r r o r s i n c o s t s may be t h e

r e s u l t o f a p p r a i s e r s y i e l d i n g t o t h e p r e s s u r e o f i n d u s t r y

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o u n d e r s t a t e c o s t s . T h e r e c o u l d a l s o be v e r y

t h i n a n d p o o r l y d e v e l o p e d m a r k e t s f o r e n d p r o d u c t s . B r i t i s h

Columbia a n d t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West a r e p r a c t i c a l e x a m p l e s of I

t -hese two d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h e s t o r e n t c o l l e c t i o n . We now t u r n

t o a d e s c r i p t i o n o f how t i m b e r v a l u e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d i n t h e s e two

r e g i o n s .

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C U R R E N T BRITISH COLUMBIA TIMBER P R I C I N G SYSTEM

I n B r i t i s h Co lumbia t h e r e h a s h i s t o r i c a l l y b e e n a l o n g

d e b a t e o v e r t h e m o s t a p p r o p r i a t e means o f c o l l e c t i n g t h e t i m b e r

r e s o u r c e r e n t s . A v a r i e t y o f r o y a l t y r a t e s c h e d u l e s , t a x e s , a n d

l e v i e s h a v e e x i s t e d o v e r t h e y e a r s i n a d d i t i o n t o s t u m p a g e

payments . G r a d u a l l y t h e s e o t h e r c h a r g e s h a v e b e e n p h a s e d o u t i n

f a v o r o f a p p r a i s a l s . I n 1 9 8 0 , 80 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l t i m b e r

h a r v e s t was f r o m l a n d r e q u i r i n g s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s . * Timber

a p p r a i s a l i n B r i t i s h Co lumbia i s b a s e d on a me thod known a s t h e

" R o t h e r y S y s t e m n d e v e l o p e d by a n Amer ican f o r e s t e r o f t h a t name.

The l o g i c o f t h i s s y s t e m h a s a l r e a d y b e e n e x p l a i n e d . B a s i c a l l y ,

a n e n d p r o d u c t s e l l i n g p r i c e i s o b t a i n e d a n d t h e n m i l l i n g c o s t s ,

o p e r a t i n g c o s t s , a n d a n a l l o w a n c e f o r p r o f i t a n d r i s k a r e

d e d u c t e d f r o m t h e s e l l i n g p r i c e t o c a l c u l a t e t h e v a l u e o f t h e

s t a n d i n g t i m b e r . A s i m p l i f i e d e x a m p l e i s g i v e n i n T a b l e I.

However, a n a c t u a l c o m p u t a t i o n would be much more c o m p l i c a t e d .

I n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a two s e p a r a t e e n d p r o d u c t s a r e u s e d a s

t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t i n t h e s t u m p a g e c a l c u l a t i o n . On t h e C o a s t of

B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , l o g p r i c e s , by s p e c i e s a n d g r a d e , a s d e t e r m i n e d

i n t h e V a n c o u v e r Log M a r k e t a r e u s e d as t h e s e l l i n g p r i c e i n t h e

a p p r a i s a l . I n t h e B r i t i s h Co lumbia I n t e r i o r , l u m b e r , c h i p s , a n d

p u l p l o g s a re t h e f i r s t t r a d e d p r o d u c t s a v a i l a b l e af ' ter

p r o c e s s i n g , s i n c e no l o g m a r k e t s e x i s t . T h u s , t h e y a r e u s e d as

e n d p r o d u c t s . The c o s t componen t s o f t h e s t u m p a g e c a l c u l a t i o n

a r e a p p r a i s e d o n c e a y e a r . However, t h e s a l e s component o f t h e

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c a l c u l a t i o n i s c h a n g e d more f r e q u e n t l y . S t u m p a g e i n b o t h r e g i o n s

i s b a s e d o n a t h r e e month r o l l i n g a v e r a g e o f e n d p r o d u c t p r i c e s .

The t h r e e month a v e r a g e i s u p d a t e d o n c e a month . The s t u m p a g e

r a t e i s a d j u s t e d upward o r downward b a s e d o n c h a n g e s e x c e e d i n g

$5/mbf i n t h e t h r e e month s e l l i n g p r i c e o f t h e e n d p r o d u c t i n t h e

i n t e r i o r a n d $6/mbf i n t h e t h r e e month a v e r a g e p r i c e o f l o g s on

t h e c o a s t . 3 T h e r e i s a l i m i t o n t h e downward a d j u s t m e n t o f t h e

s t u m p a g e r a t e , however . Minimum s t u m p a g e r a t e s o n t h e C o a s t a r e

6 t o 8 p e r c e n t o f t h e s e l l i n g p r i c e s o f l o g s d e p e n d i n g o n t h e

r e g i o n . I n t h e I n t e r i o r , s t u m p a g e r a t e s d o n o t f a l l b e l o w 3

4 p e r c e n t o f e n d p r o d u c t p r i c e s ,

The a l l o w a n c e f o r p r o f i t a n d r i s k i n b o t h r e g i o n s i s

e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f o p e r a t i n g c o s t p l u s s t u m p a g e . The

C o a s t h a s a b a s i c a l l o w a n c e o f 10 p e r c e n t . T h e r e i s a l s o a

v a r i a b l e r i s k a l l o w a n c e w h i c h may be a s h i g h as 1 3 p e r c e n t . T h i s

a l l o w a n c e i n c l u d e s m a r k e t r i s k , d e f e c t r i s k , r i s k o f c h a n c e .

i n v e s t m e n t r i s k , a n d p i o n e e r i n g r i s k . T h e s e f a c t o r s r e l a t e t o

s p e c i f i c s a l e s a n d t h e a c t u a l a m o u n t s a r e s e t by a p p r a i s e r s . I n

t h e I n t e r i o r , t h e b a s i c a l l o w a n c s i s 12 p e r c e n t w i t h u p t o 18

p e r c e n t b e i n g t h e c e i l i n g f o r t h e v a r i a b l e r i s k f a c t o r s . 5

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PACIFIC NORTH-WEST TIMBER PRICING SYSTEM

The U n i t e d S t a t e s u s e s a s i m i l a r a p p r a i s a l s y s t e m f o r i t s

p u b l i c l y owned t i m b e r . An e n d p r o d u c t s e l l i n g p r i c e i s g e n e r a l l y

c a l c u l a t e d f r o m l u m b e r , p lywood, o r c h i p p r i c e s . The U n i t e d

S t a t e s F o r e s t S e r v i c e (U.S.F.S.) u s e s a p r o f i t a n d r i s k a l l o w a n c e

o f 9 t o 1 8 p e r c e n t , t h e v a r i a b l e r a t e b e i n g d e p e n d e n t on

d i f f e r i n g s a l e c o n d i t i o n s , a s i n B r i t i s h Co lumbia . Minimum r a t e s

o f b e t w e e n $1 a n d $lO/mbf a re u s u a l l y e n f o r c e d when a p p r a i s a l s

become t o o low. U.S.F.S. s a l e s a r e g e n e r a l l y p u t o u t f o r p u b l i c

b i d . The a p p r a i s e d p r i c e p l u s e s t i m a t e d r o a d c o s t i s t h e minimum

a t w h i c h t h e t i m b e r i s s o l d . The b i d d i n g u s u a l l y s t a r t s a t t h e

a d v e r t i s e d p r i c e ( g e n e r a l l y by o r a l b i d d i n g o n t h e West C o a s t ,

a l t h o u g h s e a l e d b i d s o c c u r i n o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y ) a n d

c o n t i n u e s u n t i l t h e f i n a l p r i c e i s d e t e r m i n e d . The p u r c h a s e r

g e n e r a l l y h a s two o p t i o n s . He c a n b u i l d t h e r e q u i r e d r o a d s a n d

r e c e i v e t h e a s s i g n e d - r o a d c r e d i t s a g a i n s t s t u m p a g e payments . o r

he c a n p a s s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y on t o t h e U.S.F.S. 6

S t u m p a g e r a t e s a r e g e n e r a l l y n o t as s e n s i t i v e t o c h a n g i n g

m a r k e t c o n d i t i o n s f o r e n d p r o d u c t s i n t h e P a c i f i c North-West .

U n t i l r e c e n t l y ( l a t e 1 9 8 3 ) , t h e r e was no a d j u s t m e n t mechanism a t

a l l i n W e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n a n d W e s t e r n O r e g o n - A p p r a i s a l s a n d

b i d s a r e made a t t h e time o f s a l e , a n d p a y m e n t s f o r ' t i m b e r are

made a t t h e t i m e o f h a r v e s t . The t i m e l a g b e t w e e n t h e time o f

s a l e a n d time o f h a r v e s t d e p e n d s on t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c o n t r a c t

a n d e n d p r o d u c t m a r k e t c o n d i t i o n s . If e n d p r o d u c t p r i c e s c h a n g e

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o v e r t h e i n t e r v a l , t h e f u l l g a i n o r l o s s i s b o r n e by t h e

o p e r a t o r . Today , a s i n t h e E a s t e r n r e g i o n o f t h e P a c i f i c

Nor th-West , a n e n d p r o d u c t p r i c e a d j u s t m e n t mechan i sm d o e s e x i s t .

B e c a u s e o f t h i s mechan i sm, t h e p r i c e p a i d f o r t i m b e r may n o t be

t h e same as t h e b i d . S tumpage r a t e s a r e a d j u s t e d u p o r down by

50 p e r c e n t o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e b a s e p e r i o d e n d p r o d u c t

p r i c e i n d e x a n d t h e c u r r e n t p r i c e i n d e x . F o r i n s t a n c e , i f t h e

i n d e x s h o u l d i n c r e a s e by $2/mbf f r o m t h e d a t e o f s a l e . t h e a c t u a l

p r i c e p a i d f o r t h e t i m b e r would be i n c r e a s e d by $ l / m b f O 7

I n sum, t h e key d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West

a n d B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a i s t h a t c o m p e t i t i v e b i d s d e t e r m i n e t h e p r i c e

o f t i m b e r ( e x c e p t w h e r e t h e a p p r a i s e d f l o o r p r i c e p r e v a i l s ) i n

t h e f o r m e r a n d F o r e s t S e r v i c e a p p r a i s a l s d o t h e j o b i n t h e

l a t t e r . O t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d i n

t h e n e x t s e c t i o n .

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TABLE I

EXAMPLE OF APPRAISED STUMPAGE C A L C U L A T I O N A SIMPLIFIED APPRAISAL C A L C U L A T I O N

Value Per c e n t

S e l l i n g

Minus O p e r a t i n g C o s t

E q u a l s Amount A v a i l a b l e f o r P r o f i t and Stumpage Charge

Minus P r o f i t Al lowance a t 20% o f O p e r a t i n g C o s t P l u s Upset P r i c e , i.e. 20(56.70 + 15.10)

Equals A p p r a i s e d Upset P r i c e

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NOTES

SECTION I

1 T h i s e x a m p l e i s t a k e n f r o m F.M. S c h e r e r , S tumpage C h a r g e s a n d S o f t w o o d Lumber I m p o r t s From C a n a d a ; Memorandum t o r e p o r t s s u b m i t t e d by C a n a d i a n S o f t w o o d Lumber Commi t t ee b e f o r e t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ITA.

2 U n i t e d S t a t e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e Commiss ion , n C o n d i t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f C a n a d i a n s o f t w o o d l u m b e r i n t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . , A p r i l 1982 R e p o r t , p. 46.

3 U n i t e d S t a t e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e Commiss ion , n C o n d i t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f C a n a d i a n s o f t w o o d l u m b e r i n t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , n H e a r i n g 332-134, March 3 , 4 , 1 9 8 2 , P o r t l a n d , Oregon. T e s t i m o n y o f M r . G.I. A i n s c o u g h a n d M r . P i n e t t e .

4 ITC H e a r i n g , T e s t i m o n y of M r . A i n s c o u g h a n d M r . P i n e t t e .

5 B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a M i n i s t r y o f F o r e s t s , " A 1 t e r n a t i v e s f o r Crown Timber P r i c i n g n , Whi te P a p e r No. 9 , pp. 44-52, 1 9 8 0 , V i c t o r i a .

6 ITC R e p o r t , p. 47.

7 W. J. Mead a n d T.E. H a m i l t o n , C o m p e t i t i o n f o r f e d e r a l t i m b e r i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West . An a n a l y s i s o f F o r e s t S e r v i c e a n d B u r e a u o f Land Management T imber S a l e s , P a c i f i c ~ o r t h - w e s t F o r e s t a n d Range E x p e r i m e n t R e s e a r c h P a p e r PNN-64, P o r t l a n d , Oregon, U.S.F.S., 1 9 6 8 , p. 14 .

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SECTION I1

I n t h i s s e c t i o n , s t r u c t u r a l a n d i n s t i t u t i o n a l a s p e c t s o f t h e

t i m b e r m a r k e t s i n B r i t i s h Co lumbia a n d t h e P a c i f i c North-West

w i l l b e e x a m i n e d . B r i t i s h Co lumbia h a s g o n e t h r o u g h e x t e n s i v e

c h a n g e s i n i t s c o m p l i c a t e d t e n u r e s y s t e m a s a , r e s u l t o f t h e 1978 i

P r o v i n c i a l F o r e s t Act . Hence , t h e m a t e r i a l o n B r i t i s h Co lumbia

i s p r e s e n t e d f r o m a n h i s t o r i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e i n o r d e r t o a i d i n

t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p r e s e n t s y s t e m .

INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA'S FOREST INDUSTRY

-

A c c e s s t o t h e p r o v i n c e ' s t i m b e r i s g r a n t e d t o p r i v a t e firms

by t h e p r o v i n c i a l g o v e r n m e n t u n d e r a c o m p l i c a t e d s e t o f t e r m s

known a s f o r e s t t e n u r e s . The s y s t e m o f t i m b e r p r i c i n g i n B r i t i s h

Co lumbia h a s h i s t o r i c a l l y b e e n l i n k e d t o t h e terms o f t e n u r e

a g r e e m e n t . I n - t u r n , t h e s e t e r m s h a v e b e e n l i n k e d t o t h e e v o l v i n g

o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e f o r e s t p o l i c y .

Today , B r i t i s h Co lumbia f i rms a c q u i r e o r h a v e a c q u i r e d

t i m b e r f r o m t h e Crown u n d e r s e v e r a l m a j o r f o r m s o f t e n u r e

a g r e e m e n t . T h e r e a r e Crown g r a n t l a n d s . Old Tempora ry T e n u r e s

( O T T 1 s ) , T r e e Farm L i c e n c e s ( T F L V s ) , a n d q u o t a s i n T imber S u p p l y

A r e a s (TSA1 s )

C r o w n - g r a n t t i m b e r l a n d s o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e e a r l i e s t stages

o f t h e P r o v i n c e ' s t i m b e r h i s t o r y when t h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e was

t o s t i m u l a t e g e n e r a l e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t . The g r a n t e n t i t l e d

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. t h e l a n d owner t o e x c l u s i v e p o s s e s s i o n a n d u s e o f t h e l a n d i n

p e r p e t u i t y . T h e s e h o l d i n g s t o d a y are t h e most d e s i r a b l e f r o m t h e

v i e w p o i n t o f a c c e s s i b i l i t y a n d l o c a t i o n , a n d b e c a u s e o f t h e i r

pe rmanency a n d w i d e s c o p e o f r i g h t s t h e y c o n v e y , a r e u n d o u b t a b l y

t h e mos t s e c u r e f o r m of a c c e s s t o t h e t i m b e r r e s o u r c e . I n 1 9 8 3

t h e s e C r o w n - g r a n t s a c c o u n t e d f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 p e r c e n t of t h e

t o t a l h a r v e s t . 1

The p r i n c i p l e o f g r a n t i n g r i g h t s t o h a r v e s t t i m b e r w i t h o u t

a l i e n a t i n g t h e l a n d o r i g i n a t e d i n a Land O r d i n a n c e p r o c l a i m e d by

t h e G o v e r n o r of Vancouver I s l a n d i n 1865 . T h i s O r d i n a n c e g a v e

c o l o n i a l a d m i n i s t r a t o r s t h e a u t h o r i t y t o g r a n t r i g h t s t o c u t

Crown t i m b e r i n t h e f o r m o f T imber L e a s e s t o i n d i v i d u a l s o r

c o m p a n i e s e n g a g e d i n l u m b e r i n g . T h r e e o t h e r f o r m s o f p r o v i n c i a l

t e n u r e f o l l o w e d s h o r t l y a f t e r t h i s . They i n c l u d e d T imber

L i c e n c e s , P u l p L i c e n c e s , a n d P u l p L e a s e s . C o l l e c t i v e l y , t h e y a r e

p a r t o f w h a t a r e t o d a y known a s t h e OTTfs .

O r i g i n a l l y , t h e s e t e n u r e s a c c o u n t e d f o r a b o u t - 10 m i l l i o n

a c r e s o f f o r e s t l a n d . Most o f them h a v e s i n c e e x p i r e d , a n d by

. t h e mid 1 9 7 0 f s , t h e t o t a l a c r e a g e o u t s t a n d i n g h a d d w i n d l e d t o 1.7

m i l l i o n a c r e s . 2

A s a r e s u l t o f t h e F o r e s t Act o f 1 9 7 8 , many o f t h e s e o l d

t e n u r e f o r m s h a v e s i n c e b e e n merged i n t o a new f o r m of' T imber

L i c e n c e . I n 1983. a l l o f t h e OTTfs a c c o u n t e d f o r 9 p e r c e n t o f

t h e t o t a l h a r v e s t . The new t i m b e r l i c e n c e s a c c o u n t e d f o r 6 . 5

P e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l h a r v e s t . The o l d e r t e n u r e f o r m s a c c o u n t e d

f o r 2 .5 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l . 3

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L i k e t h e Crown-gran t l a n d s , t h e OTTts r e p r e s e n t some o f t h e

b e s t t i m b e r i n terms o f l o c a t i o n a n d s p e c i e s t h a t e x i s t i n

B r i t i s h Co lumbia . More t h a n 70 p e r c e n t l i e s i n t h e Vancouver

F o r e s t ~ i s t r i c t . ~ The v a r i o u s f o r m s o f O T T 1 s a r e h e t e r o g e n e o u s

w i t h r e s p e c t t o t e r m ( v a r y i n g f r o m 1 t o 21 y e a r s ) , b u t i n

p r a c t i c e r e n e w a l h a s b e e n p e r f u n c t o r y , a n d , a s a r e s u l t , t h e

OTTts o n l y e x p i r e upon e x h a u s t i o n o f t i m b e r s u p p l y . Thus , l i k e

t h e C r o w n - g r a n t s , t h e y a r e a s e c u r e f o r m o f t e n u r e .

I n t h e 1 9 4 0 t s , l o n g term f o r e s t management became t h e

c e n t r a l o b j e c t i v e o f f o r e s t p o l i c y . I n o r d e r t o e n s u r e t h i s ,

T F L t s a n d P u b l i c S u s t a i n e d Y i e l d U n i t s (PSYU1s) were e s t a b l i s h e d .

The d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n them was t h a t TFL1s r e f e r r e d t o p r i v a t e

f o r e s t l a n d management u n i t s a n d t h e PSYUts t o p u b l i c o n e s . The

TFL1s w e r e d e s i g n e d t o e n c o u r a g e firms t o b r i n g o l d t e n u r e d

f o r e s t l a n d s u n d e r s u s t a i n e d y i e l d management. S i n c e t h i s mean t

a r e d u c t i o n i n a n n u a l h a r v e s t f r o m o l d t e n u r e d l a n d s , l i c e n s e e s

w i l l i n g t o b r i n g t h e i r t o t a l s u p p l y u n d e r s u s t a i n e d y i e l d

management o b t a i n e d a d d i t i o n a l r i g h t s t o h a r v e s t t i m b e r . The

C r o w n - g r a n t e d l a n d s a n d o l d O T T 1 s c o n t r i b u t e d by t h e l i c e n s e e s

a r e known a s " S c h e d u l e A n l a n d s . a n d t h e l i c e n s e e i s bound by t h e

terms a n d s t a t u t o r y p r o v i s i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e s e t e n u r e s . Hence ,

t h e o l d r o y a l t y r a t e s a p p l y t o t h e t i m b e r h a r v e s t e d t h e r e . The

new Crown l a n d s g r a n t e d t o t h e l i c e n s e e a r e known as " S c h e d u l e B n

l a n d s a n d h e r e s t u m p a g e a p p r a i s a l s a p p l y . By 1 9 8 2 , t i m b e r f r o m

S c h e d u l e B l a n d s a c c o u n t e d f o r 82 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l Annua l

A l l o w a b l e Cu t (AAC) f o r a l l T F L t s w i t h S c h e d u l e A l a n d s

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c o n t r i b u t i n g t h e r e m a i n d e r . 5

The f i r s t TFL1s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d i n p e r p e t u i t y . S i n c e t h e n ,

a number o f c h a n g e s h a v e t a k e n p l a c e r e g a r d i n g t h e terms o f t h i s

fo rm o f t e n u r e . Today, t h e y h a v e r e n e w a b l e t e r m s o f 25 y e a r s .

The TFL1s are c o n c e n t r a t e d h e a v i l y i n t h e c o a s t a l r e g i o n o f t h e

p r o v i n c e a n d i n 1 9 8 3 a c c o u n t e d f o r 28 p e r c e n t o f t h e A A C f o r a l l

6 o f B .C .

The PSYU1s w e r e p u b l i c owned l a n d management u n i t s . They

c o n s i s t e d o f f i x e d g e o g r a p h i c a r e a s w i t h e s t a b l i s h e d A A C 1 s w h i c h

w e r e d i v i d e d i n t o q u o t a v o l u m e s g i v e n t o e s t a b l i s h e d o p e r a t o r s

b a s e d o n h i s t o r i c a l c u t p o s i t i o n s . I n i t i a l l y , t h e f o r m o f t e n u r e

a g r e e m e n t was t h e T imber S a l e L i c e n c e (TSL) . They w e r e a l l o c a t e d

by c o m p e t i t i v e a u c t i o n a n d o n l y a c c o u n t e d f o r a small p o r t i o n o f

t h e t o t a l h a r v e s t . By t h e 1 9 6 0 1 9 , Timber S a l e H a r v e s t i n g

L i c e n c e s h a d become more common.

The F o r e s t Act o f 1 9 7 8 i n c o r p o r a t e d many o f t h e

r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s made by t h e P e a r s e Commiss ion r e g a r d i n g t e n u r e

r e f o r m . A s a r e s u l t o f t h e new l e g i s l a t i o n . t h e f o r m e r 8 5 PSYU1s

w e r e t o be c o n v e r t e d i n t o 3 3 TSA1s. By 1983 , A A C 1 s h a d b e e n

d e t e r m i n e d f o r 32 o f t h e 3 3 TSA1s. T h e r e was l i t t l e room f o r

c h a n g e i n t h e a p p o r t i o n m e n t o f t h e TSA c u t . The F o r e s t Ac t h a d

e n t r e n c h e d s e c u r i t y o f s u p p l y t o h o l d e r s o f Crown t i m b e r who h a d

o b t a i n e d t h e i r r i g h t s u n d e r p r e v i o u s l e g i s l a t i o n . ~ l l q u o t a

h a r v e s t i n g r i g h t s u n d e r TSHL1s a n d TSL1s w e r e r o l l e d o v e r i n t o

new l i c e n c e s . The d o m i n a n t f o r m o f a g r e e m e n t i s t h e new F o r e s t

L i c e n c e s , w h i c h a c c o u n t s f o r 85.8 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l TSA c u t .

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w i t h R e v i s e d TSL1s a c c o u n t i n g f o r 1 .8 p e r c e n t . 7 The r e m a i n d e r o f

t h e c u t i s known as " t h i r d - b a n d n o r non-quo ta t i m b e r . I n i t i a l l y ,

t h e e x i s t i n g a l l o c a t i o n o f t h i s wood was u s e d a s t h e s t a r t i n g

p o i n t i n t h e a p p o r t i o n m e n t p r o c e s s . However, when d e t e r m i n i n g

how t h i s wood was t o be r e p l a c e d , p r i o r i t y was g i v e n t o c o m p a n i e s

w i t h o u t e x i s t i n g o r s e c u r e wood s u p p l i e s . The S m a l l B u s i n e s s

E n t e r p r i s e P rogram was e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h t h i s p r i o r i t y i n mind,

The i n i t i a l t a r g e t f o r t h e p r o g r a m was t h a t t h e s e c o m p a n i e s

s h o u l d a c c o u n t f o r 15 p e r c e n t o f t h e A A C i n e a c h TSA. A s o f

March 3 1 , 1 9 8 3 , t h e S m a l l B u s i n e s s P rogram a c c o u n t e d f o r 10 .1

p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l TSA c u t . 8 I n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e t h e t a r g e t .

r e d u c t i o n s i n t h e e x i s t i n g l i c e n s e e ' s v o l u m e s w e r e n e c e s s a r y a n d

w i l l l i k e l y become more s i g n i f i c a n t a s t h e l o n g term t a r g e t f o r

t h e S m a l l B u s i n e s s P r o g r a m s i s 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e A A C w i t h i n t h e

U n t i l r e c e n t l y , c o m p e t i t i v e b i d d i n g f o r Crown t i m b e r was a

p o s s i b i l i t y w h i c h was r a r e l y r e a l i z e d . A 1 t h o u g h TSL1 s were

a l l o c a t e d by c o m p e t i t i v e a u c t i o n s i n c e 1 9 1 2 , t h e y w e r e o n l y f o r

s m a l l p a r c e l s o f t i m b e r o n t h e f r i n g e s o f r o y a l t y b e a r i n g l a n d s .

A f t e r 1 9 4 5 , TSL1s became more common, a n d a l t h o u g h s t i l l g r a n t e d

on a s h o r t term b a s i s , t h e r e was r a r e l y c o m p e t i t i v e b i d d i n g a t

s a l e s . T h i s was d u e t o c e r t a i n f e a t u r e s o f t h e " l i c e n s e e

p r i o r i t y " s y s t e m w h i c h i m p l i e d t h a t w h e n e v e r o n e o f . t h e

e s t a b l i s h e d o p e r a t o r 1 s l i c e n c e s e x p i r e d , t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e would

make a n o t h e r a v a i l a b l e f o r a n e q u a l volume o f t i m b e r . The

o n g o i n g a n n u a l v o l u m e s w h i c h t h e y were a u t h o r i z e d t o c u t became

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known a s t h e i r q u o t a p o s i t i o n . T h e s e t e n d e d t o b e m a i n t a i n e d and

p r o t e c t e d e v e n t h o u g h n e i t h e r t h e i r c o n t r a c t s n o r t h e F o r e s t Act

g a v e them t h e r i g h t t o r e n e w a l . The r e a s o n i s t h a t a c o m b i n a t i o n

o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i s c r e t i o n a n d S t a t u t o r y p r i v i l e g e s e v o l v e d

w h i c h p r o t e c t e d e s t a b l i s h e d o p e r a t o r s when a v a i l a b l e t i m b e r on

PSYU1s was h e a v i l y c o m m i t t e d . T h e s e p r o c e d u r e s g a v e t h e e x i s t i n g

q u o t a h o l d e r s p e c i a l s t a t u s i n t h e b i d d i n g p r o c e d u r e s f o r l i c e n c e

r e n e w a l . He h a d t h e o p t i o n o f s e a l e d v s . a n o r a l b i d , w h i c h

i m p l i e d t h a t h e s i m p l y m a t c h e d a n y b i d h i g h e r t h a n h i s own.

F u r t h e r m o r e , a n y o n e e l s e who t e n d e r e d a b i d was r e q u i r e d t o pay

t o t h e Crown a n o n - r e f u n d a b l e b i d d i n g f e e w h i c h was f i x e d a t 50

c e n t s p e r u n i t o f t o t a l volume s o l d f o r t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e

l i c e n c e . T h i s i n v o l v e d a s u b s t a n t i a l sum i f t h e c u t was l a r g e .

Thus , g i v e n t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f t h e e x i s t i n g q u o t a h o l d e r s b i d

b e i n g m a t c h e d by t h e e x i s t i n g o p e r a t o r (who d i d n o t h a v e t o pay

s u c h a f e e ) , o t h e r b i d d e r s w e r e a t s u c h a d i s a d v a n t a g e t h a t . i n

p r a c t i c e , e x i s t i n g o p e r a t o r s m a i n t a i n e d t h e i r l i c e n c e s a n d

u s u a l l y p a i d t h e s t u m p a g e a p p r a i s e d by t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e . 9

Today, c o m p e t i t i v e b i d s do n o t e x i s t a t a l l f o r q u o t a

t i m b e r . However, s u b s t a n t i a l b i d d i n g h a s t a k e n p l a c e s i n c e 1980

on - t h e S m a l l B u s i n e s s E n t e r p r i s e P r o g r a m s a l e s . B i d d i n g b e g i n s

a t t h e a p p r a i s e d p r i c e a n d e n d s when t h e h i g h e s t b i d h a s b e e n

e s t a b l i s h e d . B o t h s e a l e d a n d o r a l b i d d i n g p r o c e d u r e ' s a r e u s e d .

I n sum, f o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f Crown t i m b e r , t h e p r e s e n t t e n u r e

s y s t e m i n B.C. e m p h a s i z e s s e c u r i t y o f t e n u r e a n d l o n g term f o r e s t

management. However, f o r a s m a l l b u t g r o w i n g s e g m e n t o f t h e

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r e s o u r c e , a new c o m p e t i t i v e m a r k e t h a s e m e r g e d a n d i s l i k e l y t o

be s i g n i f i c a n t i n t h e f u t u r e .

S T R U C T U R E OF BRITISH COLUMBIA TIMBER MARKET

The s t r u c t u r e o f t h e B r i t i s h Co lumbia t i m b e r i n d u s t r y i s

d i f f i c u l t t o a n a l y z e . R i c h a r d S c h w i n d t , i n h i s s t u d y o f

M a c M i l l a n B l o e d e l L t d . , made t h e p o i n t t h a t t h e B r i t i s h Columbia

t i m b e r m a r k e t s h o u l d be s e g m e n t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t e n u r e t y p e ,

b e c a u s e t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n d e g r e e o f s e c u r i t y a n d a c c e s s i b i l i t y

r e s u l t s i n f i r m s v i e w i n g them a s e s s e n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t i n p u t s .

F u r t h e r m o r e , b e c a u s e t h e i n t e r i o r f o r e s t d i f f e r s c o n s i d e r a b l y

f r o m c o a s t a l f o r e s t s a c c o r d i n g t o s p e c i e s t y p e , m a r k e t

s e g m e n t a t i o n s h o u l d o c c u r g e o g r a p h i c a l l y as wel l . 10

The P e a r s e Commiss ion , c o n d u c t e d i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 7 0 t s ,

documented a h i g h d e g r e e o f m a r k e t c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e f o r e s t

i n d u s t r y . E i g h t c o m p a n i e s c o n t r o l l e d 90 p e r c e n t o f t h e l o g

s u p p l y , a n d h e l d a l l t h e T F L t s a n d 45 p e r c e n t o f t h e q u o t a s i n

PSYUts. I n t h e C o a s t a l r e g i o n , t h e r e w e r e o n l y 30 c o n t r o l l i n g

c o m p a n i e s w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t t i m b e r h o l d i n g s . O f t h e s e . t h e 10

l a r g e s t h e l d r i g h t s t o 85 .7 p e r c e n t o f t h e c o m m i t t e d a l l o w a b l e

c u t on t h e c o a s t . a n d t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n r e p r e s e n t e d 76.3 p e r c e n t

o f t h e t o t a l c o a s t a l h a r v e s t . I n t h e I n t e r i o r , t h e r e w e r e 59

c o n t r o l l i n g c o m p a n i e s w h i c h h e l d s i g n i f i c a n t t i m b e r r i g h t s . The

l a r g e s t 1 0 c o n t r o l l e d 52 .7 p e r c e n t o f t h e c o m m i t t e d a l l o w a b l e c u t

a n d p r o d u c e d 44.9 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l 1 9 7 4 h a r v e s t . A l l t h i s

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was q u i t e s u r p r i s i n g when t h e s i g n i f i c a n t g r o w t h i n t h e f o r e s t

i n d u s t r y i n t h e t w e n t y y e a r s b e f o r e t h e P e a r s e Commiss ion i s

c o n s i d e r e d .

S i n c e t h e P e a r s e Commiss ion. t h e s i t u a t i o n h a s c h a n g e d

l i t t l e . A l t h o u g h 17 d i f f e r e n t c o m p a n i e s h e l d TFL1s i n B r i t i s h

Columbia i n 1981. M a c M i l l a n B l o e d e l a l o n e made up 35.1 p e r c e n t o f

t h e A A C f o r TFL1s. The f o u r l a r g e s t c o n t r o l l i n g c o m p a n i e s

a c c o u n t e d f o r 75.8 p e r c e n t o f t h e A A C f o r TFL1s. 12

F o r TSA1s, t h e f o u r a n d e i g h t l a r g e s t c o n t r o l l i n g c o m p a n i e s

h e l d 18.5 a n d 32.6 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y o f t h e AAC. However,

when o n l y TSA q u o t a t i m b e r i s c o n s i d e r e d , t h e f i v e a n d t e n

l a r g e s t c o n t r o l l i n g c o m p a n i e s c o n t r o l l e d 37.8 a n d 52.6 p e r c e n t

r e s p e c t i v e l y o f t h e AAC f o r F o r e s t L i c e n c e s a n d TSL1s. 14

I n s h o r t , t h e r e i s a h i g h d e g r e e o f m a r k e t c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n

B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a t i m b e r m a r k e t s b o t h g e o g r a p h i c a l l y a n d a c c o r d i n g

t o t e n u r e t y p e .

INSTITUTIONAL A N D STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF THE U. S. PACIFIC

NORTH-WEST TIMBER MARKETS

Whereas 95 p e r c e n t o f f o r e s t l a n d i n B r i t i s h Co lumbia i s

owned by t h e Crown, t h e s u p p l y s i t u a t i o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s

q u i t e d i f f e r e n t . I n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West . 58 p e r c e n t o f a l l

f o r e s t l a n d s i s p u b l i c l y owned. F i f t y one p e r c e n t i s F e d e r a l ; 6

p e r c e n t S t a t e ; a n d 1 p e r c e n t c o u n t y o r m u n i c i p a l . l 5 The

r e m a i n i n g 42 p e r c e n t o f t i m b e r i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th -Wes t i s

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p r i v a t e l y owned a n d t h i s r e p r e s e n t s t h e b e s t t i m b e r l a n d . L

A l t h o u g h s t u d i e s h a v e documented l o w m a r k e t c o n c e n t r a t i o n

r a t i o s f o r t i m b e r r e l a t i v e t o o t h e r s e c t i o n s o f t h e Amer ican

economy, t h e f i g u r e s a r e d i f f i c u l t t o i n t e r p r e t f o r two r e a s o n s .

One i s t h e v a r i e t y of p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e t i m b e r o w n e r s h i p among

r e g i o n s . F o r i n s t a n c e , i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a s a w h o l e 7 2

p e r c e n t o f c o m m e r c i a l t i m b e r l a n d s a r e managed a n d owned

p r i n c i p a l l y by p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y . However, i n t h e W e s t e r n U n i t e d

S t a t e s , o n l y 32 p e r c e n t o f c o m m e r c i a l t i m b e r l a n d i s s o owned. 16

The s e c o n d r e a s o n i s t h a t t i m b e r m a r k e t s a r e l i k e l y t o b e

s t r o n g l y o l i g o p s o n i s t i c i f n o t m o n o p s o n i s t i c . The v a l u e o f l o g s

i s v e r y l o w r e l a t i v e t o t h e i r w e i g h t ; h e n c e , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n

c h a r g e s c a u s e s t u m p a g e s t o g o t o 0. The g e o g r a p h i c a l m a r k e t f o r

t i m b e r , t h e n , i s l i k e l y t o b e a v e r y n a r r o w one. R e c o r d s i n t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s i n d i c a t e t h a t 92 p e r c e n t o f n a t i o n a l f o r e s t l o g

p r o d u c t i o n g o e s t o p r i m a r y p r o c e s s o r s w i t h i n 70 mi les o f t h e

t i m b e r s a l e . l 7 C o n s e q u e n t l y , i n a n y c o m p e t i t i v e t i m b e r s a l e ,

b u y e r s may b e few i n number d e s p i t e a l a r g e number o f p o t e n t i a l

b i d d e r s w i t h i n a n y g i v e n l u m b e r p r o d u c i n g a r e a .

An a l t e r n a t i v e t o i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e o f U n i t e d

S t a t e s t i m b e r m a r k e t s was c o n d u c t e d by W a l t e r Mead. U s i n g

m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s , he e x a m i n e d t h e f a c t o r s r e s p o n s i b l e

f o r t h e d e g r e e o f c o m p e t i t i o n i n t i m b e r s a l e s f r o m p ' u b l i c l a n d s .

H i s m e a s u r e o f c o m p e t i t i o n was t h e b i d / a p p r a i s a l r a t i o . S i n c e

a p p r a i s a l s e s t a b l i s h t h e f l o o r p r i c e f o r p u b l i c t i m b e r t h i s r a t i o

a l w a y s h a s a minimum v a l u e o f 1. The r a t i o o f t h e w e i g h t e d

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a v e r a g e b i d p r i c e f o r t i m b e r t o t h e w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e a p p r a i s a l

f o r t h e same t i m b e r d e f i n e d t h e b i d / a p p r a i s a l r a t i o . S a l e s i n

w h i c h t h e r e was o n l y o n e b i d d e r , o r when no s e r i o u s b i d d i n g t o o k

p l a c e ( b i d / a p p r a i s a l r a t i o o f 1 .01 o r l e s s ) , were c l a s s e d

i m m e d i a t e l y a s n o n - c o m p e t i t i v e s a l e s . F o r a l l o t h e r s a l e s , t h e r e

was a s t r o n g p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e number o f q u a l i f i e d

b i d d e r s a t e a c h s a l e a n d t h e b i d / a p p r a i s a l r a t i o . B i d s e x c e e d e d

a p p r a i s a l s by a n a v e r a g e premium o f 63 p e r c e n t f o r W e s t e r n

W a s h i n g t o n a n d O r e g o n U. S. F. S. sa les . 18

A l t h o u g h i t was n o t known how many p o t e n t i a l b i d d e r s were

p r e s e n t a t e a c h s a l e . t h e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e number o f

q u a l i f i e d ( t h o s e who p r e s e n t e d s e a l e d b i d s e q u a l t o t h e

a p p r a i s a l ) b i d d e r s d i d n o t h a v e t o be t o o l a r g e i n o r d e r f o r b i d s

t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y e x c e e d a p p r a i s a l s . I n t h e c a s e o f W e s t e r n

W a s h i n g t o n U.S.F.S. s a l e s , t h e a v e r a g e number o f q u a l i f i e d

b i d d e r s a t c o m p e t i t i v e s a l e s was 5 . 2 8 compared t o 3 .06 f o r

n o n - c o m p e t i t i v e - s a l e s . I n E a s t e r n r e g i o n s o f t h e P a c i f i c

Nor th -Wes t , t h e c o m p a r a b l e f i g u r e s w e r e 3 .56 f o r c o m p e t i t i v e

s a l e s a n d 2 . 4 6 f o r n o n - c o m p e t i t i v e . 19

One p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n

b e t w e e n t h e b i d / a p p r a i s a l r a t i o a n d t h e number o f q u a l i f i e d

b i d d e r s i s t h a t t i m b e r a p p r a i s a l s may b e i n a c c u r a t e i n t h e i r

a s s e s s m e n t o f t i m b e r v a l u e s a n d t h a t c o m p e t i t i v e b i d s may c o r r e c t

f o r t h e s e e r r o r s . T h e r e a r e o t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n s , however . F o r

i n s t a n c e , i n f l a t i o n a r y e x p e c t a t i o n s a b o u t e n d p r o d u c t p r i c e s may

i n d u c e s p e c u l a t i v e b i d d i n g on t i m b e r i n t e n d e d f o r f u t u r e c u t t i n g .

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T h i s f a c t o r , among o t h e r s , w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n more d e t a i l

l a t e r .

However, g i v e n t h a t Mead 's a n a l y s i s r a i s e s some d o u b t s a s t o

w h e t h e r a p p r a i s a l s c a n c a p t u r e t h e f u l l v a l u e o f t h e r e s o u r c e

r e n t a n d g i v e n t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f Crown t i m b e r i n B r i t i s h

Co lumbia i s v a l u e d by s u c h a p p r a i s a l s , t h e r e a re two i n t e r e s t i n g

q u e s t i o n s t h a t a r i s e . The f i r s t q u e s t i o n c o n c e r n s t h e a c c u r a c y

o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a a p p r a i s a l s i n a s s e s s i n g f u l l t i m b e r v a l u e s

a n d t h u s c a p t u r i n g f o r t h e Crown t h e f u l l v a l u e o f t h e r e s o u r c e

r e n t . The s e c o n d q u e s t i o n c o n c e r n s p o s s i b l e o u t c o m e s r e g a r d i n g

t i m b e r v a l u e s i f a n o p e n m a r k e t e x i s t e d f o r Crown t i m b e r i n B .C .

The a n a l y s i s j u s t c a r r i e d o u t h e r e s u g g e s t s a h i g h d e g r e e o f

m a r k e t c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r B .C . t i m b e r . The number o f p o t e n t i a l

a n d q u a l i f i e d b i d d e r s i s l i k e l y t o be small a t a u c t i o n s , a n d

h e n c e t h e r e i s a s t r o n g p o s s i b i l i t y o f c o l l u s i o n t o s u p p r e s s

a c t i v e b i d d i n g .

The a n s w e r t o t h i s s e c o n d q u e s t i o n i s h i g h l y s p e c u l a t i v e .

However, a good d e a l o f e f f o r t h a s g o n e i n t o p r o v i d i n g a n s w e r s t o

t h e f i r s t q u e s t i o n . The r e m a i n d e r o f t h e p a p e r i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h

c r i t i c a l l y e x a m i n i n g one a p p r o a c h t o t h e p r o b l e m o f a s s e s s i n g t h e

a c c u r a c y o f B.C. t i m b e r a p p r a i s a l s a n d t h u s w e t u r n o u r a t t e n t i o n

t o i n t e r - r e g i o n a l s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n s .

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NOTES

SECTION I1

1 B.C. M i n i s t r y o f F o r e s t s , m a 1 R e ~ o r t , V i c t o r i a , 1982-83, T a b l e B5. T o t a l Volume o f a l l P r o d u c t s B i l l e d i n 1982-83 , by F o r e s t Reg ion .

2 R . S c h w i n d t , E x i s t e n c e a n d E x e r c i s e o f C o r ~ o r a t e Power, R o y a l Commiss ion on C o r p o r a t e C o n c e n t r a t i o n , No. 1 5 , O t t a w a , 1 9 7 7 , p. 38 .

3 B.C. M i n i s t r y o f F o r e s t s , A.nual R e ~ o r f ; , V i c t o r i a , 1982-83 , T a b l e B5. T o t a l Volume o f a l l P r o d u c t s B i l l e d i n 1982-83 , by F o r e s t Reg ion .

4 S c h w i n d t , p. 38 .

5 B.C. M i n i s t r y o f F o r e s t s , Annual R e ~ o r t . V i c t o r i a , 1981-82. p. 48 .

6 B.C. M i n i s t r y o f F o r e s t s , m a 1 R e ~ o r t , V i c t o r i a , 1982-83 , T a b l e I. A l l o w a b l e Annua l C u t i n B r i t i s h Co lumbia a s a t March 3 1 , 1983.

7 B.C. M i n i s t r y o f F o r e s t s , m a 1 R e ~ o r t , V i c t o r i a , 1982-83, p. 87 .

9 P. P e a r s e , _Timber R i q b t s a n d F o r e s t P U c v in B r i t - Co lumbia ; Vol. I, 1 9 7 6 , pp. 70-72.

10 S c h w i n d t , p. 39 .

1 2 B.C. M i n i s t r y o f F o r e s t s , m a 1 Re-, V i c t o r i a , 1981-82, T a b l e I: C o n t r a c t o r C l a u s e P e r f o r m a n c e i n 1981. T r e e Farm L i c e n c e s .

1 3 B.C. M i n i s t r y o f F o r e s t s , m a 1 R-, V i c t o r i a , 1982-83 , a n d S t a t i s t i c s Canada , J n t e r c o r p o r a t e O w n e r s h i D . 1 9 8 1 , Cat # 6 1 - 517,

1 4 B.C. M i n i s t r y of F o r e s t s , m a 1 R e ~ o r t , V i c t o r i a , 1982-83 , T a b l e 111: C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f C o n t r o l o v e r T imber H a r v e s t i n g R i g h t s i n Timber S u p p l y A r e a s a s a t March 3 1 , 1983. ( F o r e s t L i c e n c e s a n d D e s i g n a t e d T imber S a l e L i c e n c e s o n l y ) .

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15 D. H a l e y , " A r e g i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n o f s t u m p a g e v a l u e s i n B r i t i s h Co lumbia and U n i t e d S t a t e s , P a c i f i c North-West ". F o r e s t r y C h r o n c i l e , Vol. 5 6 , No. 5 , 1 9 8 0 , p. 96 .

1'6 ITC r e p o r t , p. 40 .

17 W. J. Mead a n d T.E. H a m i l t o n , n C o m p e t i t i o n f o r F e d e r a l T imber i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West . An a n a l y s i s o f F o r e s t S e r v i c e a n d B u r e a u o f Land Management T imber S a l e s n , P a c i f i c Nor th-West F o r e s t a n d Range E x p e r i m e n t R e s e a r c h P a p e r , PNN-64, P o r t l a n d , Oregon , U.S.F.S., 1 9 6 8 , p. 6 .

1 8 W. J. Mead, C o m ~ e t i t i o n a n d O L i p o ~ s o n v i n t h e D o u g l a s F i r &umber I n d u s t r v , U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , 1 9 6 6 , P. 96 .

19 Mead & H a m i l t o n , p. 7-9.

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SECTION I11

INTER-REGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS

INTRODUCTION

B r i t i s h Co lumbia t i m b e r v a l u e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d by f o r m u l a

b a s e d a p p r a i s a l s which a t t e m p t t o e s t i m a t e a l l c o n v e r s i o n c o s t s

a n d a n a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l o f p r o f i t a n d r i s k t h a t would be i n c u r r e d

by a n " a v e r a g e e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t i o n n . ' When t h e s e e s t i m a t e s a r e

d e d u c t e d f r o m a n e n d p r o d u c t s e l l i n g p r i c e , t h e r e s u l t i s a

r e s i d u a l v a l u e w h i c h r e f l e c t s t h e v a l u e o f t h e s t a n d i n g t i m b e r .

T h i s amount s h o u l d b e i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e p r i c e b i d a t a n a u c t i o n

w h e r e t h e r e i s a c t i v e c o m p e t i t i o n among e f f i c i e n t e n t e r p r i s e s .

A t s u c h a n a u c t i o n , i n e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t i o n s would e n c o u n t e r a

p r i c e w h i c h would r e f l e c t a l e v e l o f p e r f o r m a n c e beyond t h e i r

c a p a b i l i t i e s a n d would be f o r c e d t o w i t h d r a w f r o m t h e m a r k e t .

S i m i l a r l y , a u n i q u e l y e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t o r would e x p e c t a m a r k e t

p r i c e b e l o w t h e l e v e l h e c o u l d a f f o r d t o pay a n d t h u s would

e x p e c t a n a b o v e n o r m a l r e t u r n u n t i l o t h e r s c o u l d d u p l i c a t e h i s

e f f o r t s . The p r i c e t h a t would be e x p e c t e d would be t h e one

a f f o r d a b l e t o t h e o p e r a t o r w i t h a r e a s o n a b l e l e v e l o f e f f i c i e n c y .

T h u s , t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e u s e s c o s t e s t i m a t e s w h i c h r e f l e c t t h e

a v e r a g e e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t o r .

A d m i t t e d l y , t h e a v e r a g e e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t o r c o n c e p t i s h i g h l y

h y p o t h e t i c a l , a n d t h e t r a n s l a t i o n o f s u c h a n i d e a i n t o a c c o u n t i n g

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t e r m s i s a p r o b l e m f o r a p p r a i s a l s . The a c t u a l c o s t s u s e d i n t h e

s t u m p a g e c a l c u l a t i o n come p r i m a r i l y f r o m a n a p p r a i s a l manua l

c o m p i l e d by t h e B.C. F o r e s t S e r v i c e a n d are s u p p l e m e n t e d w i t h

s i t e s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e t i m b e r c r u i s e .

The c o s t i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e m a n u a l comes f r o m a n n u a l c o s t

s u r v e y s p e r f o r m e d by t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e . I n n e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h

t h e C o u n c i l o f F o r e s t I n d u s t r i e s , t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e h a s r e a c h e d

a g r e e m e n t on wha t o p e r a t i o n s would be r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . P r e s e n t l y ,

t h i s s a m p l e i n c l u d e s 22 o p e r a t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o v i n c e . F o r

C o a s t a l a p p r a i s a l s , c o s t i n f o r m a t i o n i s s u b m i t t e d by t h e COFI

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s on a l l p h a s e s o f t h e l o g g i n g o p e r a t i o n . T h i s

i n c l u d e s b u c k i n g a n d f e l l i n g , y a r d i n g , l o a d i n g , dumping, h a u l i n g ,

booming, s o r t i n g , t o w i n g , b a r g i n g , r o a d c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d

m a i n t e n a n c e , e n g i n e e r i n g , a n d camp a c t i v i t i e s . The i d e n t i t y a n d

a c t u a l c o s t s o f t h e s e o p e r a t i o n s a r e c o n f i d e n t i a l . T h e s e s u r v e y s

a r e a u d i t e d by F o r e s t S e r v i c e a c c o u n t a n t s a n d i n d e p e n d e n t s u r v e y s

a r e o c c a s i o n a & l y c a r r i e d o u t on o t h e r o p e r a t i o n s o u t s i d e t h e

s a m p l e . If t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e i s s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e a u t h e n t i c i t y

of t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n , i t i s u s e d a s t h e b a s i s f o r a p p r a i s a l

e s t i m a t e s f o r most o f t h e p h a s e s o f t h e l o g g i n g o p e r a t i o n .

The n T r e e - t o - T r u c k n p h a s e o f t h e o p e r a t i o n i s h i g h l y c a p i t a l

i n t e n s i v e . C o s t e s t i m a t e s h e r e a r e b a s e d n o t o n l y on c o s t s u r v e y

d a t a b u t a l s o on p r o d u c t i v i t y es t imates c a r r i e d o u t by F o r e s t

S e r v i c e p e r s o n n e l on t h e m a c h i n e r y u s e d i n t h e t r e e - t o - t r u c k

p h a s e . E s t i m a t e s o f c u b i c metre p e r h o u r a r e o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h

t i m e s t u d i e s a n d a r e combined w i t h m a c h i n e a n d l a b o u r

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d o l l a r - p e r - h o u r c o s t s s u b m i t t e d by COFI t o o b t a i n d o l l a r p e r

c u b i c m e t e r f i g u r e s .

I n g e n e r a l , t h e a p p r a i s a l i s i n d i f f e r e n t t o t h e a c t u a l

me thod u s e d by a g i v e n o p e r a t o r . The e s t i m a t e s u s e d i n t h e

a p p r a i s a l a r e b a s e d on s t a t e of t h e a r t e q u i p m e n t a n d t e c h n i q u e s .

E x p e r i m e n t a l t e c h n i q u e s w h i c h may y i e l d l o w e r c o s t s a r e n o t

c o n s i d e r e d .

A c t u a l c o s t s , however , c a n v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y w i t h t e r r a i n

a n d c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s , w h i c h d i c t a t e w h a t t y p e s o f e q u i p m e n t

a n d m e t h o d a re u s e d a s w e l l a s c o s t s o f h a r v e s t i n g a n d h a u l i n g .

The F o r e s t S e r v i c e h a s g e n e r a l g u i d e l i n e s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g c o s t

a l l o w a n c e s c o n c e r n i n g s l o p e s t e e p n e s s , s o i l t y p e . e t c. S i t e

s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n comes f r o m t h e t i m b e r c r u i s e . T h i s i s

c a r r i e d o u t by t h e l i c e n c e e s u b j e c t t o t h e p e r f o r m a n c e g u i d e l i n e s

o f a F o r e s t S e r v i c e c h e c k c r u i s e . However, t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h

d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g s o i l c o n d i t i o n s a n d t e r r a i n i s

u s e d t o s u p p l e m e n t t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e ' s g u i d e l i n e s f o r c o s t

a l l o w a n c e s on t h e s e f a c t o r s c o u l d n o t be d e t e r m i n e d .

B e c a u s e o f t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e ' s p o l i c y o f s e c r e c y , l i t t l e

c a n be s a i d by way o f judgement on t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e

c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e c o s t e s t i m a t e o f a n " a v e r a g e e f f i c i e n t

o p e r a t i o n n , i. e . , t h a t o p e r a t i o n w h i c h would s e c u r e t h e w i n n i n g

b i d i n a c o m p e t i t i v e m a r k e t . P r i c e W a t e r h o u s e h a s made wood

i n d u s t r y c o s t s u r v e y s a n d f o u n d t h a t a p p r a i s a l a l l o w a n c e s a r e

l o w e r t h a n i t s e s t i m a t e s o f i n d u s t r y c o s t s . * T h i s c o u l d mean

e i t h e r t h a t a p p r a i s a l s a r e u n r e a l i s t i c a l l y low o r t h a t t h e F o r e s t

-30-

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S e r v i c e ' s c o s t e s t i m a t e s a r e c o r r e c t , s i n c e p r e s u m a b l y a n

e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t i o n w i l l h a v e l o w e r c o s t s t h a n some i n d u s t r y

a v e r a g e . Any d e f i n i t i v e e x p l a n a t i o n would be h i g h l y s p e c u l a t i v e ,

however , s i n c e t h e i d e n t i t i e s a n d a c t u a l c o s t s o f t h e a p p r a i s a l

s a m p l e a r e c o n f i d e n t i a l . However, mos t o f t h e t i m b e r r e s o u r c e i s

v a l u e d by t h e a p p r a i s a l me thod , a n d h e n c e some i n d e p e n d e n t means

o f e v a l u a t i n g t h i s m e t h o d i s needed .

T h e r e i s s u s p i c i o n t h a t B r i t i s h Columbia t i m b e r a p p r a i s a l s

h a v e f a i l e d t o a p p r o x i m a t e t i m b e r v a l u e s . T h i s s u s p i c i o n s t e m s

f r o m two s o u r c e s . The f i r s t s o u r c e i s t h a t s m a l l p a r c e l s o f non

q u o t a t i m b e r , when s o l d c o m p e t i t i v e l y , h a v e g o n e f o r p r i c e s w e l l

a b o v e t h e a p p r a i s e d v a l u e . 3 The s e c o n d s o u r c e i s b a s e d upon

c o m p a r i s o n s w i t h t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West w h e r e , a s m e n t i o n e d

p r e v i o u s l y , s u c c e s s f u l b i d s f o r p u b l i c t i m b e r e x c e e d e d a p p r a i s e d

v a l u e s by a n a v e r a g e o f 6 3 p e r c e n t , a n d w h e r e i t was f e l t t r u e

c o m p e t i t i v e b i d d i n g was t a k i n g p l a c e . G i v e n t h e c o n s i d e r a b l e

e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e U.S.F.S. i n mak ing a p p r a i s a l s , t h e r e i s , on t h e - b a s i s o f t h i s e v i d e n c e . r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t a s y s t e m o f

c o m p e t i t i v e b i d s w i l l o u t - p e r f o r m a s y s t e m o f t i m b e r a p p r a i s a l s

i n p r a c t i c e . F u r t h e r m o r e , B r i t i s h Columbia u s e s a s i m i l a r method

of a p p r a i s i n g t i m b e r v a l u e s . S i n c e t h e r e i s no r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e

t h a t t h e B r i t i s h Co lumbia F o r e s t S e r v i c e i s a n y more c o m p e t e n t

t h a n t h e U.S.F.S. i n m a k i n g a p p r a i s a l s , t h e r e i s a n e e d t o .

m o n i t o r t h e a c c u r a c y o f B r i t i s h Columbia t i m b e r a p p r a i s a l s .

A s m e n t i o n e d , f o r m o s t o f t h e Crown r e s o u r c e i n B r i t i s h

Columbia . t h e s o l e means of d e t e r m i n i n g c o r r e c t t i m b e r v a l u e s

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l i e s w i t h t h e a p p r a i s a l s y s t e m , and t h e r e f o r e t h e r e i s no way o f

c o m p a r i n g a p p r a i s a l s w i t h b i d s f o r a g i v e n t i m b e r s a l e . However,

a n a l t e r n a t i v e means t o m o n i t o r B r i t i s h Co lumbia a p p r a i s a l s i s t o

compare b i d s f o r P a c i f i c Nor th-West t i m b e r w i t h B r i t i s h Co lumbia

t i m b e r a p p r a i s a l s . I n t e r - r e g i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n t h e t i m b e r

i n d u s t r i e s of t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West a n d B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a h a v e

b e e n made p e r i o d i c a l l y o v e r t h e p a s t t w e n t y y e a r s . Such

c o m p a r i s o n s a r e t h o u g h t t o b e v i a b l e b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e s t r o n g

s i m i l a r i t i e s i n t h e r e s o u r c e i n b o t h r e g i o n s a n d b o t h i n d u s t r i e s

compe te i n t h e same o u t p u t m a r k e t s . S u c h s t u d i e s a r e , t h e n , o f

c o n s i d e r a b l e p o l i c y i n t e r e s t . The m a j o r d r a w b a c k o f

i n t e r - r e g i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n s i s t h a t e v e r y s t a n d o f t i m b e r i s

u n i q u e w i t h r e s p e c t t o s p e c i e s mix , t i m b e r q u a l i t y , a n d o p e r a t i n g

c o n d i t i o n s . D i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e s e f a c t o r s may a c c o u n t f o r

c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n i n s t u m p a g e v a l u e s , e v e n w i t h i n f a i r l y

n a r r o w g e o g r a p h i c a r e a s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e p r o b l e m w i t h

i n t e r - r e g i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n s , a s o p p o s e d t o c o m p a r i n g b i d v s .

a p p r a i s e d v a l u e s o n a s a l e b a s i s , i s t o e n s u r e a l l s u c h s o u r c e s

o f . v a r i a t i o n a r e a c c o u n t e d f o r and a p p r o p r i a t e a d j u s t m e n t s made

i n t h e c o m p a r i s o n . D e s p i t e t h e many c o m p a r i s o n s t h a t h a v e b e e n

made i n p a s t d e c a d e s s u c h p r o b l e m s h a v e u s u a l l y b e e n d i s r e g a r d e d .

S t u d i e s h a v e b e e n made i n w h i c h a p a r t i c u l a r l y h i g h r a t e o f

s t u m p a g e i n one r e g i o n , w h i c h a r o s e b e c a u s e o f s p e c i a l

c i r c u m s t a n c e s , i s compared w i t h t h e a v e r a g e r a t e f o r a n o t h e r

r e g i o n . R a t e s h a v e b e e n q u o t e d i n d i f f e r e n t c u r r e n c i e s , u n i t s o f

m e a s u r e , a n d s o m e t i m e s e v e n f o r d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s . E v i d e n c e

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f r o m r e c e n t c o m p a r i s o n s w h i c h do n o t s u f f e r t h e s e o b v i o u s f l a w s

i s a n a l y s e d below.

P R I C E WATERHOUSE REPORT

The P r i c e W a t e r h o u s e r e p o r t p r o v i d e d a c o m p r e h e n s i v e

e x a m i n a t i o n o f s t u m p a g e a n d t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h d e t e r m i n e i t s v a l u e

i n b o t h B r i t i s h Co lumbia a n d t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West . The

c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h i s s t u d y were t h a t P a c i f i c Nor th-West t i m b e r was

more v a l u a b l e f o r a number o f r e a s o n s . Due t o t h e more r e m o t e

a n d d i f f i c u l t t e r r a i n , c o n v e r s i o n c o s t s a r e g e n e r a l l y h i g h e r i n

B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a t h a n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e

more n o r t h e r l y l a t i t u d e o f B r i t i s h Co lumbia f o r e s t s r e s u l t s i n a

l e s s a t t r a c t i v e s p e c i e s mix a n d l o w e r q u a l i t y g r a d e s w i t h i n e a c h

s p e c i e s . G i v e n t h e e f f e c t s o f h i g h e r c o n v e r s i o n c o s t s a n d l o w e r

e n d - p r o d u c t r e v e n u e s on t h e s t u m p a g e c a l c u l a t i o n , B r i t i s h

Co lumbia t i m b e r v a l u e s s h o u l d be l o w e r t h a n t h o s e o f t h e P a c i f i c

Nor th -Wes t , g e t e r i s o a r i b u a . I n a d d i t i o n . t h e s t u d y i d e n t i f i e d

s e v e r a l o t h e r r e a s o n s why p u b l i c t i m b e r s h o u l d b e more v a l u a b l e

i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West . These i n c l u d e d s u p e r i o r m a r k e t i n g

o p p o r t u n i t i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y l o g a n d c h i p e x p o r t s t o J a p a n , w h i c h

r e s u l t i n h i g h e r e n d p r o d u c t s a l e s r e a l i z a t i o n s a n d h e n c e h i g h e r

s t u m p a g e s , a s w e l l a s more f a v o u r a b l e t a x t r e a t m e n t f o r U.S.

o p e r a t o r s . T h e s e i s s u e s w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d i n more d e t a i l l a t e r .

An i m p o r t a n t i m p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e s t u d i e s , however , i s t h a t i n a

s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n r e g i o n s i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o

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s t a n d a r d i z e f o r b o t h s p e c i e s a n d g r a d e .

HALEY

David H a l e y , a U. B. C. f o r e s t e c o n o m i s t , c o n s i d e r e d m a k i n g

d i r e c t s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West a n d

B r i t i s h ~ o l u m b i a . ~ H e f i r s t made h i s c o m p a r i s o n i n a v e r y

g e n e r a l manner . He compared a v e r a g e r e a l s t u m p a g e p r i c e s i n

W a s h i n g t o n a n d Oregon w i t h t h o s e i n B r i t i s h Co lumbia f o r t h e

1963-78 p e r i o d , a n d f o u n d a n upward t r e n d o f 11 p e r c e n t p e r annum

i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d a s l i g h t downward t r e n d i n B r i t i s h

Columbia . H a l e y f o u n d t h i s s u r p r i s i n g b e c a u s e o f t h e i n c r e a s i n g

demands on t h e f o r e s t r e s o u r c e d u r i n g t h a t p e r i o d , p a r t i c u l a r l y

i n t h e Vancouver f o r e s t r e g i o n .

To d e t e r m i n e t h e s o u r c e o f t h i s d i f f e r e n c e , he n e x t made a

v e r y s p e c i f i c c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n two a r e a s v e r y s imi la r i n f o r e s t . d e n s i t y a n d o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s .

S tumpage p a y m e n t s f r o m Q u a d r a P.S.Y.U. o f t h e V a n c o u v e r

F o r e s t R e g i o n i n 1977 were compared w i t h t h o s e o f t h e Mount

B a k e r - S n o q u a l m i e N a t i o n a l F o r e s t R e g i o n i n t h e P a c i f i c

Nor th-West . Only t h e D o u g l a s F i r s p e c i e s was c o n s i d e r e d . A f t e r

d e d u c t i n g l o g g i n g c o s t s a n d a n a l l o w a n c e f o r p r o f i t a n d r i s k f rom

l o g p r i c e s , H a l e y d e t e r m i n e d t h a t s t u m p a g e f o r t h e d u a d r a

P. S. Y. U. was $0.17/m3. F o r t h e Mount B a k e r - S n o q u a l m i e N a t i o n a l

F o r e s t , w h e r e a s i m i l a r s y s t e m of s t u m p a g e a p p r a i s a l i s u s e d , t h e

c o m p a r a b l e c h a r g e was $18.96/m3.7 S u b s e q u e n t a n a l y s i s c o u l d n o t

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e x p l a i n why t h e Q u a d r a P.S.Y.U. a p p r a i s a l was s o much l o w e r t h a n

t h e c o m p a r a b l e U n i t e d S t a t e s r e g i o n . L o g g i n g a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n

c o s t s w e r e 1 1 p e r c e n t h i g h e r i n t h e Mount B a k e r - S n o q u a l m i e F o r e s t

R e g i o n a n d t h e a l l o w a n c e f o r p r o f i t a n d r i s k was v i r t u a l l y .

i d e n t i c a l i n b o t h r e g i o n s . He r e a s o n e d t h a t t h e o n e p o s s i b l e

e x p l a n a t i o n was t h e l o w e r t i m b e r q u a l i t y o f t h e Vancouver r e g i o n .

An a d j u s t m e n t w a s made f o r g r a d e by a s s u m i n g t h a t t h e l o g g r a d e

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e Q u a d r a P.S. Y.U . r e g i o n was i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t

o f t h e Mount B a k e r R e g i o n a n d t h e n d e t e r m i n i n g i t s v a l u e i n t h e

Vancouver Log M a r k e t . The a d j u s t m e n t was somewhat a r b i t r a r y

b e c a u s e t h e l o g g r a d e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e two r e . g i o n s w e r e

q u i t e d i f f e r e n t . After a d j u s t m e n t f o r q u a l i t y , however , t h e

Q u a d r a P. S. Y. U. a p p r a i s a l was s t i l l o n l y 38 p e r c e n t o f t h e Mount

B a k e r - S n o q u a l m i e a p p r a i s a l .

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e b i d p r i c e more t h a n d o u b l e d t h e a p p r a i s e d

v a l u e of t h e s t u m p a g e i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West Reg ion . Thus ,

a l t h o u g h r e c o g n i z i n g i m p e r f e c t i o n s i n t h e Vancouver l o g m a r k e t

a n d s u p e r i o r m a r k e t i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , H a l e y

s t i l l f e l t t h a t B r i t i s h Co lumbia t i m b e r a p p r a i s a l s u n d e r v a l u e d

t h e r e s o u r c e .

T h e r e w e r e w e a k n e s s e s w i t h b o t h p h a s e s o f H a l e y ' s a n a l y s i s .

I n f a i l i n g t o c o n s i d e r some p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f t h e U.S. s a l e

p r o c e s s , h e m i s s e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e b i d p r i c e a n d p a i d

p r i c e o f t i m b e r , t h o u g h r e l a t e d , w e r e o f t e n q u i t e d i f f e r e n t . I n

some c a s e s , t h e b i d p r i c e may h a v e no r e l a t i o n s h i p a t a l l t o t h e

p r i c e t h a t i s a c t u a l l y p a i d f o r t i m b e r . I n f a c t , t h e r e a r e

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s e v e r a l d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h c o m p a r i n g t h e b i d a n d a p p r a i s a l t i m b e r

p r i c e .

The b i d p r i c e d o e s n o t r e p r e s e n t t h e c u r r e n t v a l u e o f

t i m b e r . When a U n i t e d S t a t e s o p e r a t o r b i d s on p u b l i c t i m b e r , he

e n t e r s i n t o a c o n t r a c t t o h a r v e s t w i t h i n a c e r t a i n p e r i o d o f

time. The a v e r a g e l e n g t h o f t h e s e c o n t r a c t s i s 3 .5 y e a r s , b u t

may r a n g e a n y w h e r e f r o m 1 t o 8 y e a r s . The t i m b e r must be

h a r v e s t e d b e f o r e t h e c o n t r a c t e x p i r e s , a n d no s t u m p a g e i s p a i d

u n t i l t h e t i m b e r i s h a r v e s t e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , a s m e n t i o n e d i n

S e c t i o n I, i n W e s t e r n r e g i o n s o f t h e P a c i f i c Nor th -Wes t , t h e r e

was no a d j u s t m e n t i n s t u m p a g e r a t e s i n r e s p o n s e t o c h a n g e s i n e n d

p r o d u c t m a r k e t c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e t i m e o f H a l e y l s a n a l y s i s . T h i s

means t h a t o p e r a t o r s mus t a c c u r a t e l y assess e n d p r o d u c t v a l u e s a t

t h e time a t w h i c h t h e y i n t e n d t o h a r v e s t t h e t i m b e r . Hence ,

b i d d i n g on t i m b e r on p u b l i c l a n d s h a s e l e m e n t s o f a f u t u r e s

m a r k e t . H a r r y S m i t h , a U.B.C. f o r e s t e c o n o m i s t a n d a c o l l e a g u e

o f H a l e y l s , a d d r e s s e d t h i s p o i n t i n a r e b u t t a l t o H a l e y . 1 n

H a l e y l s a n a l y s i s o f t h e D o u g l a s F i r s p e c i e s , t h e b i d of $59.43/m3

more t h a n d o u b l e d t h e a d v e r t i s e d s t u m p a g e o f $27.43/m3 ( a p p r a i s e d

v a l u e o f $18.96 + $8.47 f o r r o a d c r e d i t s ) . S m i t h n o t i c e d t h a t

t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e b i d a n d a d v e r t i s e d r a t e e x c e e d e d t h e

e x p e c t e d p r o f i t a n d r i s k by $12.80/m3 a n d c o n c l u d e d t h a t o n l y

e x p e c t a t i o n s o f v e r y h i g h e n d p r o d u c t p r i c e s i n t h e P u t u r e c o u l d

j u s t i f y s u c h a b i d . 9

F u r t h e r m o r e , t h i s s p e c u l a t i v e b i d d i n g h a s a v e r y low r i s k o f

l o s s e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i t . I f end p r o d u c t p r i c e s a r e h i g h e r t h a n

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a n t i c i p a t e d , t h e o p e r a t o r e x p e r i e n c e s t h e f u l l g a i n . I f e n d

p r o d u c t p r i c e s a r e l o w e r t h a n a n t i c i p a t e d , o f c o u r s e , t h e r e v e r s e

i s t r u e . However, u n l i k e B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a o p e r a t o r s , P a c i f i c

Nor th-West o p e r a t o r s do n o t f a c e q u o t a a n d c u t c o n t r o l

r e g u l a t i o n s . T h i s a l l o w s g r e a t e r f l e x i b i l i t y i n r e a c t i n g t o

c h a n g e s i n m a r k e t c o n d i t i o n s . I n many cases, bad m a r k e t

c o n d i t i o n s c a n b e w a i t e d o u t w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f t h e c o n t r a c t ,

a n d t h e t i m b e r c a n be h a r v e s t e d when m a r k e t c o n d i t i o n s improve .

Thus , a l t h o u g h t h e b i d p r i c e e v e n t u a l l y i s p a i d , t h i s may h a p p e n

w i t h a c o n s i d e r a b l e l a g , a n d t h u s i t i s n o t c o r r e c t t o compare

b i d p r i c e s , w h i c h a re f o r t i m b e r i n t e n d e d f o r f u t u r e c u t t i n g ,

w i t h a p p r a i s a l s , w h i c h a s s e s s t h e c u r r e n t v a l u e o f t i m b e r .

M o r e o v e r , i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e a v e r a g e P a c i f i c Nor th-West b i d

p r i c e m i g h t a c t u a l l y n e v e r be p a i d .

I n E a s t e r n R e g i o n s o f t h e P a c i f i c Nor th -Wes t , t h e r e i s a n

e n d p r o d u c t p r i c e a d j u s t m e n t f o r s t u m p a g e . T h i s was e x p l a i n e d i n

S e c t i o n I. A l t h o u g h i t d o e s t e n d t o r e d u c e s p e c u l a t i v e b i d d i n g ,

s i n c e t h e o p e r a t o r d o e s n o t e x p e r i e n c e t h e f u l l g a i n o f a

f a v o u r a b l e e n d p r o d u c t p r i c e c h a n g e , i t a l s o i m p l i e s t h a t t h e

p a i d p r i c e f o r t i m b e r w i l l be d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e b i d p r i c e .

T h e r e i s a l s o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t a p a r t i c u l a r l y h i g h b i d

p r i c e w i l l n e v e r be p a i d . The b i d s f o r e a c h s a l e a r e d e t e r m i n e d

by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e d o l l a r v a l u e b i d f o r e a c h s p e c i e s by i t s

volume a n d summing o v e r a l l s p e c i e s t o a r r i v e a t t h e t o t a l b i d

f o r t h e s t a n d . The h i g h e s t t o t a l b i d w i n s t h e sa le . I f t h e

b i d d e r i s a w a r e of c r u i s e e r r o r s c o n c e r n i n g t h e s e s p e c i e s

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v o l u m e s , h e may c a p i t a l i z e on them i n t h e f o l l o w i n g way. The

b i d d e r may h a v e s u p e r i o r knowledge c o n c e r n i n g t h e a c t u a l volume

o f t i m b e r by s p e c i e s i n a g i v e n s t a n d . F o r a p p r a i s a l p u r p o s e s ,

h o w e v e r , a p r e d i c t i o n o f t h i s volume i s b a s e d on s a m p l e p l o t s

o b t a i n e d i n t h e t i m b e r c r u i s e . I f t h e s e p r e d i c t i o n s

s i g n i f i c a n t l y o v e r e s t i m a t e t h e vo lume , t h e b i d d e r may u s e h i s

s u p e r i o r k n o w l e d g e t o o v e r b i d t h i s s p e c i e s i n o r d e r t o w i n t h e

s a l e . H e a l s o knows t h a t most o f h i s b i d w i l l n e v e r be p a i d

s i m p l y b e c a u s e t h e t i m b e r d o e s n o t e x i s t . P r i c e W a t e r h o u s e

d o c u m e n t e d s u c h a n e x a m p l e i n W e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n i n 1 9 7 1 , where

t h e b i d / a p p r a i s a l r a t i o was 32. I n t h i s c a s e , a s i n m o s t ,

t h e s e s p e c t a c u l a r b i d a p p r a i s a l r a t i o s r e s u l t f r o m b i d d i n g on a

s p e c i e s w h i c h i s a v e r y s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e t o t a l s a l e ; t h u s ,

t h e b i d s e f f e c t on t h e a c t u a l s t u m p a g e p a i d i s v e r y s m a l l .

T h e r e a r e o t h e r d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h c o m p a r i n g b i d p r i c e s w i t h

a p p r a i s a l s , a n d t h e s e w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n I V . To

s u m m a r i z e t h i s d i s c u s s i o n o f H a l e y l s w o r k , i t a p p e a r s t h a t i t

would h a v e b e e n more a p p r o p r i a t e t o compare t r e n d s o n t h e p r i c e s

t h a t w e r e a c t u a l l y p a i d f o r t i m b e r i n t h e two r e g i o n s o v e r t h e

1963-78 p e r i o d . T a b l e I1 g i v e s some i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e

s u c h a n a d j u s t m e n t m i g h t make. T a b l e I1 c o m p a r e s b i d p r i c e s ,

a d v e r t i s e d p r i c e s ( s t u m p a g e a p p r a i s a l a n d r o a d c o s t s ) , a n d a c t u a l

p a y m e n t s f o r t i m b e r c u t i n e a c h y e a r o v e r t h e 1977-8'1 p e r i o d .

The d a t a show t h a t t h e r e i s a much c l o s e r r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n

t h e a d v e r t i s e d p r i c e i n e a c h y e a r a n d t h e a c t u a l p a y m e n t s f o r

t i m b e r . B o t h o f t h e s e a r e , i n a l l c a s e s , w e l l be low t h e l e v e l o f

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t h e b i d p r i c e . Thus , i f H a l e y had c o n s i d e r e d p a y m e n t s made f o r

t i m b e r , h e w o u l d h a v e d i s c o v e r e d a much l o w e r a n d l e s s s t e e p

t r e n d t h a n h e e n c o u n t e r e d f o r b i d s .

T h i s d a t a a l s o g i v e s some i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t s o f

c r u i s e e r r o r s . The a v e r a g e c o n t r a c t l e n g t h i s 3.5 y e a r s w h i c h

i m p l i e s t h a t t h e 1981 p a y m e n t s f o r t i m b e r s h o u l d be v e r y c l o s e t o

1977 b i d s f o r t i m b e r . T a b l e I1 i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e 1977 a v e r a g e

b i d o f $181.76/mbf was s t i l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t h a n t h e 1981

a v e r a g e payment o f $126.02/mbf. One e x p l a n a t i o n i s t h a t t h e b i d s

were b a s e d o n c r u i s e v o l u m e s a n d t h e a c t u a l p a y m e n t s were b a s e d

on s c a l e d v o l u m e s o f t i m b e r a n d h e n c e t h e d i f f e r e n c e c o u l d h a v e

b e e n due t o t h e e x i s t e n c e o f c r u i s e e r r o r s w h i c h w e r e d i s c u s s e d

e a r l i e r .

The s e c o n d p r o b l e m w i t h H a l e y l s a n a l y s i s i s h i s u s e o f a

s i n g l e s p e c i e s , D o u g l a s F i r , f o r h i s c o m p a r i s o n . T h i s s p e c i e s

t y p i c a l l y a c c o u n t s f o r o n l y 10 p e r c e n t o r l e s s o f t h e t o t a l

Vancouver Regi-on a n n u a l c u t . Hemlock i s t h e most commonly

h a r v e s t e d s p e c i e s o f b o t h r e g i o n s a n d w o u l d h a v e b e e n a b e t t e r

c h o i c e . However, r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e s p e c i e s c h o s e n , a one s p e c i e s

c o m p a r i s o n d o e s n o t p r o v i d e a n a d e q u a t e b a s i s f o r g e n e r a l i z a t i o n .

H a l e y l s s t u d y p r o v e d t o h a v e p r o f o u n d i m p a c t on t h e

i n d u s t r y . A f t e r h i s a r t i c l e a p p e a r e d , t h e U. S. i n d u s t r y became

c o n c e r n e d t h a t l o w C a n a d i a n t i m b e r a p p r a i s a l s w e r e p l a c i n g U n i t e d

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TABLE I1

COMPARISON OF B I D PRICES, ADVERTISED PRICES A N D ACTUAL PAYMENTS FOR CUT TIMBER FOR THE

PACIFIC NORTH-WEST

YEAR U. S. B I D U. S. ACTUAL PAYMENTS PRICE ADVERTISED MADE FOR TIMBER

PRICE FOR C U R R E N T YEAR (U. S. F. S.

CUT & SOLD REPORTS)

S o u r c e : U n i t e d S t a t e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e Commiss ion, C o n d i t i o n s R e l a t i n g t o t h e I m p o r t a t i o n of S o f t w o o d Lumber, A p r i l 1982 R e p o r t .

Page 49: MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S AN …summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6216/b16313550.pdfAN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) ,

S t a t e s t i m b e r p r o d u c e r s a t a c o m p e t i t i v e d i s a d v a n t a g e v i s a v i s

C a n a d i a n p r o d u c e r s . T h i s c o n c e r n g e n e r a l l y was due t o t h e v e r y

s e v e r e s l u m p t h a t h i t t h e N o r t h Amer ican l u m b e r i n d u s t r y e a r l y i n

1 9 8 1 , d u e i n l a r g e m e a s u r e t o t h e v e r y h i g h i n t e r e s t r a t e s o f

t h a t p e r i o d . T h i s s l u m p h a d d i f f e r e n t e f f e c t s o n B r i t i s h

Co lumbia a n d P a c i f i c Nor th-West r e g i o n s . F i r s t , w i t h r e g a r d t o

s t u m p a g e c h a r g e s , B r i t i s h Co lumbia p r o d u c e r s were i n s u l a t e d f r o m

t h e down- tu rn t o some e x t e n t b e c a u s e s t u m p a g e c h a r g e s i n B.C.

c h a n g e i n r e s p o n s e t o c h a n g e s i n . e n d p r o d u c t v a l u e s u n t i l minimum

s t u m p a g e r a t e s a p p l y . A s n o t e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h i s d i d n o t h a p p e n

i n W e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n a n d Oregon a t t h e t i m e . The v e r y p o o r e n d

p r o d u c t m a r k e t s o f 1981 h a d n o t b e e n a n t i c i p a t e d a t t h e t i m e b i d s

w e r e made. I n many c a s e s , i t was n o t r a t i o n a l t o h a r v e s t t h e

t i m b e r g i v e n t h e h i g h p r i c e t h a t h a d t o be p a i d f o r t h e t i m b e r a s 1 U

a r e s u l t o f e a r l i e r b i d s . Those who c o u l d n o t s i t o u t t h e s lump,

e i t h e r b e c a u s e t h e y h a d no s o u r c e o f p r i v a t e t i m b e r o r b e c a u s e

t h e i r c o n t r a c t was d u e t o e x p i r e , f a c e d d e f a u l t s w h i c h meant

h e a v y p e n a l t i e s .

A s e c o n d d i f f e r e n c e i s t h a t B r i t i s h Co lumbia o p e r a g o r s f a c e

minimum c u t r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s r e f l e c t a

d e l i b e r a t e p o l i c y o f t h e B r i t i s h Co lumbia g o v e r n m e n t t o m i n i m i z e

employment f l u c t u a t i o n s c a u s e d by t h e v o l a t i l e n a t u r e o f t h e

i n d u s t r y . I n s h o r t , t h e B .C . o p e r a t o r i s c o m p e l l e d ' t o o p e r a t e

d u r i n g p e r i o d s o f weak demand. T h i s f a c t , combined w i t h a

f a l l i n g C a n a d i a n d o l l a r , c o n t r i b u t e d t o i n c r e a s e d C a n a d i a n

e x p o r t s t o t h e U.S. A l t h o u g h t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h e i n c r e a s e s w e r e

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d i s p u t e d , t h e f a c t was t h a t many W e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n a n d Oregon

o p e r a t o r s w e r e i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f h a v i n g t o pay v e r y h i g h r a t e s

o f s t u m p a g e w h i l e a l l B r i t i s h Co lumbia o p e r a t o r s w e r e p a y i n g

minimum r a t e s of a p p r a i s a l . T h i s l e d many t o b lame t h e i n c r e a s e d

e x p o r t s o n l o w C a n a d i a n t i m b e r a p p r a i s a l s , a n d s t r o n g p u b l i c

p r e s s u r e m o u n t e d i n t h e U.S. f o r c o u n t e r v a i l i n g t a r i f f s . I n many

c a s e s , p e t i t i o n e r s w a n t e d t h e amount o f t h e c o u n t e r v a i l i n g d u t y

t o e q u a l t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n U.S. b i d p r i c e a n d C a n a d i a n

a p p r a i s a l s , w h i c h i n some c a s e s was 12 t o 1 . l 2 C o n s e q u e n t l y , on

December 2 , 1 9 8 1 , t h e Commi t t ee on F i n a n c e o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s

S e n a t e r e q u e s t e d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s I T C t o c o n d u c t a s t u d y

p u r s u a n t t o S e c t i o n 332 o f t h e Tar i f f Ac t o f 1930 on c o n d i t i o n s

r e l a t i n g t o t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f C a n a d i a n s o f t w o o d l u m b e r and t o

compare t h e c o m p e t i t i v e s t a t u s o f b o t h i n d u s t r i e s .

We now t u r n t o a c r i t i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e ITC r e p o r t on

t i m b e r p r i c i n g s y s t e m s .

I T C STUMPAGE COMPARISONS

The I T C compared a v e r a g e s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s o f t h e P a c i f i c

Nor th-West ( W a s h i n g t o n a n d O r e g o n ) w i t h t h o s e o f B r i t i s h Columbia

f o r t h e 1977-81 p e r i o d . They a l s o c o n d u c t e d c o m p a r i s o n s be tween

t h e C o a s t a l r e g i o n o f B r i t i s h Co lumbia a n d W e s t e r n w a s h i n g t o n a n d

Oregon a n d b e t w e e n t h e I n t e r i o r of B r i t i s h Columbia and E a s t e r n

W a s h i n g t o n a n d Oregon. They f o u n d B r i t i s h Columbia s tumpage

p a y m e n t s t o be c o n s i s t e n t l y l o w e r o v e r t h e e n t i r e p e r i o d .

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B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a s t u m p a g e c h a r g e s w e r e a s l o w a s 1 / 6 o f

c o m p a r a b l e P a c i f i c Nor th-West c h a r g e s i n bad m a r k e t y e a r s w h e r e

minimum s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s p r e v a i l e d . I n g o o d m a r k e t y e a r s ,

B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a s t u m p a g e s w e r e s t i l l o n l y 1 / 2 U n i t e d S t a t e s

c h a r g e s . 1 3

B e t h o d o l o - a n d P r o b L a u

Whereas H a l e y compared t r e n d s i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West b i d

v a l u e s w i t h B r i t i s h Co lumbia a p p r a i s e d v a l u e s , t h e I T C a t t e m p t e d

t o compare a n n u a l p a y m e n t s f o r t i m b e r f r o m e a c h r e g i o n . The

o b j e c t i v e o f s u c h a c o m p a r i s o n s h o u l d b e t o d e t e r m i n e d i f f e r e n c e s

i n s t u m p a g e v a l u e s a n d see w h e t h e r t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s d u e t o

f a c t o r s s u c h a s c o n v e r s i o n c o s t s , d i s c e r n i b l e v a l u e d i f f e r e n c e s

i n t h e t i m b e r r e s o u r c e , o r d i f f e r e n t p o l i t i c a l o r s o c i a l

p r i o r i t i e s o f t h e r e g i o n s . I f t h e d i f f e r e n c e i s n o t due t o a n y

s u c h f a c t o r s , t h e n t h e t i m b e r p r i c i n g s y s t e m s may be f a i l i n g t o

p r o p e r l y a s s e s s t i m b e r v a l u e s . I n o r d e r t o r e a c h s u c h a

c o n c l u s i o n , however , a l l s u c h f a c t o r s mus t be a c c o u n t e d f o r i n

t h e c o m p a r i s o n , The ITC s t u d y d i d n o t d o t h i s .

When c o m p a r i n g s u c h l a r g e r e g i o n s as t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West

a n d B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , i t i s u n r e a s o n a b l e t o a s sume t h a t t h e y a r e

i d e n t i c a l i n a l l f a c t o r s w h i c h i m p a c t o n t h e s t u m p a g e

c a l c u l a t i o n . T h e s e f a c t o r s a r e s p e c i e s mix , t i m b e r ' q u a l i t y , a n d

o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s .

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- P r e v i o u s s t u d i e s c o n c e r n i n g s p e c i e s c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e s e two

r e g i o n s h a v e shown t h a t t h e P a c i f i c Nor th -Wes t h a s a more

v a l u a b l e s p e c i e s mix t h a n d o e s B r i t i s h Co lumbia . T h i s i s d u e

m a i n l y t o a much h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n of D o u g l a s - f i r , w h i c h i s a

r e l a t i v e l y v a l u a b l e s p e c i e s . D o u g l a s - f i r a c c o u n t s f o r 49 p e r c e n t

o f t o t a l s o f t w o o d l u m b e r i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West compared w i t h

8 p e r c e n t f o r B r i t i s h Columbia . l 4 To a c c o u n t f o r t h i s

d i f f e r e n c e , t h e ITC t o o k t h e p e r c e n t o f e a c h s p e c i e s h a r v e s t e d i n

W a s h i n g t o n a n d Oregon a n d m u l t i p l i e d t h i s p e r c e n t a g e by t h e p r i c e

p a i d f o r t h e same s p e c i e s i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a t o a r r i v e a t a n

a d j u s t e d c o m p a r a b l e p r i c e . The a c t u a l a d j u s t m e n t v a r i e d f r o m

y e a r t o y e a r a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s h a r e o f e a c h s p e c i e s h a r v e s t e d a n d

t h e p r i c e p a i d f o r e a c h s p e c i e s , b u t t h e I T C r e s u l t s c o n f i r m e d

t h e r e s u l t s of e a r l i e r s t u d i e s , w h i c h i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e P a c i f i c

Nor th-West h a s t h e more v a l u a b l e s p e c i e s mix. To p u t B . C .

s t u m p a g e v a l u e s on a c o m p a r a b l e b a s i s , a 77 p e r c e n t upward

a d j u s t m e n t w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e 1980 h a r v e s t and a 1 0 5

p e r c e n t upward a d j u s t m e n t would be n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e 1981

h a r v e s t . 1 5

However, when a s imilar a d j u s t m e n t f a c t o r was a p p l i e d t o a

c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n t h e C o a s t a l B r i t i s h Co lumbia h a r v e s t and t h e

W e s t e r n R e g i o n o f t h e P a c i f i c Nor th -Wes t , i t was f o u n d t h a t no

a d j u s t m e n t was n e c e s s a r y , a s t h e s p e c i e s mix was v i r t u a l l y

i d e n t i c a l . 16

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L i k e s p e c i e s mix , t i m b e r q u a l i t y i s a n i n h e r e n t v a l u e

d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e r e s o u r c e of t h e two a r e a s , a n d s h o u l d be

a c c o u n t e d f o r i n a n y s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n . P r e v i o u s s t u d i e s by

COFI a n d U.S.F.S. h a v e a r g u e d t h a t g e n e r a l l y t h e q u a l i t y o f

t i m b e r w i t h i n e a c h s p e c i e s i s l o w e r i n B r i t i s h Columbia t h a n

a d j a c e n t P a c i f i c Nor th-West s t a n d s . l 7 T h i s a r g u m e n t was b a s e d o n

c o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e l o g g r a d e mix o f e a c h r e g i o n . The P a c i f i c

Nor th-West l o g g r a d e d i s t r i b u t i o n a p p e a r e d i n a l l c a s e s t o h a v e a

h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f t o p g r a d e l o g s f o r e a c h s p e c i e s . The

r e s u l t s a re f l a w e d , however , by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e l o g g r a d e

s p e c i f i c a t i o n , m e a s u r e m e n t , a n d s c a l i n g s y s t e m s a r e c o m p l e t e l y

d i f f e r e n t i n t h e two r e g i o n s . The P a c i f i c North-West u s e s t h e

S c r i b n e r s c a l i n g s y s t e m , w h i c h e m p l o y s a b o a r d f o o t m e a s u r e . It

i s e s s e n t i a l l y a n e t r e c o v e r y s y s t e m , w h i c h a t t e m p t s t o est imate

t h e e x p e c t e d r e c o v e r y o f o n e i n c h b o a r d s . S i n c e i t i s c l o s e l y

r e l a t e d t o l u m b e r r e c o v e r y a t t h e m i l l , i t a l l o w s f o r many more

d e d u c t i o n s t h a n t h e B r i t i s h Co lumbia Firmwood S c a l e , w h i c h u s e s a - vo lume m e a s u r e a n d g i v e s t h e h i g h e s t n e t v o l u m e s o f a n y s c a l e .

The o n l y a l l o w a b l e d e d u c t i o n s a r e f o r r o t and d e c a y . I t i s n o t

r e l a t e d a t a l l t o t h e o u t t u r n o f a n y m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c t f r o m

t h e l o g . The g r a d i n g r u l e s f r o m t h e s e two s y s t e m s a r e t h e r e f o r e

c o m p l e t e l y i n d e p e n d e n t a n d a n y c o m p a r i s o n o f g r a d e d i s t r i b u t i o n

i s i n h e r e n t l y a r b i t r a r y . A t b e s t , a t h o r o u g h s t u d y ' o f t h e two

g r a d i n g r u l e s a l l o w s one t o s e t up a r b i t r a r y c a t e g o r i e s

c o n c e r n i n g t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e o f S c r i b n e r S c a l e a n d Firmwood

S c a l e l o g s . To a v o i d s u c h a n a r b i t r a r y s o l u t i o n , what i s n e e d e d

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i s a d u a l s c a l e a n a l y s i s o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f l o g s . The

s a m p l e would b e s c a l e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y by b o t h s y s t e m s a n d t h e

r e s u l t s s u b j e c t e d t o a n a l y s i s i n o r d e r t o work o u t t h e p r o p e r

c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r b e t w e e n m e a s u r e m e n t s y s t e m s a n d r e l a t i o n s h i p

b e t w e e n t h e g r a d e s .

The ITC d i d n o t make a n a d j u s t m e n t f o r t i m b e r q u a l i t y . They

f e l t t h a t a p r o p e r a d j u s t m e n t o f t h e k i n d j u s t d e s c r i b e d would

r e q u i r e t o o much time a n d money a n d t h a t a n y o t h e r a t t e m p t would

b e a r b i t r a r y i n l i g h t o f many c o n f l i c t i n g o p i n i o n s t h a t e x i s t e d

c o n c e r n i n g t i m b e r q u a l i t y , F o r e x a m p l e , U n i t e d S t a t e s p r o d u c e r s

h a v e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t r e e s i n B r i t i s h Co lumbia h a v e a b e t t e r

g r o w t h r i n g c o u n t due t o s l o w e r g r o w t h . T h i s would g i v e B r i t i s h

Co lumbia b e t t e r s t r e n g t h c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . B r i t i s h Co lumbia

p r o d u c e r s , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , c l a i m t h a t U n i t e d S t a t e s p r o d u c e r s

h a v e a h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e o f k n o t f r e e wood. Even t h o u g h

d i f f e r e n c e s s u c h a s t h e s e a r e e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t t o e v a l u a t e a n d

q u a n t i f y , t h e I T C t s o m m i s s i o n o f a q u a l i t y a d j u s t m e n t r e p r e s e n t s

a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m w i t h t h e i r r e s u l t s , H a l e y t s a d j u s t m e n t f o r

t i m b e r q u a l i t y , e v e n t h o u g h b a s e d o n a r b i t r a r y l o g g r a d e

c o r r e l a t i o n s , showed t h a t t i m b e r q u a l i t y c a n a c c o u n t f o r a

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n s t u m p a g e v a l u e s .

Even t h o u g h t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e g r a d i n g s y s t e m s was

n o t c a l c u l a t e d , i t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f c o m p a r i s o n t o

p r e s e n t b o t h s t u m p a g e r a t e s i n a common volume u n i t . Thus , a n

a p p r o p r i a t e c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r b e t w e e n b o a r d f e e t a n d c u b i c m e t e r s

m u s t be d e t e r m i n e d . T h i s f a c t o r c o u l d r a n g e , t h e o r e t i c a l l y , f r o m

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9 .9 c u b i c m e t e r s b e i n g e q u a l t o 1 0 0 0 b o a r d f e e t f o r a 4" t o p

d i a m e t e r 40 f o o t l o g t o 3.7 c u b i o m e t e r s b e i n g e q u a l t o 1000

b o a r d f e e t f o r a 40" t o p d i a m e t e r 40 f o o t l o g . l 9 The t r u e f a c t o r

v a r i e s w i t h t h e d e d u c t i o n s s c a l e d f r o m l o g s , t h e l o g s c a l e r , a n d ,

i n g e n e r a l , a l l o t h e r v a r i a b l e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s c a l i n g . T h u s ,

a g a i n , t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r s h o u l d come f r o m a d u a l

s c a l e a n a l y s i s o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f l o g s .

P r i c e W a t e r h o u s e h a s c o n d u c t e d s u c h s t u d i e s , a 1 t h o u g h o n l y

f o r a l i m i t e d number o f s p e c i e s f o r t h e C o a s t a l r e g i o n o f t h e

P a c i f i c Nor th-West a n d B r i t i s h Co lumbia . On t h e b a s i s o f 6 2

s a m p l e s o f Hemlock a n d D o u g l a s - f i r l o g s , t h e y f o u n d t h e a v e r a g e

c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r s c o u l d r a n g e f r o m 5 . 3 8 c u b i c m e t e r s p e r

t h o u s a n d b o a r d f e e t t o 5 .95 c u b i c m e t e r s p e r t h o u s a n d b o a r d

f e e t . 20 $

G i v e n t h a t a p r i c e c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n r e g i o n s would be

s e n s i t i v e t o t h i s m e a s u r e , a n d g i v e n t h e r a n g e o f a v e r a g e

c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r s , a d u a l s c a l i n g a n a l y s i s i s u s u a l l y

a p p r o p r i a t e . I f i t i s n o t d o n e , t h e n a r b i t r a r y a s s u m p t i o n s m u s t

be made. The I T C made s u c h a s s u m p t i o n s . They assumed a n a v e r a g e

l o g d i a m e t e r o f 15" , w h i c h y i e l d e d a n a v e r a g e c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r

o f 5 . 6 6 c u b i o m e t e r s p e r t h o u s a n d b o a r d f e e t .

B i d v s . A ~ ~ r u e d Val=

Some p r o b l e m s w i t h m a k i n g a n n u a l c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n b i d

p r i c e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d B r i t i s h Co lumbia s t u m p a g e

a p p r a i s a l s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n d i s c u s s e d . B a s i c a l l y , t i m b e r b i d s

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i n a g i v e n y e a r a r e on t i m b e r i n t e n d e d f o r f u t u r e c u t t i n g . F o r

t h e p u r p o s e s of y e a r - b y - y e a r c o m p a r i s o n s , payments f o r t i m b e r

a c t u a l l y c u t i n a g i v e n y e a r a r e more a p p r o p r i a t e . Thus , t h e

d a t a u s e d by t h e ITC were o n l y f o r t h e t i m b e r a c t u a l l y c u t y e a r

by y e a r o v e r t h e 1977-81 p e r i o d . T h e s e d a t a w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m

U.S.F.S. c u t a n d s o l d t i m b e r r e p o r t s a n d w e r e g e n e r a l l y

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f p a s t b i d d i n g . The d a t a , however , w e r e n o t

n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e o p e r a t o r ' s t r u e s t u m p a g e c o s t .

The P a c i f i c Nor th-West h a s a t i m b e r u t i l i z a t i o n s y s t e m w h i c h

a t t e m p t s t o e n c o u r a g e u t i l i z a t i o n o f low g r a d e m a t e r i a l . A l l

s u c h m a t e r i a l be low minimum u t i l i z a t i o n s t a n d a r d s i s a p p r a i s e d

s e p a r a t e l y a n d i s s o l d on a lump-sum p e r a c r e b a s i s r a t h e r t h a n

o n a s c a l e d b a s i s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h i s m a t e r i a l may be d i s r e g a r d e d

w i t h o u t p e n a l t y i f t h e o p e r a t o r f e e l s h e c a n n o t p r o f i t f r o m i t s

r e m o v a l . 2 1 An o p e r a t o r c a n s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r h i s o v e r a l l u n i t

s t u m p a g e c o s t by r e c o v e r i n g a h i g h volume o f t h i s m a t e r i a l , f o r

w h i c h h e p a y s - a lump sum. However, s i n c e t h i s m a t e r i a l i s n o t

s c a l e d o r r e c o r d e d , i t s i m p a c t i s n o t r e f l e c t e d i n c u t . t i m b e r

d a t a . - A d j u s t m e n t s w e r e a l s o n e c e s s a r y f o r r o a d c r e d i t s a n d

c u r r e n c y . G i v e n t h e e x c h a n g e d i f f e r e n t i a l , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o

e x p r e s s a l l c o s t f i g u r e s i n t e r m s o f a common c u r r e n c y , a n d t h e

U.S. d o l l a r was u s e d . On U n i t e d S t a t e s p u b l i c l a n d s , t h e

o p e r a t o r h a s t h e o p t i o n o f b u i l d i n g h i s own r o a d s o r h a v i n g t h e

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s e r v i c e p r o v i d e d by t h e U.S.F.S. I f t h e s e c o n d o p t i o n i s c h o s e n ,

t h e r o a d b u i l d i n g c o s t s a r e a d d e d t o t h e a p p r a i s e d v a l u e o f t h e

s t u m p a g e t o y i e l d t h e a d v e r t i s e d r a t e , i . e . , t h e minimum p r i c e a t

w h i c h t h e t i m b e r w i l l s e l l . I n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , a l l r o a d

b u i l d i n g i s done by t h e o p e r a t o r . Thus , i n a s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n

b e t w e e n r e g i o n s , t h e s e r o a d c r e d i t s would h a v e t o be d e d u c t e d

f rom U n i t e d S t a t e s s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s t o y i e l d a c o m p a r a b l e

c h a r g e .

I n sum, t h e a d j u s t m e n t s made by t h e ITC i n t h e i r s t u m p a g e

c o m p a r i s o n were f o r s p e c i e s , r o a d , c r e d i t s , c u r r e n c y , a n d b i d vs .

c u r r e n t p a y m e n t s f o r t i m b e r , - A n a l y s i s o f o p e r a t i n g c o s t s , i . e . , t h e c o s t s o f h a r v e s t i n g

a n d t r a n s p o r t i n g t h e t i m b e r f r o m t h e s t u m p t o t h e m a r k e t , w e r e

n o t c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e I T C s t u m p a g e a n a l y s i s , T h i s was p r o b a b l y

b e c a u s e d e t a i l e d d a t a o n l o g g i n g o p e r a t i o n s are d i f f i c u l t t o

o b t a i n , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n B r i t i s h Co lumbia , d u e t o t h e F o r e s t

S e r v i c e f s p o l i c y o f s e c r e c y . To i n d i r e c t l y g a u g e t h e i m p o r t a n c e

o f o p e r a t i n g c o s t s t h e ITC c o n d u c t e d l o g p r i c e c o m p a r i s o n s .

C l e a r l y i f l o g p r i c e s were s i m i l a r , b u t s t u m p a g e d i f f e r e d , t h e

e x p l a n a t i o n h a d t o l i e i n d i f f e r i n g c o s t s .

1

The ITC c o n d u c t e d l o g p r i c e c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n s a l e s

r e p o r t e d on t h e Vancouver Log Marke t ( a s c o m p i l e d by COFI) a n d

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d o m e s t i c l o g s a l e s f r o m t h e P a c i f i c Nor th -Wes t ( a s r e p o r t e d by

t h e I n d u s t r i a l F o r e s t r y A s s o c i a t i o n { I F A ) ) . A f t e r a d j u s t m e n t f o r

s p e c i e s d i f f e r e n c e s , t h e I T C f o u n d t h a t t h e a v e r a g e Vancouver l o g

p r i c e s w e r e 15 t o 25 p e r c e n t be low t h o s e r e p o r t e d by t h e IFA o v e r

t h e 1977-81 p e r i o d . 22

The ITC c o n c l u d e d , on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r s t u m p a g e a n d l o g

p r i c e c o m p a r i s o n r e s u l t s , t h a t a s u b s t a n t i a l p o r t i o n o f t h e l a r g e

s t u m p a g e d i f f e r e n t i a l t h a t t h e y f o u n d c o u l d b e e x p l a i n e d by t h e

c o s t s of h a r v e s t i n g a n d t r a n s p o r t i n g t h e t i m b e r f r o m t h e s tump t o

t h e m a r k e t a n d t h a t C a n a d i a n c l a i m s o f . h i g h e r l o g g i n g c o s t s

a p p e a r e d j u s t i f i e d .

A l t h o u g h l o g m a r k e t c o m p a r i s o n s c i r c u m v e n t t h e d i f f i c u l t

p r o b l e m o f c o m p a r i n g b i d s w i t h a p p r a i s a l s , a l l o f t h e o t h e r

p r o b l e m s w i t h s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n s a l s o a p p l y t o l o g p r i c e

c o m p a r i s o n s . A p p r o p r i a t e c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f t h e two d i f f e r e n t

s c a l i n g a n d m e a s u r e m e n t p r a c t i c e s a r e a s e s s e n t i a l t o a l o g p r i c e ,

c o m p a r i s o n as t o a s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n . T h i s was n o t done by t h e

I T C a n d t h e r e f o r e , t h e i r l o g p r i c e c o m p a r i s o n was o n l y a d j u s t e d

f o r s p e c i e s . T h i s l e a v e s o p e n t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e l o g p r i c e

d i f f e r e n t i a l may be c o m p l e t e l y a c c o u n t e d f o r by t h e h i g h e r t i m b e r

q u a l i t y o f t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West r e g i o n . Hence , t h e l a r g e

s t u m p a g e d i f f e r e n t i a l t h a t was u n c o v e r e d by t h e ITC c o u l d be

c o m p l e t e l y e x p l a i n e d by l o w e r t i m b e r q u a l i t y o f t h e 'B.C. r e s o u r c e

a n d i t s h i g h e r h a r v e s t i n g a n d t o - m a r k e t h a u l i n g c o s t s . Thus,

u n t i l a l l a d j u s t m e n t s i n a t i m b e r a l o g p r i c e c o m p a r i s o n a r e

made, i t i s n o t c l e a r t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t i m b e r v a l u e s be tween

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. r e g i o n s a re d u e t o e r r o r s i n t h e t i m b e r p r i c i n g s y s t e m o f o n e

r e g i o n o r t h e o t h e r o r a r e due t o e x p l a i n a b l e f a c t o r s s u c h a s

r e s o u r c e q u a l i t y o r o p e r a t i n g c o s t s .

F i n a l l y , t h e r e i s a f u n d a m e n t a l w e a k n e s s i n t h e l o g m a r k e t

c o m p a r i s o n s c o n d u c t e d by t h e I T C , w h i c h i n v o l v e s t h e v a l i d i t y o f

p r i c e s f r o m b o t h m a r k e t s . F o r many y e a r s , i t h a s b e e n a r g u e d

t h a t t h e V a n c o u v e r l o g m a r k e t i s n e i t h e r c o m p e t i t i v e n o r

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e t o t a l C o a s t a l c u t . The p r i c e d a t a a r e

s u b m i t t e d t o t h e i n d u s t r y a s s o c i a t i o n (COFI) on a v o l u n t a r y b a s i s - a n d a r e s u p p o s e d t o r e p r e s e n t w a r m s - l e n g t h w t r a n s a c t i o n s . These

d a t a , h o w e v e r , u s u a l l y r e p r e s e n t o n l y 15 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l

C o a s t a l c u t , w i t h t h e r e m a i n d e r b e i n g a c c o u n t e d f o r by

i n t r a c o m p a n y t r a n s f e r s among f i r m ~ . ~ 3 I n 1 9 8 1 , C e d a r s i n c l u d i n g

C y p r e s s were t h e p r i m a r y s p e c i e s s o l d o n t h e Vancouver Log

M a r k e t , a c c o u n t i n g f o r 47 p e r c e n t o f s a l e s . O t h e r m a j o r s a l e s

were h e m l o c k , w h i c h a c c o u n t e d f o r 26 p e r c e n t o f s a l e s , a n d

D o u g l a s - f i r , v h i c h a c c o u n t e d f o r 12 p e r c e n t of s a l e s . I n

c o n t r a s t , t h e s e t h r e e s p e c i e s a c c o u n t e d f o r 37 p e r c e n t , 41

p e r c e n t , a n d 9 p e r c e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y o f t h e t o t a l C o a s t a l

h a r v e s t . 2 4 It a p p e a r s t h e n t h a t d o u b t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e v a l i d i t y

o f t h e V a n c o u v e r Log M a r k e t p r i c e s a r e j u s t i f i e d . F u r t h e r m o r e ,

i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o s a y t o wha t e x t e n t f i r m s c o l l u d e t o s u p p r e s s . l o g p r i c e s , g i v e n t h e h i g h d e g r e e o f m a r k e t c o n c e n t r i t i o n among

h o l d e r s o f t i m b e r r i g h t s i n t h e C o a s t a l B.C. r e g i o n .

S i m i l a r p r o b l e m s e x i s t w i t h t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West m a r k e t .

D a t a a r e s u b m i t t e d t o t h e i n d u s t r y a s s o c i a t i o n ( I F A ) , a l s o on a

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v o l u n t a r y b a s i s , a n d t h e s e d a t a o n l y r e p r e s e n t 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e

saw t i m b e r h a r v e s t i n W e s t e r n W a s h i n g t o n a n d Oregon. 25 Thus ,

a l t h o u g h IFA s t a t i s t i c s a r e b e l i e v e d t o be t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e f o r

m a r k e t l o g p r i c e s i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th -Wes t , t h e r e i s some d o u b t

a s t o how a c c u r a t e l y t h e y r e p r e s e n t l o g v a l u e s .

a r v a n d C o n w o n s

The e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e s t u d i e s w h i c h h a v e a t t e m p t e d d i r e c t

c o m p a r i s o n o f s t u m p a g e s b e t w e e n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West a n d

B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a h a v e n o t shown c l e a r l y t h a t B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ' s

p u b l i c t i m b e r c h a r g e s a r e i n a d e q u a t e . T h e r e h a v e b e e n

d i f f i c u l t i e s i n n e t t i n g o u t t h e component o f t h e b i d p r i c e w h i c h

r e f l e c t s t h e c u r r e n t v a l u e o f t h e t i m b e r , b u t t h i s i s c l e a r l y

n e c e s s a r y i f c o m p a r i s o n s a r e on a n a n n u a l b a s i s . Log p r i c e

c o m p a r i s o n s c a n a v o i d t h i s p r o b l e m a n d , when u s e d t o g e t h e r w i t h

s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n s , c a n g i v e a r o u g h i d e a o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f ,

d i f f e r e n c e s i n l o g g i n g c o s t s . However, t h e l a c k o f a d j u s t m e n t - f o r g r a d e o m i t s a n i m p o r t a n t e x p l a n a t o r y f a c t o r i n s t u m p a g e

v a l u e , a n d t h e r e i s d o u b t as t o how r e l i a b l e l o g m a r k e t d a t a a r e

a s a b a s i s f o r g e n e r a l i z a t i o n .

act o f t h e I T C R e ~ o r t

The I T C was n o t c o n c e r n e d w i t h s e t t l i n g t h e v a r i o u s i s s u e s

a t t h e c o u n t e r v a i l i n g d u t y h e a r i n g s . They s o u g h t t o e s t a b l i s h

w h e t h e r t h e r e was i n f a c t n s u b s t a n t i a l i n j u r y n t o t h e U.S.

p r o d u c e r s f r o m i n c r e a s e d i m p o r t s . On t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r

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e v i d e n c e , w h i c h i n d i c a t e d t h a t C a n a d i a n raw m a t e r i a l c o s t s w e r e

l o w e r t h a n c o m p a r a b l e U. S. c o s t s , f u r t h e r h e a r i n g s w e r e

s c h e d u l e d .

The a l l e g a t i o n s o f t h e U . S. p r o d u c e r s c o n c e r n i n g C a n a d i a n

s t u m p a g e a p p r a i s a l s w e r e n o t s u b s e q u e n t l y u p h e l d by t h e I T A , who

r u l e d t h a t i n o r d e r f o r a c o u n t e r v a i l i n g d u t y t o be i m p o s e d ,

t h e r e w o u l d h a v e t o be p r o o f t h a t C a n a d i a n s t u m p a g e a p p r a i s a l s

a l t e r g e n e r a l e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f s p e c i f i c

p r o d u c e r s o r a s p e c i f i c s e c t o r o f t h e economy, a n d t h i s c l e a r l y

d o e s n o t h a p p e n . The I T A a l s o s t a t e d t h a t t h e i s s u e of

c r o s s - b o r d e r c o m p a r i s o n s was t o o complex t o make m e a n i n g f u l

c o m p a r i s o n s . However, t h e y f e l t t h a t w h e r e a t t e m p t s w e r e made t o

q u a n t i f y a n d a c c o u n t f o r a s many f a c t o r s a s p o s s i b l e , t h e r e s u l t s

i n d i c a t e d t h a t C a n a d i a n s t u m p a g e a p p r a i s a l s d i d n o t a p p e a r t o be

u n d e r p r i c i n g t i m b e r .

We now t u r n t o c r i t i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e s e r e s u l t s w i t h

t h e s h o r t c o m i n g s o f p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s i n mind.

JOINT REPORT

The C a n a d i a n S o f t w o o d Lumber Commi t t ee c o m m i s s i o n e d a s t u d y

w h i c h was p r e s e n t e d a t t h e c o u n t e r v a i l i n g d u t y h e a r i n g s t h a t were

c o n d u c t e d by t h e ITA. The s t u d y was p r e p a r e d by a teHm o f b o t h

U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d C a n a d i a n c o n s u l t a n t s ; c o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e s t u d y

came t o be known a s t h e J o i n t R e p o r t . The a im o f t h e s t u d y was

t o show t h a t when a l l f a c t o r s w h i c h i n f l u e n c e a s tumpage

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c o m p a r i s o n a re a c c o u n t e d f o r a n d a p p r o p r i a t e a d j u s t m e n t s made,

C a n a d i a n l u m b e r p r o d u c e r s d i d n o t h a v e a raw m a t e r i a l a d v a n t a g e

o v e r U n i t e d S t a t e s p r o d u c e r s . The p h a s e o f t h e J o i n t R e p o r t t h a t

c o n c e r n e d i n t e r - r e g i o n a l s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n s was p r e s e n t e d i n

t w o - p a r t s . The f i r s t was p r e s e n t e d i n F e b r u a r y 1983 a n d was

b a s e d o n t h e 1980 h a r v e s t , a y e a r when e n d p r o d u c t m a r k e t s w e r e

f o r t h e m o s t p a r t b u o y a n t . The s e c o n d was p r e s e n t e d i n A p r i l

1983 a n d b a s e d on t h e 1982 h a r v e s t , when e n d p r o d u c t m a r k e t s w e r e

d e p r e s s e d . The r e a s o n f o r b o t h p r e s e n t a t i o n s was t o g i v e a

b a l a n c e d v i e w o f t h e c o m p a r i s o n s i n b o t h good a n d b a d m a r k e t

y e a r s , a s t h e ITC h a d done. The s t u d y was v e r y b r o a d i n s c o p e

a n d p r o v i d e d c r o s s - b o r d e r c o m p a r i s o n s f o r a l l m a j o r r e g i o n s o f

t h e U.S. a n d Canada. I n e v a l u a t i n g t h e e v i d e n c e , w e a r e

c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e i r c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e Mount B a k e r - S n o q u a l m i e

N a t i o n a l F o r e s t v s . Vancouver F o r e s t R e g i o n . T h i s c o m p a r i s o n

r e p r e s e n t e d t h e l a r g e s t s h a r e o f t h e t o t a l r e s o u r c e s d e v o t e d t o

t h e s t u d y , s i n c e H a l e y l s p a p e r made a s i m i l a r c o m p a r i s o n a n d m o s t

o f t h e p e t i t i o n e r s s e e k i n g a c o u n t e r v a i l i n g t a r i f f w e r e f r o m t h e

C o a s t a l P a c i f i c Nor th-West r e g i o n .

The b a s i s o f t h e c o m p a r i s o n was d e l i v e r e d l o g c o s t . A f t e r

v a r i o u s a d j u s t m e n t s t o c o r r e c t f o r i n t e r - r e g i o n a l a p p r a i s a l

d i f f e r e n c e s , a p p r a i s e d l o g g i n g c o s t s f o r e a c h r e g i o n w e r e a d d e d

t o a c t u a l c a s h s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s f o r e a c h r e g i o n t o o b t a i n a

t o t a l c o s t o f d e l i v e r e d l o g s . I n e f f e c t , t h i s a p p r o a c h i s

s i m i l a r t o a l o g p r i c e c o m p a r i s o n . However, g i v e n t h e a b s e n c e o f

r e l i a b l e l o g p r i c e d a t a , t h e J o i n t R e p o r t ' s a p p r o a c h would a p p e a r

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t o b e a n a l t e r n a t i v e means o f e x p l i c i t l y a c c o u n t i n g f o r t h e c o s t s

o f h a r v e s t i n g a n d h a u l i n g o f t h e t i m b e r i n t h e s t u m p a g e

c o m p a r i s o n .

The r e s u l t s o f t h e 1980 c o m p a r i s o n a r e p r e s e n t e d i n

s u m m a r i z e d f o r m i n T a b l e 111, a n d t h e 1 9 8 2 c o m p a r i s o n r e s u l t s are

p r e s e n t e d i n t h e same manner i n T a b l e I V . I n s h o r t , t h e y show

t h a t when c a s h s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s a r e p u t on a c o m p a r a b l e b a s i s

f o r e a c h r e g i o n , B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ' s s t u m p a g e payments a r e

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West payments i n a

good y e a r , a n d i n t h e bad m a r k e t y e a r o f 1982 t h e c o m p a r a b l e

f i g u r e was 30 p e r c e n t . B o t h r e s u l t s a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r t h a n

t h e f i g u r e s t h e I T C r e p o r t e d . M o r e o v e r , t h i s a p p e a r t o be a l m o s t

c o m p l e t e l y e x p l a i n e d by h i g h e r l o g g i n g c o s t s i n t h e C a n a d i a n

r e g i o n . T h i s r e s u l t was a l s o i n d i c a t e d by ITC l o g p r i c e

c o m p a r i s o n s . We now e x a m i n e t h e c a t e g o r i e s o f T a b l e I11 a n d I V

more c l o s e l y .

h S t u m ~ a n e P u m e n t a

The a u t h o r s o f t h e J o i n t R e p o r t , l i k e t h e ITC, o n l y

c o n s i d e r e d p a y m e n t s made f o r t i m b e r c u t i n 1980. F o r t h e Mount

B a k e r r e g i o n , t h e 1980 h a r v e s t was t h e r e s u l t o f 95 c o n t r a c t s

a w a r d e d b e t w e e n 1973 a n d 1980 . The m a j o r i t y ( 6 7 ) w e r e a w a r d e d

o v e r t h e 1978-80 p e r i o d . 2 6 The a c t u a l p a y m e n t s f o r t h e 1980

h a r v e s t , t h e n , r e f l e c t e d b i d s o n t h e s e c o n t r a c t s . The payments

on t h e a c t u a l raw t i m b e r h a r v e s t w e r e f o u n d t o a v e r a g e

$ 1 0 8 / r n b f . ~ 7 The a u t h o r s o f t h e J o i n t R e p o r t made a n a d d i t i o n a l

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TABLE I11

SUMMARY OF CROSS-BORDER COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MT. BAKER-SNOQUALMIE NATIONAL FOREST A N D

THE VANCOUVER FOREST REGION - 1980

COST ITEMS MT. - Annua l R e n t a l s

C u r r e n t S tumpage Payments

- i n c a s h $ 88.26 - i n p e r m a n e n t r o a d b u i l d i n g 17 77 - in s p e c i e s a n d q u a l i t y d i f f e r e n c e s

T o t a l S tumpage C o s t $106.03

O p e r a t i n g C o s t 125.02

D e l i v e r e d Log C o s t Log S c a l e

D e l i v e r e d Log C o s t Lumber T a l l y

S o u r c e : u n t R e ~ o r t , Volume 11, p. 20

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TABLE I V

SUMMARY OF CROSS-BORDER COMPARISON BETWEEN THE MT. BAKER-SNOQUALMIE NATIONAL FOREST A N D

THE VANCOUVER FOREST REGION - 1982

COST- ITEMS JiL-kwU V A N C O U V E R REGION $(U.S. ) $ ( $ d n . 1 $(Cdn. 1 $( U. S. 1 /mbf LS / m /mbf LS /mbf LS

Annua l R e n t a l s $ 0.35 $ 1 .84 $ 1.57

C u r r e n t S t u m p a g e Payments

- i n c a s h $ 50 .92 $ 3 . 5 2 $ 18.53 $ 15 .01 - i n p e r m a n e n t r o a d b u i l d i n g 20 .85 4 .52 2 3 . 7 9 1 9 . 2 7 - i n s p e c i e s a n d q u a l i t y d i f f e r e n c e s 0.29 u d

T o t a l S tumpage C o s t 8 71 .83 $ 8 . 6 8 $ 45 .69 $ 3 7 - 0 1

O p e r a t i n g C o s t uL3.4 41.46 218.21 176.75

D e l i v e r e d Log C o s t Log S c a l e $207 6 7

D e l i v e r e d Log C o s t Lumber T a l l y $159.75

S o u r c e : -entarv J o i n t R e ~ o r t , p. 6

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a d j u s t m e n t t h a t was n o t made by t h e I T C . I n t h e d i s c u s s i o n i n

t h e ITC r e p o r t , i t was m e n t i o n e d t h a t m a t e r i a l be low minimum

u t i l i z a t i o n s t a n d a r d s was s o l d on a p e r a c r e b a s i s , b u t u s u a l l y

was n o t s c a l e d o r r e c o r d e d by t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e a n d t h u s t h e

d a t a - o n p a y m e n t s f o r t h e c u t t i m b e r would n o t r e f l e c t i t . The

a u t h o r s o f t h e J o i n t R e p o r t i d e n t i f i e d t h i s m a t e r i a l and a r r i v e d

a t t h e $88.26/mbf f i g u r e shown i n T a b l e 111. T h i s r e s u l t \

c o n f i r m s t h e e a r l i e r d i s c u s s i o n o f ITC r e s u l t s : a n o p e r a t o r c a n

h a v e h i s u n i t c o s t r e d u c e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y by t h e lump sum manner

of payment f o r s u c h m a t e r i a l .

The f i g u r e s shown i n T a b l e I11 f o r Mount B a k e r c a s h s t u m p a g e

p a y m e n t s ( $ 8 8 . 2 6 ) a n d B r i t i s h Co lumbia c a s h p a y m e n t s ( $ 6 1 . 7 8 ) a re

s t i l l n o t d i r e c t l y c o m p a r a b l e , however . A l t h o u g h t h e s t u m p a g e

a p p r a i s a l s y s t e m s i n b o t h B.C. a n d t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West a r e

b a s e d on t h e same g e n e r a l a p p r o a c h , t h e y a r e n o t i d e n t i c a l .

T h e r e i s a d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n r e g i o n s c o n c e r n i n g p h y s i c a l

s t a n d a r d s by which t i m b e r i s r e c o v e r e d . I n B r i t i s h Co lumbia

r i g i d u n i f o r m u t i l i z a t i o n s t a n d a r d s e x i s t w h i c h i n e f f e c t r e q u i r e

t h a t a l l low g r a d e wood a b o v e a minimum s i z e a n d minimum s o l i d

wood c o n t e n t b e removed, e v e n i f i t y i e l d s a n e g a t i v e r e t u r n ;

o t h e r w i s e , p e n a l t i e s a r e i m p o s e d f o r w a s t e . Such wood i s s u b j e c t

t o t h e same r a t e o f s tumpage a s a l l o t h e r l o g s o f t h e same

s p e c i e s i n t h e s t a n d , and t h i s r a t e c a n n o t be l ess t h a n t h e

S t a t u t o r y Minimum s tumpage r a t e . The P a c i f i c Nor th-West , a s d o e s

B r i t i s h Co lumbia , h a s u t i l i z a t i o n s t a n d a r d s w h i c h e n c o u r a g e t h e

r e m o v a l of low g r a d e wood. A s d e s c r i b e d , t h i s r e s u l t s i n t h i s

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wood b e i n g a p p r a i s e d s e p a r a t e l y a n d s o l d o n a lump sum b a s i s .

T h i s e n c o u r a g e s t h e o p e r a t o r t o r e c o v e r e v e r y p i e c e o f wood t h a t

i s w o r t h a s much a s , o r more t h a n , t h e i n c r e m e n t a l c o s t o f

r e c o v e r i n g i t . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e o p e r a t o r h a s t h e o p t i o n o f

d i s r e g a r d i n g t h i s m a t e r i a l w i t h o u t p e n a l t y i f h e f e e l s h e c a n n o t

p r o f i t f r o m i t s r e m o v a l . No s u c h o p t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e

B r i t i s h Co lumbia o p e r a t o r . The n e t e f f e c t o f t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s

n o t e n t i r e l y c l e a r . I n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ' s u t i l i z a t i o n s y s t e m ,

t h e e f f e c t s o f t h i s i n c r e m e n t a l wood t e n d s t o be d i s g u i s e d by t h e

a v e r a g i n g o f c o s t s a n d r e v e n u e s i n t h e s t u m p a g e a p p r a i s a l .

However, i t i s l i k e l y t h a t Crown s t u m p a g e r e v e n u e would be h i g h e r

i f a p h y s i c a l u t i l i z a t i o n s t a n d a r d s i m i l a r t o t h a t u s e d i n t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s e x i s t e d i n B r i t i s h Co lumbia . The c o s t s o f r e m o v i n g

s u c h s u b m a r g i n a l m a t e r i a l a r e v e r y h i g h a n d t h e r e v e n u e s r e c e i v e d

v e r y l o w , i f n o t z e r o . T h e r e f o r e , t h e a v e r a g e c o s t s o f t i m b e r

h a r v e s t i n g a r e i n c r e a s e d a n d i t s a v e r a g e v a l u e d e c r e a s e d . I n

a d d i t i o n t o t h i s , t h e B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a u t i l i z a t i o n s y s t e m

p r o b a b l y i n t e r f e r e s w i t h t h e i n c e n t i v e o f o p e r a t o r s t o remove

t i m b e r t o t h e t r u e e c o n o m i c m a r g i n . 28

A s e c o n d d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e two r e g i o n s l i e s i n t h e

a p p r a i s a l s y s t e m . The U . S. u s e s s t a n d - a s - a - w h o l e a p p r a i s a l s

w h e r e a s B r i t i s h Co lumbia a p p r a i s e s t i m b e r by s p e c i e s and e a c h

s p e c i e s i s s u b j e c t t o a minimum a p p l i c a b l e c h a r g e . 29. When a l l

s p e c i e s i n a s t a n d are a p p r a i s e d a b o v e minimum r a t e s , t h e r e i s no

d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e two m e t h o d s . However, u n d e r c e r t a i n m a r k e t

c o n d i t i o n s t h e a p p r a i s a l w i l l i n d i c a t e n e g a t i v e s t u m p a g e s , i .e . ,

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t h e t o t a l a l l o w a n c e f o r p r o f i t a n d r i s k a n d c o n v e r s i o n c o s t s

e x c e e d t h e t o t a l s e l l i n g p r i c e . If a s t a n d o f t i m b e r c o n t a i n s

some s p e c i e s w h i c h a r e a p p r a i s e d a b o v e minimum a n d some be low,

t h e n t h e two a p p r a i s a l s y s t e m s w i l l y i e l d d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s . The

s t a n d - a s - a - w h o l e me thod i n v o l v e s b a l a n c i n g n e g a t i v e s t u m p a g e s

a g a i n s t p o s i t i v e s t u m p a g e s . T h i s r e s u l t s i n l o w e r o v e r a l l

s t u m p a g e s i n mixed s t a n d s . Minimum s t u m p a g e r a t e s a p p l y , b u t

o n l y a g a i n s t t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f t h e s t a n d . I n B r i t i s h

C o l u m b i a , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s p e c i e s t h a t a r e a p p r a i s e d be low

minimum r a t e s a r e c h a r g e d minimum r a t e s a n d a l l o t h e r s p e c i e s a r e

c h a r g e d t h e f u l l r a t e . The n e t e f f e c t o f t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s t h a t

s u b s t a n t i a l l y l o w e r s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s w o u l d r e s u l t i n B . C . i f t h e

s t a n d - a s - a - w h o l e a p p r a i s a l s y s t e m w e r e u s e d .

The e f f e c t o f t h i s d i f f e r e n c e was p r o b a b l y m i n i m a l d u r i n g

t h e 1980 h a r v e s t , a s m a r k e t s w e r e b u o y a n t . However, much o f t h e

1982 h a r v e s t h a d a p p r a i s a l s w h i c h i n d i c a t e d n e g a t i v e s t u m p a g e s ,

a n d h e n c e minimum r a t e s p r e v a i l e d . Thus , i t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e - f i g u r e f o r c a s h s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s f o r B .C . i n T a b l e I V o v e r s t a t e s

t h e v a l u e o f t h e h a r v e s t .

F i n a l l y i t was l i k e l y t h a t t h e h a r v e s t f r o m t h e Mount B a k e r

R e g i o n was n o t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a n o r m a l y e a r i n 1982. U.S.

o p e r a t o r s do n o t f a c e minimum c u t r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d many o p e r a t o r s

d i d n o t c u t i n 1982. T h o s e t h a t d i d n o t h a v e t i m e r ' e m a i n i n g on

t h e i r c o n t r a c t s w e r e a w a r d e d e x t e n s i o n s . Hence, t h e t i m b e r c u t

i n 1982 i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West was p r o b a b l y t h e l o w e s t p r i c e

s t u m p a g e a v a i l a b l e . The t o t a l Mount B a k e r 1982 h a r v e s t was, i n

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f a c t , 35 p e r c e n t l o w e r t h a n t h e 1980 t o t a l . F o r t h e V a n c o u v e r

r e g i o n , t h e c o m p a r a b l e f i g u r e was 20 p e r c e n t a n d a s m e n t i o n e d ,

minimum s t u m p a g e r a t e s p r e v a i l e d . 3 • ‹ Thus , r e l a t i v e t o a n o r m a l

y e a r , s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s i n t h e V a n c o u v e r r e g i o n w e r e u n u s u a l l y

h i g h i n r e l a t i o n t o U.S. Payments . - Annual r e n t a l s w e r e a l s o a d d e d t o B r i t i s h Co lumbia s t u m p a g e

payments . T h e s e r e p r e s e n t c h a r g e s i n a d d i t i o n t o s t u m p a g e t h a t

a r e p a i d a s a r e s u l t o f t e n u r e a g r e e m e n t . B e c a u s e U . S . p r o d u c e r s

d o n o t b e a r s u c h o h a r g e s , i t was f e l t i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f

f a i r n e s s , t h a t a l l c h a r g e s a g a i n s t t h e t i m b e r r e s o u r c e o f t h e

r e g i o n s s h o u l d b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t . The i n c l u s i o n o f a n n u a l

r e n t a l s i s d e b a t a b l e , however . T h e r e i s no o f f s e t o f t h e s e

c h a r g e s a g a i n s t s t u m p a g e , a s t h e y a r e n o t v i e w e d by t h e Crown a s

p a r t of t h e r e s o u r c e r e n t . R a t h e r , t h e y a r e v i e w e d a s a c h a r g e

a g a i n s t t h e s e c u r i t y p r o v i d e d by t h e t e n u r e f o r m , i . e . , i n r e t u r n

f o r s e c u r e t i m b e r s u p p l y , t h e Crown i s e x t r a c t i n g a p r i c e . The

more s e c u r e t h e t e n u r e a g r e e m e n t , t h e h i g h e r t h e a n n u a l r e n t a l ,

a n d h e n c e t h e h i g h e s t r e n t a l i s p a i d by h o l d e r s o f TFL1s. 3 1

T h e r e f o r e , s i n c e U . S . p u b l i c t i m b e r h o l d e r s do n o t h a v e s u c h

g u a r a n t e e s o f a s e c u r e t i m b e r s u p p l y , t h e t e n u r e c h a r g e s s h o u l d

be e x c l u d e d i n o r d e r t h a t p a y m e n t s f o r t i m b e r are p u t o n a

c o m p a r a b l e b a s i s .

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- A s m e n t i o n e d b e f o r e , U n i t e d S t a t e s o p e r a t o r s h a v e t h e o p t i o n

of b u i l d i n g t h e i r own l o g g i n g r o a d s o r h a v i n g t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e

d o t h i s f o r them a n d t h e n h a v i n g t h e r o a d c o s t s a d d e d t o t h e i r

s t u m p a g e payments . To p u t r o a d c o s t s on a c o m p a r a b l e b a s i s , t h e

f o l l o w i n g a d j u s t m e n t s w e r e made. A l l r o a d b u i l d i n g c o s t s were

d e d u c t e d f r o m Vancouver R e g i o n ' s o p e r a t i n g c o s t f o r 1980. F o r

t h e Mount B a k e r r e g i o n , t h e p r o c e d u r e was somewhat more

c o m p l i c a t e d . U.S.F.S. a p p r a i s a l s a r e made a t t h e time o f s a l e ,

n o t a t t h e t i m e o f h a r v e s t . T h e r e f o r e , U.S.F.S. r o a d b u i l d i n g

a p p r a i s a l s w e r e f o r a s e r i e s o f c o n t r a c t s d a t i n g b a c k t o 1973.

To p u t t h e U.S. f i g u r e on a c o m p a r a b l e b a s i s w i t h B.C. r o a d

b u i l d i n g c o s t s , t h e a p p r a i s e d r o a d b u i l d i n g c o s t s were u p d a t e d t o

1980 d o l l a r s u s i n g t h e P r o d u c e r P r i c e I n d e x . Each a p p r a i s a l ( i n

u n i t c o s t s ) was t h e n w e i g h t e d by t h e t o t a l h a r v e s t f r o m e a c h

c o n t r a c t , a n d a l l a p p r a i s a l v a l u e s w e r e summed a n d t h e n d i v i d e d

by t h e t o t a l h a r v e s t t o g i v e a n a v e r a g e f i g u r e f o r t h e t o t a l - h a r v e s t . T h i s y i e l d e d a n a v e r a g e c o m p a r a b l e m e a s u r e t o t h e

Vancouver R e g i o n f i g u r e , F o r t h e Mount B a k e r R e g i o n 1980

h a r v e s t , t h e a v e r a g e r o a d c o s t s w e r e $ ~ 2 . 2 9 / m b f . ~ ~ O f t h i s ,

$4.52/mbf r e p r e s e n t e d r o a d s b u i l t by t h e U. S. F.S. a n d was

r e c o v e r e d by t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e i n t h e s t u m p a g e payments . The

r e m a i n i n g $17.77/mbf i s t h e f i g u r e shown i n T a b l e 11.1, a n d t h i s

r e p r e s e n t s r o a d s b u i l t by t h e o p e r a t o r .

T a b l e s I11 a n d I V show a v e r a g e r o a d c o s t s i n c u r r e d by t h e

o p e r a t o r s o f b o t h r e g i o n s . However, i t s e e m s t h a t t h e d a t a would

Page 71: MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S AN …summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6216/b16313550.pdfAN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) ,

h a v e b e e n o n a more c o m p a r a b l e b a s i s i f t o t a l r o a d c o s t w e r e

shown f o r b o t h r e g i o n s . T h u s , t h e $4.52/mbf o f r o a d c r e d i t s

s h o u l d h a v e b e e n d e d u c t e d f r o m t h e $88.26/mbf o f e a c h s t u m p a g e

payment t o y i e l d $83 .74 f o r t h a t f i g u r e a n d a d d e d i n w i t h t h e

o p e r a t o r ' s r o a d c o s t s o f $17 .77 t o y i e l d o v e r a l l a v e r a g e r o a d

c o s t s o f $22.29/mbf f o r t h e Mount B a k e r Reg ion .

F o r t h e same r e a s o n s , t h e T a b l e I V r e s u l t s a re a l s o

m i s l e a d i n g . The $20.85/mbf f o r t h e Mount B a k e r r e g i o n r o a d c o s t s

a r e t h e c o s t s i n c u r r e d by t h e o p e r a t o r . An a d d i t i o n a l $8.85/mbf

o f r o a d b u i l d i n g was c a r r i e d o u t by t h e U.S.F.S. a n d r e c o v e r e d i n

s t u m p a g e payments . Thus , t o t a l r o a d b u i l d i n g c o s t s f o r t h e Mount

B a k e r r e g i o n w e r e $ 2 9 . 7 0 / m b f ~ ~ f o r t h e 1982 h a r v e s t ( w h i c h was

c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e Vancouver R e g i o n f i g u r e o f $ 1 9 . 2 7 ) ,

a n d t h e c o m p a r a b l e s t u m p a g e f i g u r e n e t o f r o a d c r e d i t s t o t h e

Vancouver R e g i o n was $42.13/mbf , n o t t h e $50.98/mbf t h a t i s shown

i n T a b l e I V .

The d i s c u s s i o n on s p e c i e s a n d q u a l i t y a d j u s t m e n t c o n c e r n i n g

t h e I T C r e p o r t r e v e a l e d t h a t a d j u s t m e n t s f o r t i m b e r q u a l i t y a r e

d i f f i c u l t b e c a u s e o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n s c a l i n g a n d l o g g r a d i n g

s t a n d a r d s b e t w e e n r e g i o n s a n d w h a t was n e e d e d was a d u a l s c a l i n g

a n a l y s i s o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a m p l e o f l o g s . The a i t h o r s o f t h e

J o i n t R e p o r t n o t e d how t e d i o u s a t a s k t h i s was.

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A d u a l s c a l i n g s t u d y i n v o l v i n g o v e r 1 3 , 0 0 0 i n d i v i d u a l l o g s was commiss ioned . Each l o g was s c a l e d a n d g r a d e d s e p a r a t e l y by S c a l e r s f r o m b o t h P u g e t Sound Log S c a l i n g a n d G r a d i n g B u r e a u a n d f r o m t h e B r i t i s h Co lumbia M i n i s k r y o f F o r e s t s i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e l o g s c a l e a n d g r a d e . A c o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s d e v e l o p e d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e r e s p e c t i v e l o g g r a d e s a n d c a l c u l a t e d t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r s be tween t h e two s c a l i n g s y s t e m s , q u a n t i f y i n g t h e p r i c e d i f f e r e n c e s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n s p e c i e s a n d l o g g r a d e . The a c t u a l 1980 h a r v e s t by s p e c i e s a n d l o g g r a d e f r o m t h e two a r e a s c o m p a r e d was p r i c e d a t t h e a v e r a g e s a l e s p r i c e s by s p e c i e s l o g g r a d e r e l i z e d i n t h e V a n c o u v e r Log M a r k e t i n 1980. 3 8

T h e i r a d j u s t m e n t f o r s p e c i e s a n d g r a d e was a c t u a l l y more

c o m p l i c a t e d t h a n w h a t was n o t e d a b o v e , a n d ' t h e r e s u l t s a r e

s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e V. To b e g i n w i t h , e a c h s p e c i e s i n t h e Mount

B a k e r h a r v e s t was s c a l e d u s i n g a b o a r d f o o t m e a s u r e a n d S c r i b n e r

l o g g r a d i n g s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . T h i s s c a l i n g p r a c t i c e i s c o m p l e t e l y

d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e B r i t i s h Co lumbia Firmwood s y s t e m b a s e d o n

volume m e a s u r e . B r i e f l y , e a c h s p e c i e s o f t h e Mount B a k e r h a r v e s t

f i r s t h a d t o be c o n v e r t e d f r o m U.S. l o g g r a d e s l . n b o a r d f e e t t o

U.S. l o g g r a d e s i n c u b i c m e t e r s a n d t h e n c o n v e r t e d t o B.C. l o g

g r a d e s i n c u b i c meters. The a p p r o p r i a t e c o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r s a n d

t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e g r a d e s w e r e d e v e l o p e d by t h e a b o v e

m B n t i o n e d c o m p u t e r a n a l y s i s . Nex t , t h e t w i c e - c o n v e r t e d Mount

B a k e r h a r v e s t was v a l u e d a t Vancouver l o g m a r k e t p r i c e s . T h i s

was done by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e volume o f e a c h g r a d e by i t s p r i c e ,

summing o v e r a l l g r a d e s , a n d t h e n d i v i d i n g t h i s t o t a l v a l u e o f

t h e h a r v e s t by i t s vo lume t o o b t a i n i t s a v e r a g e v a l u e . The v a l u e

o f t h e V a n c o u v e r R e g i o n h a r v e s t f o r t h e same s p e c i e s , a l r e a d y i n

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B. C. l o g g r a d e s a n d c u b i c m e t e r s , o f c o u r s e , was d e t e r m i n e d i n

t h e same manner . The e x e r c i s e was p e r f o r m e d f o r a l l o f t h e

s p e c i e s shown i n T a b l e V . The f i g u r e s shown u n d e r Ave. p r i c e / m 3

r e p r e s e n t t h e e x e r c i s e j u s t d e s c r i b e d . They are t h e a v e r a g e

v a l u e s o f t h e h a r v e s t s f r o m b o t h r e g i o n s e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s o f

B.C. l o g g r a d e s a n d v a l u e d a t Vancouver Log M a r k e t p r i c e s .

The n e x t s t e p i n t h e a n a l y s i s was t o m u l t i p l y t h e volume o f

e a c h s p e c i e s i n t h e t o t a l h a r v e s t o f e a c h r e g i o n by i t s a v e r a g e

v a l u e , sum o v e r a l l s p e c i e s , and t h e n d i v i d e by t h e t o t a l

h a r v e s t . The r e s u l t s i n T a b l e V show t h a t t h e a v e r a g e s e l l i n g

p r i c e o f t h e t i m b e r h a r v e s t e d f r o m t h e Vancouver f o r e s t r e g i o n

b a s e d on Vancouver Log M a r k e t p r i c e s was $49.70/m3. The a v e r a g e

s e l l i n g p r i c e o f t h e Mount B a k e r h a r v e s t , when c o n v e r t e d t o B.C.

l o g g r a d e s i n c u b i c m e t e r s a n d b a s e d on t h e same l o g p r i c e s ,

would be $50.06/m3. The d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e two f i g u r e s i s

.36/m3 a n d i s shown a s t h e Weigh ted A v e r a g e Log P r i c e

D i f f e r e n t i a l . - T h i s f i g u r e shows, i n e f f e c t , t h a t i f t h e

Vancouver R e g i o n h a d t h e same d i s t r i b u t i o n a s . t h e Mount B a k e r

r e g i o n i n t e r m s o f s p e c i e s and q u a l i t y , t h e n on a v e r a g e t h e

t i m b e r would s e l l f o r 36 c e n t s more p e r c u b i c m e t e r . To

d e t e r m i n e t h e s tumpage p a y a b l e on t h i s i n c r e a s e d v a l u e , t h e

w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e l o g p r i c e d i f f e r e n t i a l i s d i v i d e d by t h e a v e r a g e

p r o f i t a n d r i s k a l l o w a n c e f o r t h e Vancouver F o r e s t ~ e ~ i o n t o

o b t a i n a f i g u r e o f .31/m3. T h i s i s a l s o shown i n T a b l e 111, i n

t e r m s o f U.S. c u r r e n c y and b o a r d f e e t , a s $1 .39/mbf .

Page 74: MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S AN …summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6216/b16313550.pdfAN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) ,

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Page 75: MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S AN …summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6216/b16313550.pdfAN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) ,

D i r e c t v e r i f i c a t i o n o f t h i s r e s u l t by d u p l ' i c a t i n g s u c h a n

e x p e r i m e n t would b e v e r y time c o n s u m i n g a n d c o s t l y . T h e r e f o r e ,

i n d i r e c t means w e r e s o u g h t . F i r s t , a n a t t e m p t was made t o

a n a l y z e e n d p r o d u c t l u m b e r g r a d e s f r o m b o t h r e g i o n s . The

h y p o t h e s i s was t h a t i f t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f l u m b e r g r a d e s f r o m a

g i v e n volume o f t i m b e r o f t h e same s p e c i e s w e r e t h e same f o r b o t h

r e g i o n s , t h e n t h e a s s e r t i o n o f h i g h e r t i m b e r q u a l i t y f r o m e i t h e r

r e g i o n c o u l d be d i s p u t e d . The a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s a p p r o a c h i s t h a t

l u m b e r g r a d e s a r e i d e n t i c a l i n b o t h r e g i o n s . However, no d a t a

a re p r e s e n t l y r e c o r d e d by l u m b e r g r a d e s , o n l y by s p e c i e s a n d

r e g i o n .

Nex t , a t a t t e m p t was made t o s e e how s e n s i t i v e t h e J o i n t

R e p o r t ' s r e s u l t s w e r e t o a l t e r n a t i v e , b u t e q u a l l y p r o b a b l e

a s s u m p t i o n s of t i m b e r q u a l i t y . A l t h o u g h i n g e n e r a l t h e s p e c i e s

mix i s more v a l u a b l e i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West , t h i s i s n o t

n e c e s s a r i l y t r u e f o r when c o m p a r i n g a r e a s i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y

b e t w e e n B r i t i s h Columbia a n d t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West . The I T C

f o u n d t h a t t h e C o a s t a l B r i t i s h Columbia h a r v e s t was v i r t u a l l y

i d e n t i c a l t o $he C o a s t a l W a s h i n g t o n h a r v e s t w i t h r e s p e c t t o

s p e c i e s mix. F u r t h e r m o r e , when c o m p a r i n g COFI l o g p r i c e s w i t h

IFA l o g p r i c e s , t h e I T C f o u n d t h a t a n 8 t o 14 p e r c e n t downward

a d j u s t m e n t on COFI p r i c e s was n e c e s s a r y t o p u t them on a

c o m p a r a b l e b a s i s . T h i s was p r i m a r i l y due t o t h e h i g h e r v a l u e d

S p r u c e a n d C y p r e s s t h a t were s o l d i n h i g h e r p r o p o r t i o n i n t h e

Vancouver Log Marke t .

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F o r t h e Mount B a k e r a n d Vancouver r e g i o n s , t h e n , a d j u s t m e n t

f o r s p e c i e s c a n b e made by m u l t i p l y i n g t h e p e r c e n t o f e a c h

s p e c i e s h a r v e s t e d i n t h e Mount B a k e r r e g i o n by t h e a v e r a g e p r i c e

p r e v a i l i n g i n t h e Vancouver Log Marke t . T h i s e x e r c i s e i s

s u m m a r i z e d i n T a b l e V I . I t shows t h a t a 3.7 p e r c e n t downward

a d j u s t m e n t o n Vancouver s t u m p a g e s would b e n e c e s s a r y t o p u t them

on a c o m p a r a b l e b a s i s w i t h Mount B a k e r . Thus , i f t i m b e r q u a l i t y

was i d e n t i c a l i n b o t h r e g i o n s , t h e n Vancouver t i m b e r i s more

v a l u a b l e , n o t l e s s , as i s u s u a l l y a s sumed , t h a n t h e a d j a c e n t U.S.

t i m b e r .

P r e v i o u s s t u d i e s , u s i n g a r b i t r a r y a s s u m p t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e l o g g r a d e s o f t h e two r e g i o n s h a v e

i n d i c a t e d t h a t B r i t i s h Co lumbia h a s i n d i s p u t a b l y l o w e r q u a l i t y

wood. An a d j u s t m e n t f o r q u a l i t y u s i n g p r e v i o u s a s s u m p t i o n s

c o n c e r n i n g l o g g r a d e c o r r e l a t i o n s was made. 35 his r e s u l t w i l l

be compared w i t h t h e r e s u l t o b t a i n e d i n t h e J o i n t R e p o r t .

I n t h i s c o m p a r i s o n t h e J o i n t R e p o r t 1 s Balsam s p e c i e s d a t a

f o r 1980 are c o n s i d e r e d . The t o p Vancouver R e g i o n g r a d e s , D a n d

C , c o r r e s p o n d r o u g h l y t o # l a n d 1 2 p e e l e r and 1 2 s a w l o g g r a d e s i n

t h e S c r i b n e r s y s t e m . Vancouver g r a d e H c o r r e s p o n d s t o 13 p e e l e r ,

X2 s a w l o g , a n d s p e c i a l p e e l e r . T h i s i s a n i n t e r m e d i a t e c a t e g o r y .

F i n a l l y , l o w g r a d e B.C. l o g s a r e g r a d e s I, S, X , Y , a n d t h e y

c o r r e s p o n d t o 1 3 s a w l o g a n d p o o r e r i n t h e U.S. s y s t e m . T h e s e

c a t e g o r i e s a re shown i n T a b l e V I I . To a d j u s t f o r q u a l i t y , w e

a s s u m e t h a t t h e Vancouver r e g i o n h a s t h e same p e r c e n t a g e

d i s t r i b u t i o n o f h i g h , i n t e r m e d i a t e , a n d low g r a d e l o g s a s t h e

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Mount B a k e r R e g i o n . I f t h i s were s o , t h e n t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e o f

t h e h a r v e s t would i n c r e a s e t o $58.06/m3 f r o m $47.21/m3, a c h a n g e

o f 23 p e r c e n t . By c o n t r a s t , i n t h e J o i n t R e p o r t , w h e r e t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e g r a d e s was w o r k e d o u t by a d u a l s c a l e

a n a l y s i s , t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e i n c r e a s e d by o n l y 2 . 5 p e r c e n t . 36

H a l e y , who u s e d a s i m i l a r s y s t e m o f c o r r e s p o n d e n c e b e t w e e n U . S .

a n d B .C . l o g g r a d e s f o r t h e D o u g l a s - f i r s p e c i e s , f o u n d t h a t t h e

B.C. s p e c i e s i n c r e a s e d i n v a l u e by 3 8 p e r c e n t when a d j u s t m e n t s

w e r e made f o r q u a l i t y .

I n sum, i t a p p e a r s t h a t when s u c h a d j u s t m e n t s a re b a s e d on

l o o s e a s s u m p t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e two l o g

g r a d i n g s y s t e m s , a d j u s t m e n t s f o r t i m b e r q u a l i t y a p p e a r t o b e

o v e r s t a t e d i n c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e r e s u l t s p r o d u c e d by a d u a l s c a l e

a n a l y s i s .

I n s h o r t , t h e J o i n t R e p o r t d a t a shows t h a t w h i l e t h e

Vancouver F o r e s t R e g i o n h a s a s l i g h t l y more v a l u a b l e s p e c i e s mix, ,

t h e Mount B a k e r R e g i o n c o m p e n s a t e s by h a v i n g h i g h e r q u a l i t y

t i m b e r , w i t h t h e n e t e f f e c t r e s u l t i n g i n t h e Mount B a k e r r e s o u r c e

b e i n g s l i g h t l y more v a l u a b l e .

A 1 t h o u g h v e r i f i c a t i o n t h r o u g h d u p l i c a t i o n o f e f f o r t was n o t

p o s s i b l e , t h e r e s u l t d o e s n o t seem o u t o f l i n e w i t h common s e n s e ,

g i v e n t h a t t h e two r e g i o n s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y a d j a c e n t b o r d e r a r e a s ,

w i t h a l m o s t t h e same s p e c i e s mix.

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TABLB VI

SPECIES ADJUSTMENT FOR TIMBER HARVESTED FROM MOUNT BAKER-SNOQUALMIE NATIONAL FOREST

A N D VANCOUVER FOREST REGION

Mount B a k e r H a r v e s t

, S p e c i e s R a t i o # I

t o I

T o t a l Volume

Hemlock - 5 2 1 8 Ba l sam . I 9 7 4 C e d a r . I 6 4 3 D. - F i r . I 1 0 2 C y p r e s s .0063

T o t a l 1 .0

A v e r a g e P r i c e of Vancouver R e g i o n H a r v e s t

R a t i o ~ r i ce/m3 t o T o t a l Volume

A d j u s t e d Average P r i c e o f Mount B a k e r R e g i o n H a r v e s t

R a t i o p r i c e / m 3 t o T o t a l Volume

A d j u s t m e n t f o r S p e c i e s : -3.76 p e r c e n t a d j u s t m e n t

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TABLE VII

COMPARISON OF BALSAM TIMBER Q U A L I T Y BETWEEN THE M O U N T B A K E R - s N O Q U A L M I E N A T I O N A L FOREST R E G I O N

A N D V A N ~ ~ O U V E R FOREST R E G I O N

Reg ion T O P Grades I n t e r m e d i a t e Grades Low Grades

( P e r a e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n by vo lume)

Vancouver F o r e s t Reg ion

Mount Baker- Snoqualmie Reg ion

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- The o p e r a t i n g c o s t s shown i n T a b l e s I11 a n d I V a r e a p p r a i s e d

l o g g i n g c o s t s f r o m b o t h r e g i o n s , n e t o f r o a d c o n s t r u c t i o n . L i k e

r o a d c o s t , t h e Mount B a k e r l o g g i n g c o s t a p p r a i s a l s a r e made a t

t h e t i m e o f s a l e , a n d t h u s a l l c o s t s w e r e u p d a t e d i n t h e same

manner , as r o a d c o s t s , t o 1980 d o l l a r s i n T a b l e 111, a n d 1982

d o l l a r s f o r T a b l e I V . The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e i n b o t h c a s e s t h a t

l o g g i n g c o s t s were h i g h e r i n t h e Vancouver r e g i o n . However, t h e

1980 d i f f e r e n c e o f 8 p e r c e n t was e x t r e m e l y s l i g h t when o n e

c o n s i d e r s t h a t l o g g i n g c o s t s c a n be e x t r e m e l y v a r i a b l e w i t h i n a

g i v e n r e g i o n b e c a u s e o f v a r i a t i o n s o f t o p o g r a p h i c a l a n d c l i m a t i c

c o n d i t i o n s . L o g g i n g c o s t s a p p r a i s a l s w i t h i n t h e Mount B a k e r

r e g i o n i t s e l f r a n g e d f r o m $103.89/mbf t o $155.23/mbf i n c o n s t a n t

d o l l a r s b e t w e e n 1 9 7 3 a n d 1982.37

However, a v e r a g e 1982 a p p r a i s a l s f o r t h e Vancouver F o r e s t

R e g i o n s of $176/mbf ( s h o w n i n T a b l e I V ) w e r e o u t s i d e t h i s r a n g e

a n d 30 p e r c e n t h i g h e r t h a n Mount B a k e r c o s t s .

G e n e r a l l y , i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t B r i t i s h Co lumbia h a s h i g h e r

r o a d b u i l d i n g a n d l o g g i n g c o s t s t h a n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West .

However, t h e J o i n t R e p o r t d a t a show t h a t a p p r a i s e d r o a d b u i l d i n g

c o s t s a r e h i g h e r i n t h e Mount B a k e r Reg ion . The r e a s o n f o r

h i g h e r l o g g i n g c o s t s i s d i f f i c u l t t o p i n p o i n t , a g a i n , b e c a u s e of

t h e l a c k o f d e t a i l e d d a t a . P a s t s t u d i e s ( o p e r a t i n g 'of c o u r s e ,

w i t h i n t h i s c o n s t r a i n t ) h a v e r e v e a l e d t h a t g e n e r a l l y B.C. h a s

s l i g h t l y h i g h e r wage r a t e s , b u t s l i g h t l y l o w e r f r i n g e b e n e f i t s ,

a n d v i r t u a l l y i d e n t i c a l l o g g i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y e s t i m a t e s f o r

-72-

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l a b o u r . 3 8 T h e r e h a s b e e n a g e n e r a l move t o w a r d p a r i t y i n b o t h

a r e a s o v e r t h e p a s t 10 y e a r s .

I n b o t h r e g i o n s , e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e g u l a t i o n s u c h a s s t r e a m

bank p r o t e c t i o n a n d s l a s h d i s p o s a l i n c r e a s e l o g g i n g c o s t s . These

c o s t s h a v e a l w a y s b e e n t h o u g h t t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r i n t h e

U.S. t h a n i n B.C. However, t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l h a s p r o b a b l y

d i m i n i s h e d a s more c o n s t r a i n t s h a v e b e e n p l a c e d on B.C. o p e r a t o r s

i n r e c e n t y e a r s . I n f a c t , t h e B.C. g o v e r n m e n t came t o v iew them

a s s u f f i c i e n t l y h i g h t o e r o d e t h e o p e r a t o r s t m a r g i n f o r p r o f i t

a n d r i s k when minimum s t u m p a g e r a t e s a p p l y . A s a r e s u l t , t h e s e

c o s t s t o d a y a r e c h a r g e d a g a i n s t t h e s t u m p a g e p a y a b l e r a t h e r t h a n

s e l l i n g p r i c e i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y .

I n g e n e r a l , h a r v e s t i n g modes a n d e q u i p m e n t a r e t h e same f o r

b o t h r e g i o n s a s a r e s t u m p t o r o a d s i d e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n methods .

The Mount B a k e r r e g i o n h a s some l e v e l g r o u n d w h i c h e n a b l e s

s k i d d e r s t o be u s e d f r o m s tump t o r o a d s i d e . From r o a d s i d e t o

m i l l , t h e Vancouver R e g i o n u s e s p r e d o m i n a n t l y w a t e r

t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w h e r e a s t h e Mount B a k e r R e g i o n u s e s t r u c k .

O v e r - a l l , t h e s e c o s t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r y a r d i n g a n d l o a d i n g , v a r y

c o n s i d e r a b l y w i t h t e r r a i n , a n d h e r e t h e Vancouver F o r e s t R e g i o n

h a s a d i s t i n c t d i s a d v a n t a g e . A l t h o u g h c o n d i t i o n s may be s i m i l a r

i n a d j a c e n t b o r d e r a r e a s , i t s h o u l d be remembered t h a t t h e

Vancouver F o r e s t R e g i o n i s 4 0 0 m i l e s f r o m N o r t h t o S o u t h and

s t r e t c h e s t o t h e A l a s k a P a n h a n d l e . The e n t i r e a r e a e n c o m p a s s e s

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 31 m i l l i o n a c r e s . The Mount B a k e r Reg ion , by

c o n t r a s t , i s o n l y 60 m i l e s i n l e n g t h a n d c o n t a i n s a p p r o x i m a t e l y

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9 4 3 t h o u s a n d a ~ r e s . 3 ~ T h u s , on a v e r a g e , g i v e n t h e r e m o t e n e s s of

t h e n o r t h e r n r e g i o n o f t h e V a n c o u v e r F o r e s t R e g i o n , o n e w o u l d

e x p e c t h i g h e r c o s t s i n t h e B.C. r e g i o n f o r a number o f r e a s o n s .

The t e r r a i n i s c o n s i d e r a b l y more d i f f i c u l t ; as a r e s u l t , b u c k i n g

a n d f a l l i n g i s m a n u a l , a n d y a r d i n g o f t e n r e q u i r e s a n e x p e n s i v e

h i g h l e a d s s y s t e m w i t h t o w e r s a n d s k y l i n e s . Camp c o s t s a r e

i n c u r r e d b e c a u s e o f t h e r e m o t e n e s s , a n d t h e s e a r e e s t i m a t e d t o be

t h e h i g h e s t i n N o r t h Amer ica . By c o n t r a s t , i n t h e Mount B a k e r

R e g i o n , a h i g h p r o p o r t i o n o f o p e r a t i o n s a r e l o c a t e d i n n o n - r e m o t e

a r e a s , a n d h e n c e camp c o s t s a r e n o t g e n e r a l l y i n c u r r e d .

F i n a l l y , i t a l s o s e e m s t h a t t h e w a t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t h a t

p r e d o m i n a t e s i n t h e V a n c o u v e r R e g i o n i s more e x p e n s i v e t h a n t h e

t r u c k t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t h a t p r e d o m i n a t e s i n t h e Mount B a k e r R e g i o n .

T h e r e i s a p r o b l e m a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s i n k i n g l o g s t h a t r e q u i r e s t h e

u s e o f h i g h c o s t d r y l a n d s o r t i n g w o r k s f o r t h e i n t e n s i v e s o r t i n g

n e c e s s a r y f o r c o a s t a l wood. C o m p a r i s o n s o f C o a s t a l w a t e r

t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s w i t h t r u c k t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e I n t e r i o r

i n d i c a t e s w a t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s $ 1 5 / c u n i t ( 1 0 0 c u b i c f e e t )

h i g h e r . 40

B e c a u s e o f t h e s e f a c t o r s , i t a p p e a r s t h a t if i d e n t i c a l

o p e r a t i o n s e x i s t e d i n e a c h r e g i o n , t h e V a n c o u v e r R e g i o n o p e r a t i o n

w o u l d i n c u r h i g h e r c o s t s .

The f i n a l two l i n e s o f T a b l e s I11 a n d I V g i v e t h e t o t a l

d e l i v e r e d l o g c o s t s o f b o t h r e g i o n s u s i n g two d i f f e r e n t

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c o n v e r s i o n s c a l e s . T h e s e two s c a l e s a r e shown a s Log S c a l e a n d

Lumber T a l l y i n t h e t a b l e s . The Log S c a l e c o n v e r s i o n s y s t e m was

d e v e l o p e d by t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d d u a l s c a l e a n a l y s i s . The f a c t o r s

u s e d t o c o n v e r t S c r i b n e r b o a r d f e e t t o Firmwood c u b i c m e t e r s was

d e t e r m i n e d by t h e d u a l s c a l e a n a l y s i s .

The l u m b e r t a l l y c o n v e r s i o n i s somewhat d i f f e r e n t . I n

a d d i t i o n t o w h a t i s c o n s i d e r e d i n Log- to-Log c o n v e r s i o n s , l u m b e r

r e c o v e r i e s a t t h e m i l l a r e a l s o c o n s i d e r e d . B e c a u s e o f s c a l e

o v e r r u n s , w h e r e t h e amount o f l u m b e r r e c o v e r e d i s g r e a t e r t h a n

t h e q u a n t i t y o f t i m b e r p u r c h a s e d , t h e u n i t c o s t s f o r t h e l u m b e r

t a l l y s y s t e m are l e s s t h a n u n d e r t h e Log- to-Log s y s t e m . However,

b e c a u s e i t c o n s i d e r s m i l l e f f i c i e n c i e s w i t h i n t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g

p r o c e s s , i t i s l e s s u s e f u l f o r s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n s . F o r

e x a m p l e , i f two m i l l s s a w e d two l o g s o f i d e n t i c a l d i m e n s i o n s , one I

m i l l m i g h t p r o d u c e t w i c e a s much l u m b e r , b u t i t may be o f l o w e r

q u a l i t y . Hence v a r i a b l e s o t h e r t h a n a b s o l u t e wood c o s t s a r e

c o n s i d e r e d i n , t h e c o n v e r s i o n . 4 1

E v a l u a t i o n of t h e J o i n t R e p o r t

The a n a l y s e s i n d i c a t e d l i t t l e t h a t would c h a n g e t h e

n u m e r i c a l o u t c o m e o f t h e J o i n t R e p o r t . The o n l y c h a n g e was t h e

e x c l u s i o n o f a n n u a l r e n t a l s f r o m t h e V a n c o u v e r R e g i o n c a s h

s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s . The e f f e c t s o f d i f f e r e n c e s i n a p p r a i s a l

s y s t e m s a n d c u t c o n t r o l r e g u l a t i o n s w e r e a l s o c o n s i d e r e d . I t was

f e l t t h a t t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s i m p l i e d o v e r v a l u e d V a n c o u v e r R e g i o n

t i m b e r i n b a d m a r k e t y e a r s r e l a t i v e t o t h e P a c i f i c North-West .

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F i n a l l y , s i n c e c a s h s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s f r o m t h e Mount B a k e r r e g i o n

i n c l u d e d p a y m e n t s f o r r o a d b u i l d i n g , i t was n e c e s s a r y t o d e d u c t

t h e s e payment i n o r d e r t o p u t c a s h s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s f r o m b o t h

r e g i o n 8 on a c o m p a r a b l e b a s i s .

With a l l o f t h e s e f a c t o r s c o n s i d e r e d , a c t u a l c a s h s t u m p a g e

p a y m e n t s f r o m t h e Vancouver R e g i o n were u n a m b i g u o u s l y l o w e r t h a n

t h o s e o f t h e Mount B a k e r Reg ion . F a c t o r s s u c h a s r o a d c o s t s ,

s p e c i e s a n d q u a l i t y d i f f e r e n c e s c o u l d n o t e x p l a i n t h e s t u m p a g e

d i f f e r e n t i a l . For i n s t a n c e , i n 1 9 8 0 , t h e s t u m p a g e d i f f e r e n t i a l

o f 28 p e r c e n t n a r r o w s t o 23 p e r c e n t a f t e r t h e s e f a c t o r s a r e

c o n s i d e r e d . A f t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f o p e r a t i n g c o s t s , t h e c o s t

d i f f e r e n t i a l b e t w e e n r e g i o n s n a r r o w s t o 6 p e r c e n t .

The a b s o l u t e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n r e g i o n s i s o f more

s i g n i f i c a n c e however . C o n s i d e r t h a t i f o p e r a t i n g c o s t s w e r e

i d e n t i c a l b e t w e e n r e g i o n s i n 1980 t h e c o s t d i f f e r e n t i a l would

n a r r o w f r o m 25 p e r c e n t f o r s t u m p a g e t o 10 p e r c e n t . However,

t h e r e would be no e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e s t u m p a g e d i f f e r e n c e o f

$26.48/mbf . Thus , g i v e n t h a t o p e r a t i n g c o s t s were o n l y

$10.16/mbf h i g h e r i n t h e Vancouver R e g i o n i n 1 9 8 0 . o n l y 3 8

p e r c e n t o f t h e s t u m p a g e d i f f e r e n t i a l i s e x p l a i n e d by t h i s f a c t o r .

A $ l4 /mbf d i f f e r e n t i a l r e m a i n s t o be a c c o u n t e d f o r a t t h e

d e l i v e r e d l o g c o s t s tage, i . e . 53 p e r c e n t o f t h e o r i g i n a l

s t u m p a g e d i f f e r e n t i a l .

I t must be r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e J o i n t R e p o r t ' s c o n c l u s i o n s

res t e x c l u s i v e l y upon t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n l o g g i n g c o s t b e t w e e n

r e g i o n s . A f u n d a m e n t a l w e a k n e s s of t h e J o i n t R e p o r t i s t h a t t h e

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d a t a o n l o g g i n g c o s t s come f r o m t h e g o v e r n m e n t a p p r a i s a l s o f b o t h

r e g i o n s a n d a r e n o t m a r k e t d e t e r m i n e d . C l e a r l y , a p p r a i s a l d a t a

b a s e d o n a r b i t r a r y f o r m u l i c a n h a v e s u b s t a n t i a l e r r o r s . T h e r e

a r e s e v e r a l r e a s o n s why t h e s e d a t a would n o t be r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f

a c t u a l c o s t s i n c u r r e d i n b o t h r e g i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e , i n t h e Mount

B a k e r R e g i o n , much l o g g i n g i s c a r r i e d o u t by c o n t r a c t o r s whose

t e c h n i q u e s may d i f f e r s u b s t a n t i a l l y f r o m t h o s e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e

a p p r a i s a l . L i t t l e r e c o r d e d d a t a e x i s t on t h e c o s t s o f t h e s e

c o n t r a c t o r s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e a p p r a i s a l s i n t h e Mount Baker

r e g i o n a r e made a t t h e t i m e o f s a l e , w h i c h i n some c a s e s c a n

p r e c e d e t h e h a r v e s t by 8 y e a r s . T h i s c l e a r l y a s s u m e s t h a t o v e r

t h a t p e r i o d t h e h a r v e s t e r d o e s n o t c h a n g e h i s i n p u t mix. T h i s i s

h i g h l y u n l i k e l y i f t h e r e l a t i v e p r i c e s o f t h e i n p u t s change.

A d d i t i o n a l d o u b t s a r e r a i s e d when c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t t h e J o i n t 1

R e p o r t a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t a p p r a i s e d o p e r a t i n g c o s t i n t h e

Vancouver R e g i o n r o s e by 35 p e r c e n t b e t w e e n 1980 and 1982,

w h e r e a s i n t h e Mount B a k e r R e g i o n , t h e c o m p a r a b l e f i g u r e was 8

p e r c e n t . No e x p l a n a t i o n was g i v e n f o r t h i s f a c t d e s p i t e i t s

o b v i o u s i m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e r e s u l t s . I t was a l s o g e n e r a l l y known

i n t h e i n d u s t r y t h a t t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e g a v e o p e r a t o r s much

l e e w a y c o n c e r n i n g t h e i r a n n u a l c u t s b e c a u s e o f p r e v a i l i n g m a r k e t

c o n d i t i o n s . G e n e r a l l y , o n l y t h e most a c c e s s i b l e t i m b e r was

removed. The i m p l i c a t i o n i s t h a t s u c h f l e x i b i l i t y would t e n d t o

l o w e r , n o t r a i s e o p e r a t i n g c o s t s . G i v e n t h a t t h e s tumpage

d i f f e r e n t i a l i n 1982 was a p p r o x i m a t e l y 70 p e r c e n t , i t i s l i k e l y

t h a t a s u b s t a n t i a l s u b s i d y f o r B.C. o p e r a t o r s was i n e f f e c t

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d u r i n g t h i s t i m e .

F i n a l l y , t h e r e a p p e a r t o be i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s i n t h e f i g u r e s

u s e d i n t h e J o i n t R e p o r t a n a l y s i s . F o r i n s t a n c e , i f t h e a v e r a g e

o p e r a t i n g c o s t a n d a v e r a g e s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s a r e d e d u c t e d f r o m

a v e r a g e l o g p r i c e s t h e r e s u l t i n g f i g u r e s h o u l d be t h e a v e r a g e

p r o f i t a n d r i s k a l l o w a n c e . T h i s f i g u r e i s t y p i c a l l y 1 8 p e r c e n t

o f o p e r a t i n g c o s t a n d s t u m p a g e . T h i s c a l c u l a t i o n c a n be

p e r f o r m e d f o r t h e Vancouver R e g i o n f o r 1980 by u t i l i z i n g f i g u r e s

f r o m T a b l e s I11 a n d V. When a v e r a g e o p e r a t i n g c o s t s o f $33.98/m3

a n d a v e r a g e s t u m p a g e p a y m e n t s o f $13.73/m3 a r e d e d u c t e d f r o m t h e

a v e r a g e l o g p r i c e of $49.70 t h e r e s u l t i n g f i g u r e i s $1.99 w h i c h

y i e l d s a p r o f i t a n d r i s k a l l o w a n c e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 p e r c e n t ,

I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t h e c o r r e c t p r o f i t a n d r i s k a l l o w a n c e o f 1 8

p e r c e n t , t h e same c a l c u l a t i o n would h a v e t o y i e l d $8.59/m3, w h i c h

would i m p l y t h a t $27.38/m3 would be t h e a p p r o p r i a t e f i g u r e f o r

a v e r a g e o p e r a t i n g c o s t . T h i s f i g u r e i s $6.6/m3 l o w e r t h a n t h e

f i g u r e u s e d i n t h e J o i n t R e p o r t , a n d a f t e r c o n v e r s i o n , would mean

t h a t d e l i v e r e d l o g c o s t would be a p p r o x i m a t e l y $135/mbf l o w e r

t h a n t h e f i g u r e i n T a b l e 111.

One p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e i n c o n s i s t e n c y r e v e a l e d by

t h e a b o v e c a l c u l a t i o n i s t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n t w e i g h t s u s e d i n

c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e a v e r a g e s may h a v e d i s t o r t e d t h e r e s u l t . The

a v e r a g e l o g p r i c e was c o n s t r u c t e d u s i n g t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e

t o t a l h a r v e s t a c c o u n t e d f o r by e a c h s p e c i e s as w e i g h t s . F o r

a v e r a g e o p e r a t i n g c o s t , d a t a a r e s u b m i t t e d on a c u t t i n g p e r m i t by

c u t t i n g p e r m i t b a s i s a n d h e n c e , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e t o t a l

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h a r v e s t a c c o u n t e d f o r by e a c h t i m b e r b l o c k i s t h e w e i g h t u s e d .

However, g i v e n t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e i n c o n s i s t e n c y , t h i s

e x p l a n a t i o n i s n o t v e r y p r o m i s i n g .

Thus , t h e J o i n t R e p o r t c a n n o t c o n c l u d e on t h e b a s i s o f i t s

e v i d e n c e t h a t d e l i v e r e d l o g c o s t s were e q u a l b e t w e e n t h e s e two

r e g i o n s i n 1980 a n d 1982. F u r t h e r m o r e , g i v e n t h e i m p e r f e c t i o n s

i n t h e B.C. t i m b e r m a r k e t , t h e r e i s no r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h e y

s h o u l d be. G i v e n t h e a b o v e a n a l y s i s , n o t h i n g a t a l l i s known

a b o u t a c t u a l d e l i v e r e d l o g c o s t s . Hence , g i v e n t h e c h a n g e s t h a t

o u r a n a l y s i s makes f o r r o a d c r e d i t s a n d a n n u a l r e n t a l s , a l l t h a t

i s known f o r c e r t a i n f r o m T a b l e I11 a n d I V i s t h a t s tumpage

p a y m e n t s i n t h e Mount B a k e r R e g i o n w e r e 28 p e r c e n t h i g h e r i n 1980

a n d 6 7 p e r c e n t h i g h e r i n 1982 a n d t h a t s p e c i e s a n d q u a l i t y

d i f f e r e n c e s c a n n o t e x p l a i n t h e s t u m p a g e d i f f e r e n t i a l . T h e r e i s

no e v i d e n c e t o s u g g e s t t h a t c o m p e t i t i v e b i d d i n g i n B.C. would n o t

e l i m i n a t e t h i s d i f f e r e n c e . I n f a c t , t h e o p p o s i t e i s i m p l i e d .

The J o i n t R e p o r t a n a l y s i s r e v e a l s , i n e f f e c t , t h a t i n a

c o m p a r i s o n o f s t u m p a g e payments b e t w e e n t h e two r e g i o n s w i t h

v i r t u a l l y i d e n t i c a l r e s o u r c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , t h e r e g i o n i n w h i c h

t i m b e r was v a l u e d by c o m p e t i t i v e b i d d i n g r a t h e r t h a n p u b l i c

c h a r g e s p r o d u c e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r s t u m p a g e s .

The s u r v e y o f i n t e r - r e g i o n a l s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n s h a s

r e v e a l e d t h a t B r i t i s h Columbia s t u m p a g e s a r e l o w e r t h a n t h o s e o f

t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West . The P r i c e W a t e r h o u s e s t u d y examined t h e

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f a c t o r s w h i c h i n f l u e n c e s t u m p a g e v a l u e s o n a s e p a r a t e b a s i s f o r

b o t h r e g i o n s . The c o n c l u s i o n o f t h i s s t u d y was t h a t t h e P a c i f i c

Nor th -Wes t h a d a d v a n t a g e s i n e v e r y c a s e a n d t h u s s t u m p a g e v a l u e s

s h o u l d be h i g h e r . H a l e y c o n c l u d e d t h a t s u c h f a c t o r s o n l y o f f e r e d

a p a r t i a l e x p l a n a t i o n a n d t h a t t h e c h i e f r e a s o n f o r h i g h e r

P a c i f i c Nor th-West s t u m p a g e s was t h e p r e s e n c e o f c o m p e t i t i v e

m a r k e t s . The I T C a n d J o i n t R e p o r t t r i e d t o r e s o l v e t h i s p r o b l e m

by a n n u a l d o l l a r c o m p a r i s o n s i n w h i c h t h e f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g

s t u m p a g e v a l u e s w e r e a c c o u n t e d f o r i n a q u a n t i t a t i v e manner .

T h e s e s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e i n h e r e n t r e s o u r c e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w e r e v e r y s i m i l a r b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t b o r d e r a r e a s

a n d t h u s a r e a m i n o r e x p l a n a t o r y f a c t o r . The a p p a r e n t

e x p l a n a t i o n f r o m b o t h s t u d i e s was t h a t B r i t i s h Co lumbia h a s

h i g h e r c o s t s o f h a r v e s t i n g a n d h a u l i n g t h e t i m b e r t o m a r k e t .

However, t h i s c o n c l u s i o n i n b o t h c a s e s was b a s e d upon d a t a w h i c h

may h a v e b e e n a p o o r i n d i c a t i o n o f a c t u a l c o s t s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e

e x p l a n a t i o n f o r l o w e r B. C. s t u m p a g e r e m a i n s e l u s i v e . - C e r t a i n f a c t o r s c o u l d n o t be w o r k e d i n t o t h e c o m p a r i s o n s i n

a q u a n t i t a t i v e manner . However, t h e s e f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c e b i d s i n

t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West a n d h e n c e t i m b e r v a l u e s . Such f a c t o r s a r e

r e l e v a n t t o t h e ou tcome o f a n i n t e r - r e g i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n . The

n e x t s e c t i o n b r i e f l y e x a m i n e s s u c h f a c t o r s .

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NOTES

SECTION I11

B r i t i s h Co lumbia M i n i s t r y o f F o r e s t s , " A l t e r n a t i v e s f o r Crown Timber P r i c i n g , " W h i t e P a p e r No. 9 , 1980 , V i c t o r i a , pp. 23-24.

S t e r l i n g Wood & A s s o c i a t e s , V a n c o u v e r , B r i t i s h Co lumbia , D a r v e a u , G r e n i e r , L u s s i e r & A s s o c i a t e s , Q u e b e c C i t y , Wes ley P i c k a r d , I n c . , Gig H a r b o r , W a s h i n g t o n , U. S. A. p r o v i d e d a J o i n t R e p o r t w h i c h was r e q u e s t e d by t h e C a n a d i a n S o f t w o o d Lumber Commi t t ee a n d p r e s e n t e d b e f o r e t h e I T A i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e c o u n t e r v a i l i n g d u t y h e a r i n g s . J o i n t R e ~ o r t t o t h e C a n a d i a n S o f t w o o d L ~ p l b e r C u t t e e , C a n a d i a n S o f t w o o d Lumber Commi t t ee , V a n c o u v e r , 1 9 8 3 , Vol. 11, p. 21 .

D. H a l e y , " A R e g i o n a l C o m p a r i s o n o f Stumpage V a l u e s i n B r i t i s h Co lumbia a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s P a c i f i c N o r t h - West," P o r e s t r v C h r o n i c l e , Vol. 5 6 , No. 5 , 1 9 8 0 , p. 226.

P r i c e W a t e r h o u s e & Company, " A r e g i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n o f s t u m p a g e t a x a t i o n a n d o t h e r f a c t o r s i n t h e f o r e s t i n d u s t r i e s o f B r i t i s h Co lumbia a n d U.S. P a c i f i c N o r t h - West," C o u n c i l o f F o r e s t I n d u s t r i e s , V a n c o u v e r , 1 9 7 3 , Append ix B , p. 1 .

Ibid, pp. 1-21.

H a l e y , pp. 226-30.

T h i s c o m p a r i s o n was b e t w e e n t h e s t u m p a g e s i n d i c a t e d by t h e R o t h e r y a p p r a i s a l s y s t e m s o f b o t h r e g i o n s . The r a t e a c t u a l l y p a i d i n t h e V a n c o u v e r Q u a d r a r e g i o n was $2.72/m3 w h i c h was t h e s t a t u t o r y minimum r a t e . I n t h e Mount B a k e r r e g i o n , r o a d c o s t s w o u l d be a d d e d t o t h e $18.96/m3 f i g u r e t o y i e l d t h e a d v e r t i s e d r a t e a n d t h i s would be t h e minimum a t w h i c h t h e t i m b e r would be s o l d .

H. S m i t h , nHow much c o m p e t i t i o n f o r s t u m p a g e i s d e s i r a b l e ? , The F o r e s t r v C h r o n i c l e , Volume 5 7 , .No. 2 , 1 9 8 1 , pp. 54-55.

The f i g u r e s h e r e were t h o s e w h i c h a p p e a r e d i n S m i t h ' s a r t i c l e . However, t h e a c t u a l f i g u r e s u s e d i n H a l e y ' s a n a l y s i s f o r p r o f i t a n d r i s k i n t h e Mount B a k e r R e g i o n

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was $12.94/m3. T h i s would mean t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e b i d and t h e a d v e r t i s e d r a t e o u l d e x c e e d J t h e e x p e c t e d p r o f i t a n d r i s k by $18.85/m . P r i c e W a t e r h o u s e , p. 61 .

J o i n t R e ~ o r t , Val. 11, p. 2 7

U n i t e d S t a t e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e Commission, n C o n d i t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f C a n a d i a n s o f t w o o d l u m b e r i n t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , " H e a r i n g 332-134, P o r t l a n d , Oregon, Mar. 3 -4 , 1982. S t a t e m e n t s o f M r . G. I. Ainscough.

U n i t e d S t a t e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e Commission, n C o n d i t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f C a n a d i a n s o f t w o o d l u m b e r i n t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. , A p r i l , 1982 , PP. 51-53.

P r i c e W a t e r h o u s e , Append ix B, p. 29 .

ITC R e p o r t , p. 50.

Ibid, pp. 114-116.

P r i c e W a t e r h o u s e , Append ix B, pp. 29-30.

ITC R e p o r t , p. 52 .

Ibid.

I T C H e a r i n g s , S t a t e m e n t s o f M r . P i n e t t e .

ITC R e p o r t , pp. 53-55.

Ibid, P- 49 .

Ibid*, P. 50

J p f n t R ~ D o P ~ , Vol. 11, Append ix 3.2.

b i d , Appendix 3.4.

P. P e a r s e , w e r R i g b t s a n d F o r e s t P o l i ~ y , Vol. I, p. 245 .

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29 M i n i s t r y o f F o r e s t s , W h i t e P a p e r , p. 27.

3 0 J o i n t R e ~ o r t , Vol. 11, Append ix 3.6 h S u ~ ~ l - t a r v J P J n t ReDor t , C a n a d i a n S o f t w o o d Lumber Commi t t ee , Append ix 3.6.

31 J o i n t ReDor t , Vol. 11, Append ix 3 .1 .

3 2 Ibid, A p p e n d i c e s , 3 . 2 , 3 . 2 ( a ) .

33 S u ~ ~ l e m e n t a r v J o i n t R e ~ o r t , A p p e n d i c e s , 3 - 2 , 3 . 2 ( a )

34 J o i n t R e ~ o r t , Vol. 11, p. 12 .

3 5 P r i c e W a t e r h o u s e , Append ix B, pp. 29-30.

36 J o i n t R e ~ o r t , Vol. 11, Append ix 3 . 6 ( b )

3 7 J o i n t ReDor t , Vol. 11, Append ix 3.3 a n d SuDDlem-entauly J o i n t ReDor t , Append ix 3.3.

3 8 P e a t , Marwick, a n d P a r t n e r s , " A n a l y s i s o f Wood c o s t s i n t h e N o r t h Amer ican F o r e s t P r o d u c t I n d u s t r i e s , " D e p a r t m e n t o f I n d u s t r y T r a d e a n d Commerce, O t t a w a , 1977. E x h i b i t s 7 a n d 18.

3 9 J o i n t R e ~ o r t Vol. 11, p. 19 .

40 P e a t , Marwick, a n d P a r t n e r s , pp. V-3, V-4 and IX-2

41 I T C R e p o r t , pp, 108-111.

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SECTION I V

I n t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n , d i f f e r e n c e s i n

t i m b e r u t i l i z a t i o n a n d s t u m p a g e a p p r a i s a l s y s t e m s w e r e s e e n t o

c l o u d t h e ou tcome o f a d o l l a r c o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n r e g i o n s . T h e r e

a r e o t h e r f a c t o r s s u c h a s p o l i t i c a l a n d s o c i a l g o a l s , a s wel l a s

f u n d a m e n t a l s t r u c t u r a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e i n d u s t r i e s o f b o t h

r e g i o n s , t h a t i n f l u e n c e t i m b e r v a l u e s . B e c a u s e t h e s e f a c t o r s a r e

d i f f i c u l t t o work q u a n t i t a t i v e l y i n t o c r o s s - b o r d e r s t u m p a g e

c o m p a r i s o n s , t h e y t o o l i m i t t h e u s e f u l n e s s o f s u c h c o m p a r i s o n s .

I n t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e s e f a c t o r s a r e examined .

The P r i c e W a t e r h o u s e s t u d y i n d i c a t e d t h a t U . S. P a c i f i c

Nor th-West p r o d u c e r s f a c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d m a r k e t i n g

a d v a n t a g e s w h i c h t e n d e d t o y i e l d h i g h e r s a l e s r e a l i z a t i o n s a n d

h e n c e h i g h e r s t u m p a g e v a l u e s t h a n i n B r i t i s h Columbia . These

c l a i m s w e r e d i s p u t e d by H a l e y , who f e l t t h a t a d v a n t a g e s i n t h e s e

a r e a s c o u l d a l s o b e f o u n d f o r B r i t i s h Co lumbia p r o d u c e r s a n d t h a t

t h e n e t e f f e c t was n o t c l e a r . For i n s t a n c e , B r i t i s h Columbia

p r o d u c e r s e n j o y a c o s t a d v a n t a g e when u s i n g w a t e r b o r n e t r a n s p o r t

t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a s t h e y a r e n o t bound by t h e J o n e s Act t o

u s e h i g h e r &st m e r c h a n t s h i p s o f U n i t e d ' S t a t e s R e g i s t r y a s a r e

U. S. p r o d u c e r s .

The I T C r e a c h e d c o n c l u s i o n s s i m i l a r t o H a l e y t s : They

e x a m i n e d a l l a s p e c t s o f c o s t s f a c i n g U.S. a n d C a n a d i a n p r o d u c e r s ,

i n c l u d i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d m a r k e t i n g . E x c e p t f o r raw m a t e r i a l

c o s t s , t h e y d i d n o t f i n d t h a t t h e n e t e f f e c t o f c o s t d i f f e r e n c e s

-84-

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i n t h e s e o t h e r f a c t o r s y i e l d e d a n a d v a n t a g e t o e i t h e r r e g i o n . 1

The u n c e - r t a i n t y o f t h e e x a c t i m p a c t o f t h e s e f a c t o r s o n

s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n s , however u n d e r m i n e s t h e v a l u e o f

i n t e r - r e g i o n a l s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n s .

T h e r e a p p e a r t o be f a c t o r s m a i n l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h g o v e r n m e n t

p o l i c y a n d r e g u l a t i o n t h a t h a v e a p r e d i c t a b l e i m p a c t on t i m b e r

v a l u e s a n d w h i c h i m p l y t h a t , o t h e r t h i n g s b e i n g e q u a l , s t u m p a g e

v a l u e s i s t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West would be h i g h e r t h a n i n B.C. We

now examine t h e s e f a c t o r s .

TAXATION

Tax l a w s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s may r e s u l t i n b i d s w h i c h

e x c e e d t h e t i m b e r ' s t r u e v a l u e . I n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , income

e a r n e d i n t h e t i m b e r h a r v e s t i n g s e c t o r i s t r e a t e d as c a p i t a l

g a i n s a n d i s t a x e d a t a n e f f e c t i v e r a t e o f 28 p e r c e n t . T h i s i s ,

c o n s i d e r a b l y l o w e r t h a n income e a r n e d i n t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g

s e c t o r , w h i c h i s t a x e d a t t h e same r a t e a s n o r m a l c o r p o r a t e

i n c o m e , 53 p e r c e n t . The p o r t i o n o f a U n i t e d S t a t e s t i m b e r

company ' s p r o f i t s t a x e d a t t h e c a p i t a l g a i n s r a t e i s d e t e r m i n e d

by t h e d k f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e book v a l u e o f p r i v a t e t i m b e r a n d

t h e r a t e p a i d f o r p u b l i c t i m b e r i n t h e n e a r v i c i n i t y . T h e r e f o r e ,

i t i s a r g u e d t h a t i n t e g r a t e d firms w i t h p r i v a t e t i m ' b e r h o l d i n g s

h a v e a v e g t e d i n t e r e s t i n b i d d i n g p u b l i c t i m b e r a b o v e i t s t r u e

v a l u e i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e i r t o t a l income

w h i c h i s t r e a t e d a s a c a p i t a l g a i n .

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I t h a s b e e n e s t i m a t e d t h a t B r i t i s h Co lumbia f o r e s t p r o d u c t

c o m p a n i e s face a n a v e r a g e n o m i n a l t a x r a t e o f 44 p e r c e n t compared

t o 35 p e r c e n t f o r t h e i r U n i t e d S t a t e s c o u n t e r p a r t s o p e r a t i n g i n

t h e P a c i f i c ~ o r t h - w e s t . 2 The J o i n t R e p o r t h a s e s t i m a t e d t h a t

s u c h t a x p r o v i s i o n s c o u l d e f f e c t i v e l y r e d u c e t h e c o s t o f

d e l i v e r e d l o g s f o r t h e Mount B a k e r R e g i o n by a s much a s $ 4 ~ / m b f . ~

D e s p i t e q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i m a t e s o f t h e t a x a t i o n f a c t o r , i t would

be d i f f i c u l t t o a c c u r a t e l y a c c o u n t f o r i t i n a s t u m p a g e

c o m p a r i s o n . The i m p o r t a n c e o f t h i s f a c t o r i s l i k e l y t o be h i g h l y

v a r i a b l e among o p e r a t o r s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r income p o s i t i o n and

s p e c i f i c f i n a n c i a l s i t u a t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , H a l e y o b s e r v e d t h a t

many s u c c e s s f u l b i d d e r s w e r e f i rms w i t h o u t p r i v a t e t i m b e r

h o l d i n g s . The s a f e s t c o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t , o t h e r t h i n g s b e i n g

e q u a l b e t w e e n r e g i o n s , U n i t e d S t a t e s s t u m p a g e v a l u e s f r o m p u b l i c

l a n d s may t e n d t o b e h i g h e r t h a n t h e c o m p a r a b l e C a n a d i a n

s tumpage .

T I M B E R SUPPLY A N D D E M A N D

I t h a s b e e n shown i n S e c t i o n I1 t h a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s

s u p p l y h t u a t i o n i s somewhat d i f f e r e n t t h a n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a t s .

S tumpage f r o m p u b l i c l a n d s a c c o u n t s f o r a much s m a l l e r p r o p o r t i o n

o f t h e t o t a l h a r v e s t . T h i s f a c t , combined w i t h t h e - d i f f e r e n t

r e g u l a t o r y p o l i c i e s f o r p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e t i m b e r , r e s u l t s i n a

s i t u a t i o n w h i c h t e n d s t o c l o u d t h e r e s u l t s o f c r o s s - b o r d e r

s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n .

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I n b o t h B r i t i s h Co lumbia a n d t h e P a c i f i c Nor th -Wes t , e x p o r t s

o f p u b l i c t i m b e r a re v e r y s t r i c t l y r e g u l a t e d . I n B r i t i s h

C o l u m b i a , l o g s a n d c h i p s may o n l y be e x p o r t e d i f i t i s

d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e y a r e s u r p l u s t o d o m e s t i c n e e d s . A s a

r e s u l t , l o g e x p o r t s t y p i c a l l y a c c o u n t f o r o n l y a b o u t 1 p e r c e n t o f

t h e t o t a l h a r v e s t . I n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th -Wes t , l o g e x p o r t s f r o m

p u b l i c l a n d s h a v e v i r t u a l l y b e e n n o n - e x i s t e n t s i n c e t h e e a r l y

1 9 7 0 1 s . However, no s u c h r e s t r i c t i o n s e x i s t f o r p r i v a t e firms.

G i v e n t h a t e x p o r t m a r k e t s a re more l u c r a t i v e t h a n d o m e s t i c , v e r y

h i g h g r a d e l o g s h a v e f o u n d t h e i r way t o t h e s e m a r k e t s . The

r e s u l t h a s b e e n t h a t e x p o r t s a c c o u n t t y p i c a l l y f o r a b o u t 20

p e r c e n t o f t o t a l l o g p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West a n d t h e

volume o f p r i v a t e t i m b e r d i r e c t e d t o t h e d o m e s t i c m a r k e t h a s b e e n

d e c l i n i n g o v e r t i m e . 4 T h i s h a s mean t i n c r e a s e d c o m p e t i t i o n f o r

s u p p l i e s of n o n - e x p o r t a b l e t i m b e r , a n d h a s t e n d e d t o f o r c e up t h e

v a l u e o f s t u m p a g e f r o m p u b l i c l a n d s , d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e

r e g u l a t i o n s e q i s t t o d i s c o u r a g e t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n o f p u b l i c f o r

p r i v a t e t i m b e r . I n a d d i t i o n , t h i s s i t u a t i o n a l s o means t h a t

e x p o r t demand h a s a g r e a t e r i n f l u e n c e on t i m b e r f r o m U n i t e d

S t a t e s l a n d s t h a n on t i m b e r f r o m B r i t i s h Co lumbia l a n d s .

4,

DIFFERENCES I N OVERALL OBJECTIVES OF THE FOREST INDUSTRY

G i v e n t h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e f o r e s t i n d u s t r y t o B r i t i s h

C o l u m b i a ' s economy, f o r e s t p o l i c y i s d e s i g n e d w i t h o v e r a l l

e c o n o m i c o b j e c t i v e s i n mind. F u l l c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e r e s o u r c e

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r e n t i s b u t o n e o f t h e s e . A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t o b j e c t i v e i s

employment s t a b i l i t y . A t times t h e r e may be t r a d e - o f f s b e t w e e n

t h e s e g o a l s . P o l i c i e s s u c h a s s t r i c t l o g e x p o r t s r e g u l a t i o n s

t e n d t o f u r t h e r t h e employment o b j e c t i v e , b u t c l e a r l y r e s u l t i n

l o w e r t i m b e r v a l u e s . A f a i r a s s e s s m e n t o f t h i s t r a d e - o f f , a n d

B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ' s t i m b e r p r i c i n g s y s t e m g e n e r a l l y , s h o u l d be

made i n t h e c o n t e x t o f e v a l u a t i n g o v e r a l l o b j e c t i v e s . The

d i f f e r e n t c o n s e q u e n c e s o f a b i d d i n g s y s t e m v s . a n a p p r a i s a l

s y s t e m on l o n g term f o r e s t management o b j e c t i v e s i s o u t s i d e t h e

r a n g e of t h i s s t u d y .

The f a c t o r s e x a m i n e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n r e f l e c t f u n d a m e n t a l

d i f f e r e n c e s i n i n d u s t r y s t r u c t u r e and g o v e r n m e n t p o l i c y b e t w e e n

r e g i o n s . The i m p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s a n a l y s i s i s t h a t a n n u a l

p a y m e n t s f o r t i m b e r b e t w e e n B r i t i s h Co lumbia a n d t h e P a c i f i c

Nor th-West a r e n o t s t r i c t l y c o m p a r a b l e . F o r t h i s t o be s o , one

would h a v e t o n e t o u t o f any b i d t h e e f f e c t s o f s p e c u l a t i o n ,

e x p o r t s a n d t a x a d v a n t a g e a n d t h i s c a n n o t be done. A s e c o n d

i m p l i c a t i o n i s t h a t f a c t o r s s u c h a s t a x a t i o n a n d e x p o r t

o p p o r t u n i t i e s i m p l y h i g h e r t i m b e r v a l u e s i n t h e P a c i f i c

Nor th -Wes t , c e t e r i s p a r a b u s . S i n c e i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o a c c o u n t

f.or th i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e s e f a c t o r s q u a n t i t a t i v e l y , t h e

f e a s i b i l i t y o f u s i n g i n t e r - r e g i o n a l s t u m p a g e c o m p a r i s o n s i s

f u r t h e r u n d e r m i n e d .

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Thus f a r wha t h a s b e e n shown i s t h a t i n t e r - r e g i o n a l

c o m p a r i s o n s show v e r y l i t t l e p r o m i s e a s a m o n i t o r o f B r i t i s h

Columbia t i m b e r c h a r g e s . O b v i o u s l y , a f a r more e f f e c t i v e means

t o m i t i g a t e t h i s p r o b l e m i s t o i n t r o d u c e c o m p e t i t i v e f o r c e s i n t o

B r i t i s h Co lumbia t i m b e r m a r k e t s a n d compare t h e t i m b e r v a l u e

o u t c o m e s w i t h a p p r a i s a l s .

R e c e n t l y , a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o p e r f o r m s u c h a c o m p a r i s o n h a s

m a t e r i a l i z e d . A s a r e s u l t o f t h e 1 9 7 8 p o r e s t A c t , a s d e s c r i b e d

i n S e c t i o n 11, a p o r t i o n o f Crown t i m b e r i s now s e t a s i d e f o r

n o n - i n t e g r a t e d o p e r a t o r s . A l l o c a t i o n o f t h i s wood f i b r e i s a s

n e a r a f o r m o f p e r f e c t c o m p e t i t i o n a s e x i s t s a n d t h e r e s u l t s h a v e

b e e n q u i t e r e m a r k a b l e . T a b l e V I I I g i v e s t h e r e s u l t s o f b i d d i n g

o v e r t h e p a s t t h r e e y e a r s . The o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y o f t i m b e r

a l l o c a t e d by t e n u r e o t h e r t h a n t h e s m a l l b u s i n e s s p rogram was

s o l d a t t h e u p s e t p r i c e -- i . e . t h e a p p r a i s a l s t u m p a g e r a t e . I n

s t a r k c o n t r a s t , t h e s t u m p a g e p a i d f o r t h e c o m p e t i t i v e l y a l l o c a t e d

f i b r e r a n g e d f r o m 286 p e r c e n t t o 368 p e r c e n t o f t h e u p s e t r a t e .

These r e s u l t s a r e e v e n more s u r p r i s i n g s i n c e many a p p r a i s a l s ,

w h i c h s u p p o s e d l y i n d i c a t e t h e f a i r m a r k e t v a l u e of t i m b e r , h a v e -4

i n d i c a t e d n e g a t i v e v a l u e s o v e r t h e p e r i o d . I n i n t e r v i e w s ,

i n d u s t r y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s h a v e c l a i m e d t h a t t h e e x i s t e n c e o f

minimum s t u m p a g e r a t e s r e s u l t ( i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f n e g a t i v e

a p p r a i s a l s ) i n a r e d u c e d m a r g i n f o r p r o f i t a n d r i s k when t h e

a v e r a g e o v e r t h e f u l l m a r k e t c y c l e i s c o n s i d e r e d . F u r t h e r m o r e ,

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i t was f e l t by i n d u s t r y o f f i c i a l s t h a t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e small

b u s i n e s s a u c t i o n s r e f l e c t b i d d i n g e r r o r s a n d a s a r e s u l t c o n t r a c t

d e f a u l t s w i l l be l i k e l y . However, F o r e s t S e r v i c e p e r s o n n e l

r e v e a l e d t h a t t h i s t i m b e r i s p r e s e n t l y b e i n g l o g g e d a n d t h a t

c o m p a n i e s a r e n o t e x p e r i e n c i n g f i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s a s a

r e s u l t .

One p o s s i b l e r e a s o n f o r t h i s c o u l d be t h a t t h e s m a l l

b u s i n e s s o p e r a t o r s who w e r e w i n n i n g t h e s e s a l e s w e r e more

e f f i c i e n t t h a n w h a t was a s s u m e d i n t h e a p p r a i s a l manua l . T h i s

may h a v e r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t much l o g g i n g i n t h e I n t e r i o r

was c a r r i e d o u t by i n d e p e n d e n t l o g g e r s p r i o r t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t

o f t h e s m a l l b u s i n e s s t i m b e r m a r k e t a n d t h e f i e r c e c o m p e t i t i o n

among t h e s e s m a l l o p e r a t o r s t o o b t a i n t h e s e c o n t r a c t s may h a v e

p r o d u c e d s u c h e f f i c i e n c y .

E x p l a n a t i o n s f o r t h e h i g h b i d / a p p r a i s a l r a t i o s o t h e r t h a n

a p p r a i s a l e r r o r s a re e l u s i v e . One p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n l i e s w i t h

t h e f a c t t h a t most o f t h e s e c o m p a n i e s do n o t i n c u r r o a d b u i l d i n g

c o s t s a s t i m b e r s a l e s a r e u s u a l l y made w h e r e r o a d s a l r e a d y e x i s t .

S i n c e u p s e t s t u m p a g e r a t e s w e r e s e t a t s t a t u t o r y minimum r a t e s i t

may h a v e b e e n p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e R o t h e r y a p p r a i s a l f o r t h e s e s m a l l

busin* t i m b e r t r a c t s e x c e e d e d t h e s t a t u t o r y minimum. I f i t i s

a s s u m e d t h a t t h e R o t h e r y a p p r a i s a l w i t h r o a d c o s t s y i e l d e d t h e

minimum r a t e , a l a r g e p o r t i o n o f b i d / a p p r a i s a l d i f f e r e n t i a l would

s t i l l be u n a c c o u n t e d f o r b e c a u s e a v e r a g e a p p r a i s e d r o a d c o s t s i n

1982 w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o t h e minimum s t u m p a g e r a t e .

However, i t i s l i k e l y t h a t a c t u a l r o a d c o s t s f o r t h e s e s m a l l

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b u s i n e s s o p e r a t o r s w o u l d b e much l e s s t h a n t h e a p p r a i s a l s f o r

l a r g e t r a c t s of q u o t a t i m b e r . F u r t h e r m o r e , most 1982 R o t h e r y

a p p r a i s a l s w h i c h i n c l u d e d r o a d c o s t s i n d i c a t e d n e g a t i v e

s t u m p a g e s .

A t p r e s e n t , t h e r e i s l i m i t e d i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e m a r k e t . An

a t t e m p t was made t o d i s c o v e r t h e e x t e n t o f c o m p e t i t i o n i n t h i s

m a r k e t by a n a p p r o a c h s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f Mead ' s a n a l y s i s

d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 11. However, no i n f o r m a t i o n i s p r e s e n t l y

r e c o r d e d c o n c e r n i n g t h e number o f b i d d e r s a t e a c h s a l e , o r

w h e t h e r t h e r e was o r a l v s . s e a l e d b i d d i n g . L e s s p r o m i s i n g

e x p l a n a t i o n s f o r t h e b i d d i n g t h a t o c c u r r e d i n t h e s m a l l b u s i n e s s

m a r k e t may b e f o u n d i n p o s s i b l e b i d d i n g m o t i v e s . The s p e c u l a t i v e

m o t i v e was p r o b a b l y n o t t o o much o f a f a c t o r a s mos t o f t h e

c o n t r a c t s w e r e v e r y s h o r t t e rm. They r a n g e d i n l e n g t h f rom s i x

m o n t h s t o 2 y e a r s , w i t h p o s s i b l e one y e a r e x t e n s i o n s . G i v e n t h a t

t h e m a r k e t c o n d i t i o n s i n w h i c h t h e b i d s w e r e made w e r e v e r y poor

a n d e x p e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e f o r s o m e t i m e , i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t

b i d d e r s were h o p i n g t h a t much h i g h e r f u t u r e e n d p r o d u c t p r i c e s

would c o m p e n s a t e them f o r e x c e s s i v e b i d s .

" I n c r e m e n t a l n b i d d i n g some times o c c u r s where a n o p e r a t o r

m u s t b b t a i n a g i v e n t i m b e r s a l e t o f i l l o u t a f r a c t i o n o f h i s

t o t a l n e e d s . T h i s i s a l l e g e d t o o c c u r i n t h e U.S., where a n

o p e r a t o r h a s s u b s t a n t i a l h o l d i n g s o f p r i v a t e t i m b e r w i t h w h i c h he

c a n meet m o s t o f h i s n e e d s . To b a l a n c e t h e o p e r a t i o n , t h e

o p e r a t o r may pay e x c e s s i v e s t u m p a g e s f o r t h e i n c r e m e n t and

a v e r a g e t h e e x c e s s o v e r t h e t o t a l t i m b e r s u p p l y . 5 Again , t h i s

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b i d d i n g m o t i v e i s u n l i k e l y t o be o p e r a t i n g , s i n c e mos t o f t h e

p . a r t i c i p a n t s d o n o t h a v e a n y t i m b e r s u p p l y a t a l l and a r e b i d d i n g

t o a c q u i r e i t .

I f some o f t h e b i d d e r s h a v e p r o c e s s i n g e q u i p m e n t , h i g h b i d s

may be e x p l a i n e d by a m o t i v e known a s d e f e n s i v e b i d d i n g . Faced

w i t h no t i m b e r s u p p l y , a n o p e r a t o r may be w i l l i n g t o b i d t o a

v e r y h i g h l e v e l i n o r d e r t o d e f e n d h i s e x i s t i n g i n v e s t m e n t . I n a

s e r i e s o f s h o r t term c o n t r a c t s , a n d o v e r a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e

number o f o p e r a t o r s , t h i s m o t i v e may o c c u r more o f l e s s

c o n t i n u a l l y among d i f f e r e n t p a r t i c i p a n t s . It may a l s o g e n e r a t e

s p i t e b i d d i n g o v e r t h e l o n g e r t e rm. However, i f a p p r a i s a l s w e r e

e s s e n t i a l l y a c c u r a t e i n a s s e s s m e n t o f m a r k e t v a l u e o f t i m b e r , i t

would b e i r r a t i o n a l f o r t h e p r o d u c e r t o i n c u r b o t h c a p i t a l l o s s e s

and t h e s h o r t - r u n o p e r a t i n g l o s s a s w e l l . The a p p r o p r i a t e

r e s p o n s e would h a v e b e e n f o r mos t o p e r a t o r s s i m p l y n o t t o b i d ,

l e t a l o n e h a r v e s t , u n t i l m a r k e t c o n d i t i o n s i m p r o v e d , i f i t became '

e v i d e n t t h a t s u c h b i d d i n g m o t i v e s were o p e r a t i n g .

A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , i t i s n o t c o m p l e t e l y c e r t a i n w h e t h e r

t h e s e o v e r - b i d s a re t h e r e s u l t o f a p p r a i s a l e r r o r s o r b i d d i n g

m o t i v e s . The m a r k e t a n d i t s p a r t i c i p a n t s a r e new and i t i s t o o .?u,

e a r l y f o r c l e a r t r e n d s t o emerge . However, e v e n t u a l l y t h i s

m a r k e t w i l l a c c o u n t f o r a f a i r l y s i z e a b l e f r a c t i o n of t h e t i m b e r

h a r v e s t i n B r i t i s h Co lumbia . Thus , t h e c o m p a r i s o n o f b i d s f rom

t h i s m a r k e t w i t h a p p r a i s a l s f r o m t h i s m a r k e t , a s w e l l a s w i t h

q u o t a t i m b e r , p r o m i s e s t o b e a b e t t e r means o f m o n i t o r i n g t h e

a c c u r a c y of a p p r a i s a l s t h a n i n t e r - r e g i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n s w i t h t h e

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P a c i f i c North-West. A l l of the i n s t i t u t i o n a l and s tructura l

d i f f e r e n c e s between regions concerning the timber resource,

appraisal systems, and the indus tr i e s themselves w i l l not

complicate the comparison nor cloud the outcome.

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TABLE VIII

COMPARISON OF A V E R A G E B I D P R I C E WITH A V E R A G E APPRAISED P R I C E FOR

BRITISH C O L U M B I A SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SCALES

Year

Stumpage r e c e i v e d a s a p e r c e n t of Stumpage A p p r a i s e d 1 286

S o u r c e : M i n i s t r y o f F o r e s t s , A , , n w ~ , 1980-1983 .

1 A p p r a i s e d Stumpage was s e t a s p r e s c r i b e d minimum r a t e s f o r t h e p e r i o d June 1 , 1980 through November 1 9 8 2 . -

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NOTES

SECTION I V

1 U n i t e d S t a t e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e Commiss ion , " C o n d i t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f C a n a d i a n S o f t w o o d Lumber i n t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . " W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . , A p r i l , 1982 . E x e c u t i v e Summary.

2 U n i t e d S t a t e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l T r a d e Commiss ion, " C o n d i t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f C a n a d i a n S o f t w o o d Lumber i n t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , H e a r i n g 332-134 , P o r t l a n d , Oregon Mar. 3 - 4 , 1982 . S t a t e m e n t s o f M r . A inscough .

S t e r l i n g Wood & A s s o c i a t e s , V a n c o u v e r , B r i t i s h Co lumbia , D a r v e a u , G r e n i e r , L u s s i e r & A s s o c i a t e s , Q u e b e c C i t y , Wes ley P i c k a r d , I n c . , Gig H a r b o r , W a s h i n g t o n , U. S. A. p r o v i d e d a J o i n t R e p o r t w h i c h was r e q u e s t e d by t h e C a n a d i a n S o f t w o o d Lumber Commi t t ee a n d p r e s e n t e d b e f o r e t h e ITA i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e c o u n t e r v a i l i n g d u t y h e a r i n g s , J o i n t R e ~ 0 r t t o t h e C a n a d i a n S o f t w o o d Lumber - i t t e e , C a n a d i a n S o f t w o o d Lumber Commi t t ee , Vancouver , 1 9 8 3 , p. 16 .

4 I a n M c A s k i l l . " P u b l i c C h a r g e s a n d P r i v a t e V a l u e s : a s t u d y o f B r i t i s h Co lumbia T imber P r i c i n g n , M N R M T h e s i s , S.F.U., 1 9 8 2 . p. 26.

5 P r i c e W a t e r h o u s e & Company, " A r e g i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n o f s t u m p a g e , t a x a t i o n and o t h e r f a c t o r s i n t h e f o r e s t i n d u s t r i e s o f B r i t i s h Co lumbia a n d t h e U.S. P a c i f i c N o r t h - W e s t , " C o u n c i l o f F o r e s t I n d u s t r i e s , V a n c o u v e r , 1973. Append ix B.

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FINAL SUMMARY

The p u r p o s e o f t h i s e x a m i n a t i o n o f i n t e r - r e g i o n a l s t u m p a g e

c o m p a r i s o n s was t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e y a re a v i a b l e means o f

m o n i t o r i n g t h e B r i t i s h Columbia a p p r a i s a l s y s t e m , a n d , on t h e

b a s i s of t h e s u r v e y , t o make a judgement c o n c e r n i n g t h e a c c u r a c y

o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a t i m b e r c h a r g e s .

T h e s e c o m p a r i s o n s i n d i c a t e d t h a t w h i l e B r i t i s h Co lumbia

s t u m p a g e s a re u n a m b i g u o u s l y l o w e r t h a n i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West ,

a v i a b l e e x p l a n a t i o n c o u l d n o t be f o u n d . I n g e n e r a l ,

i n t e r - r e g i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n s a r e a poor means o f a s s e s s i n g t h e

a c c u r a c y o f B.C. t i m b e r a p p r a i s a l s i n c o l l e c t i n g t h e f u l l v a l u e

o f t h e r e s o u r c e r e n t f o r t h e Crown. C e r t a i n f a c t o r s w h i c h

i n f l u e n c e b i d s i n t h e P a c i f i c Nor th-West a n d w h i c h do n o t e x i s t

i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a c o u l d n o t be a c c o u n t e d f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e l y i n

c o m p a r i s o n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e a p p e a r t o be no v i a b l e means o f ,

a c c o u n t i n g f o r o p e r a t i n g c o s t s i n s u c h c o m p a r i s o n s .

By way o f c o n t r a s t t h e b i d / a p p r a i s a l c o m p a r i s o n s i n t h e B.C.

s m a l l b u s i n e s s t i m b e r m a r k e t a r e a f a r s u p e r i o r means o f

c o m p a r i n g t i m b e r v a l u a t i o n i n c o m p e t i t i v e m a r k e t s w i t h v a l u a t i o n 'db

by p u b l i c c h a r g e s . These c o m p a r i s o n s p r o v i d e d s t r o n g e v i d e n c e

t h a t B r i t i s h Co lumbia a p p r a i s a l s f a i l t o c a p t u r e t h e f u l l

r e s o u r c e r e n t . Moreover , i n t e r - r e g i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n a l a n d

p o l i t i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s a r e n o t p r e s e n t t o c l o u d t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

o f r e s u l t s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e c o m p a r i s o n of b i d s w i t h a p p r a i s a l s

f o r a g i v e n s a l e s h o u l d be l e s s c o m p l i c a t e d t h a n a s i m i l a r

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P a c i f i c Nor th -Wes t c o m p a r i s o n . T h e r e i s n o t t h e v a r i e t y o f

t i m b e r o w n e r s h i p , n o r t a x a t i o n f a c t o r s w h i c h d i s t o r t U . S. b i d s .

C o n t r a c t s a r e on a s h o r t - t e r m b a s i s a n d h e n c e s p e c u l a t i v e b i d d i n g

s h o u l d be l e s s o f a p rob lem.

Thus , w h i l e t h e c a s e f o r c o m p a r i n g b i d s w i t h a p p r a i s a l s a s a

means o f m o n i t o r i n g p u b l i c c h a r g e s f o r t i m b e r i s s t i l l a s t r o n g

o n e , i t a p p e a r s t h a t i n t e r - r e g i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n s a r e a s e v e r e l y

l i m i t e d means f o r s u c h a p u r p o s e .

Page 106: MONITORING BRITISH COLUMBIA'S AN …summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6216/b16313550.pdfAN EXAMINATION OF INTERREGIONAL STUMPAGE COMPARISONS by Paul B. Drysdale B. A. ( Hon. ) ,

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