Mongolia.pdf

7/27/2019 Mongolia.pdf

1/43

Mongolia

Daalkhaijav Damiran

Enkhjargal Darambazar

Union April 2003


2/43

Flag

The flags blue center

symbolizes the eternal

blue sky.

The two red sides

symbolize progress and

prosperity.

The golden Soyombo

stands on the red stripe

nearest to the flagpole.


3/43

National symbol

The Soyombo is the Mongolian nationalsymbol (it is attributed to Zanabazar, 17thcentury).

A flame at the top represents theblossoming and continuation of the family.Its three prongs signify prosperity for theMongolian people in the past, present, andfuture.

The sun and crescent symbolize the originof the Mongolian people.

The triangles express the people'sdetermination to defend the country'sfreedom and independence. The top onerepresents triumph over internal enemies,while the bottom symbolizes victory overexternal enemies.

The rectangles stand for honesty, justice,and meritocracy.

Two intertwined fish symbolize vigilanceand wisdom, as fish never close their eyes.

The two vertical rectangles on the sidessignify fortress walls, a symbol of theMongolian saying, "Two humans infriendship are stronger than walls of stone."


4/43

History

Archeological digs have uncovered human remains in the

Gobi and other regions of Mongolia dating back nearly

500,000 years. The Mongols were nomadic people of northern Asia and

were little more than a loose confederation of rival clans.

In the late 12th century Chinggis khaan had united most ofthe Mongol tribes, and "all those who dwelled in felt-

walled tents.


5/43

History

The Mongol Dominance, 1300-1405. This was the height of theMongols' glory: the empire stretched from Korea to Hungary and asfar south as Vietnam, making it the largest empire the world has ever

known.


6/43

Mongolian Khaans

Chinggis Khaan(1162-1227)

Khubilai Khaan(1215 1294)


7/43

History

The Genghis Khan imprinted in the memory of the west bears littlerelation to the Chinggis Khaan revered by Mongolians. To Europeans,

the name epitomizes mercilessness and warmongering; to the

Mongolians, it embodies strength, unity, law and order. Chinggis

Khaan was also generous and loyal. A highly charismatic man, he

nonetheless also expected loyalty from everyone, including those whoserved his opponents. He is reputed to have put to death people who,

thinking they would gain his good graces, betrayed their lords to him.

Ghinggis Khaans grandson, Khubilai Khaan completed the

subjugation of China, ending the Song dynasty and becoming emperorof China's Yuan dynasty (1271-1368).


8/43

History

The success of the Mongol conquestsshould be attributed at least in part to

the military intelligence. The Mongols

had a extensive network of spies and

had extensive information of an enemy

before they engaged them in battle.

Their use of diplomacy was

remarkable.

Advanced military tactics.

Psychological warfare. Many peoplesfound it easier to submit than to resist.


9/43

History

In the mid 14th century Yuan dynasty disintegrated and Mongols

returned to Mongolia.

On 1 December 1911, independence from Manchu was declared, witha theocratic government under the leadership of the 8th JebtzunDamba.

Chinese occupied the capital of Mongolia in 1919.

In early 1921, retreating White Russian anticommunist troops enteredMongolia and expelled the Chinese.

Mongolian nationalists asked the Russian Bolsheviks for help.Together they recaptured Ulaanbaatar in July 1921.

On 26 November 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) wasdeclared.


10/43


11/43

Facts

Area: 1,566,000 sq km Population: 2.6 million

People: Khalkh Mongols (86%), Kazaks (6%), Chinese (2%),

Russian (2%), about a dozen other ethnic groups

Languages: Mongolian (official), Kazakh, Russian, Chinese

Religions: Tibetan Buddhism, Muslim, Shamanism


12/43

Political system: Parliamentary Republic.

Legislature: Parliament, Ikh Hural, with76 seats, elected for four years.

Head of the State: President elected forfour years.

Government: Prime Minister appointedby Ikh Hural for four years.


13/43

Major industries: Copper,livestock, cashmere, wool

Major trading partners: Russia,China, South Korea, Japan,US


14/43

Ulaanbaatar

The capital city is located along the

River Tuul trimmed by Bogd Khan

Mountain in the south and surrounded by

three other mountain ranges.

It is the home for the quarter of the nations

population..


15/43

Lifestyle

the five domesticated animals revered by nomads
http://south.dpsk12.org/block6/baterdenemaral/thecamels.jpg


16/43

Lifestyle


17/43

Culture and lifestyle

Mongolians have a high regard for horses since, for centuries, they have relied on

them for transport, sustenance, and companionship.


18/43

Environment

Mongolia is one of the

highest countries in the

world, with an average

elevation of 1580m(5180ft).

The Mongol Altai Nuruu

are permanentlysnowcapped, and their

highest peak is 4370m

(14,350ft).


19/43

Environment

Lake Khovsgol is one of the country's largest and most spectacularareas.

Its 380 cubic km of water make it the fourteenth largest freshwaterlake in the world by volume, with about 2% of the world's freshwater.

The lake is 136 km long and 36 km wide. At its deepest, the lakedives 262 meters.


20/43

Environment

The southern third of Mongolia is

dominated by the Gobi Desert.

There are 33 different Gobi, wheresandy desert occupies only 3

percent of the total territory.

Wild asses, camels, snow leopards,mountain sheep and gazellesflourish here, as do different typesof flora.

The Great Gobi Reservationestablished in 1975 was designatedby the United Nations as the fourthlargest Biosphere Reserve in theworld in 1991.


21/43

Environment


22/43

Environment

Dinosaur skeletons and

their petrified eggs have

been preserved here to the

present day.

Mongolia is considered to

be the origin country of

ruminant animals.

Tyrannosaur


23/43

Wildlife


24/43

Wildlife

Wild camel or Khavtgai Wild horse or Takhi

Gobi Bear or MazaalaiAsiatic Wild Ass or Khulan


25/43

Wildlife


26/43

Domestic animals

The two - humped Bactrian camel(367, 000 camels in the country).They were domesticated thousandsof years ago and are closely relatedto the rare wild camel known askhavtgai.

Camels are perfect for longdistance travel in the Gobi, but areslow (average about 5km/hour );easy to manage (a camel can lastfor over a week without drink and amonth without food); adaptable (a

camel can survive the hardestwinter); can carry a lot of gear (upto 250kg); and provide wool (anaverage of 5kg/year); milk (up to500 liters a year) and meat.


27/43

TRADITIONAL

CLOTHES

Mongols do like to wear

nice, richly decorated

clothes which compensate

the simple, ascetic

nomadic lifestyle.

A harsh climate and

uneasy life demand

attention to the smallest

details of clothes.

W


28/43

Women costume

Mongolian women

traditionally have had longhairs. To maintain anddecorate elaborate hair- do,women used many types ofgolden and silver hair-pinsand slides, often preciousstones.

So exotic and colorful areMongolian clothes thatFrench artists working on the

latest episode of the StarWars could not resist but toadopt a full dress of aMongolian woman for QueenAmadala.


29/43

Religion

In Mongolia, there were about 700 monasteries, but after the communist

takeover in 1921 monasteries were closed and all religious worship and

ceremonies outlawed.

Since 1990 theres been a revival of Buddhism (and other religions).

There is a significant minority of Sunni Muslims in the far western regions,

most of whom are ethnic Kazaks.


30/43

Culture

In the power of the eternal

heaven, the order of the

oceanic khan of the people

of the Great Mongols, theconquered people must

respect it and fear them.

The Seal of Guyug Khaan

(1206-1248)


31/43

Culture

Mongolias paintings,music and literature aredominated by nomadism

and Tibetan Buddhism.

Trio singing a folk song.Mongolian nationalmusical instruments: horse-head fiddle and khuuchir.

Example:


32/43

Culture

The ancient religious mask dancing"Tsam" is one of the significantreligious rituals reflecting buddhistteaching through correct apostolicimages and essence.

The "Tsam" dance ceremony wasfirst introduced into Mongolia in theVIII century when the famous IndianSaint Lovon Badamjunai was invitedto Mongolia to sanctify theconstruction of the first Tibetantemple Samya.

It is a theatrical art performed byskilled dancers bearing the externalappearance and characters ofdifferent apostles and devils, animalsor real people. It requiresmagnificently ornamented costumes.

.


33/43

Relations

Mongolians have always

taken wholeheartedly to

Tibetan Buddhism.

The leader of Tibetan

Buddhism Dalai Lamas

visited Mongolia several

times.


34/43

NAADAM FESTIVAL

The Nadaam festival is thebiggest festival of the year for

Mongolians.

Usually occurring in July, it runs

for three days in all parts of thecountry and highlights the

greatest athletes in horse racing,

archery, and wrestling.

This festival has been held for

centuries as a form of memorial

celebration, as an annual

sacrificial ritual honoring various

mountain gods.


35/43

Horse race

During the races, up to 1,000horses can be chosen to compete.

The horse races are broken down

into six categories based on the

age of the horses. For example,two-year-old horses race for 10

miles (16 km) and seven-year-

olds for 17 miles (30 km).

The race is conducted on the opengrasslands with no set track or

course.


36/43

Children from the ages of 5 to 13 are chosen as jockeys and the race tests the

horses skill and the riders.

Horse race


37/43

Archery

Archery was an inseparablepart of Mongolian historyever since it was inventedsome 20,000 years ago.

A stone monument raisedduring Chingis Khaan timesstates that a marksmannamed Esukhei hit a targetat 355 ald or more than 500meters distance. People of

that time were very strongand bows were well made.

Strength, concentr ation an d shar p eyes arevitalfor a good a rcher


38/43

Archery

Today we use 60-72 gramarrows and this is 10 timesheavier than those neededfor distant shooting. With

proper arrows it will bepossible to shoot for as faras 350 meters.

Women participate in all

but the wrestling category.
http://www.csen.org/csen.tofc/csen_tofc.html


39/43

Wrestling

There are no weight divisions

and no time limits.

A small wrestler can be pitted

against someone two times his

weight.

A fall is when any part of a

wrestlers body, except hishands or feet, touches the

ground.

Titles are given to winners of

a number of rounds: Falcon to

those winning five rounds,Elephant for seven rounds,

and Lion to the one winning

the whole tournament.

M li tl i J
http://www.csen.org/Mongol.Nadaam/Mongol.wrestler4.htmlhttp://www.csen.org/Mongol.Nadaam/Mongol.wrestler2.html


40/43

Mongolian wrestlers in Japanese sumo

Makuuchi Banzuke,

Asashoryu-Yokozuna

East #1

The winning moment


41/43

Mongolian sumo wrestlers in Makuuchi Banzuke

Kyokutenho

Komusubi, West#4

Kyokushuzan

Maegashira #3

Asasekiry

Maegashira #13


42/43

http://baatar.freeyellow.com/montsam.html

http://www.2camels.com/photos52.php3

http://www.discover.mn/mongolia/places.html

http://www.un-mongolia.mn/archives/wildher/khovsgol.htm http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/north_east_asia/mongolia/hi

story.htm

http://www.sumo.or.jp/eng/index.php

http://mglclub.com/

http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~corff/im/Landeskunde/CK.html

http://www.un-mongolia.mn/archives/ger-mag/issue2/fashion.htm

Reference
http://baatar.freeyellow.com/montsam.htmlhttp://www.2camels.com/photos52.php3http://www.discover.mn/mongolia/places.htmlhttp://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/north_east_asia/mongolia/history.htmhttp://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/north_east_asia/mongolia/history.htmhttp://www.sumo.or.jp/eng/index.phphttp://mglclub.com/http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~corff/im/Landeskunde/CK.htmlhttp://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~corff/im/Landeskunde/CK.htmlhttp://mglclub.com/http://www.sumo.or.jp/eng/index.phphttp://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/north_east_asia/mongolia/history.htmhttp://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/north_east_asia/mongolia/history.htmhttp://www.discover.mn/mongolia/places.htmlhttp://www.2camels.com/photos52.php3http://baatar.freeyellow.com/montsam.html


43/43

Welcome to Mongolia

Thank you

Documents

Mongolia.pdf