Monday Monday

Complete Unit 9 Quiz #5Complete Unit 9 Quiz #5 I will be around to check Unit 9 Vocab and I will be around to check Unit 9 Vocab and

Unit 9 Study Guide – Have them ready!Unit 9 Study Guide – Have them ready! Castle Learning is due tonight – Have you Castle Learning is due tonight – Have you

done it?done it? Units 7-9 Study Guide Due Wed.Units 7-9 Study Guide Due Wed. STUDY! STUDY! STUDY! STUDY!STUDY! STUDY! STUDY! STUDY!

EOC ReviewEOC Review

Mallard Creek High SchoolMallard Creek High School

Day 1 – BiochemistryDay 1 – Biochemistry CellsCells

Cell ProcessesCell Processes

Types of CellsTypes of Cells

What are the two types of cells?

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

What are the characteristics of these types of cells?

Differences between cellsDifferences between cells

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

1. Have a cell wall.2. DNA is not surrounded

by a nucleus.3. DNA is circular.4. Have ribosomes, but no

other important organelles.

5. Only bacteria are prokaryotic.

1. May or may not have cell wall.

2. Have a nucleus surrounding DNA.

3. Have lots of organelles.4. Plant and animal cells

are eukaryotic

Types of Eukaryotic CellsTypes of Eukaryotic Cells

What are the two types of eukaryotic What are the two types of eukaryotic cells?cells?

Plant and Animal CellsPlant and Animal Cells

What are their characteristics?What are their characteristics?

Differences Between Differences Between Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

Plant Cells Animal Cells

1. Cell wall made of cellulose.

2. Chloroplasts for photosynthesis present.

3. No centrioles.4. Large central

vacuole for storage.

1. No cell wall.2. No chloroplasts.3. Have centrioles to

help with mitosis.4. Many small,

scattered vacuoles for storage.

Is this cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

How can you tell?

Draw the picture and label each letter.

Is this cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

How can you tell?

Is this a plant cell or an animal cell?

How can you tell?

Is this cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

How can you tell?

Is this a plant cell or an animal cell?

How can you tell?

With a PartnerWith a Partner

1.1. What does each of the following cell What does each of the following cell parts do?parts do?

2.2. What does each part look like?What does each part look like? RibosomesRibosomes NucleusNucleus ChloroplastsChloroplasts MitochondriaMitochondria

Phospholipid BilayerPhospholipid Bilayer

TransportTransport

What are the two types of cell transport?What are the two types of cell transport?

Active and PassiveActive and Passive

What are the characteristics of each?What are the characteristics of each?

Cell TransportCell Transport

PassivePassive Requires no energy.Requires no energy. DiffusionDiffusion OsmosisOsmosis

IsotonicIsotonic HypertonicHypertonic HypotonicHypotonic

ActiveActive Requires the use of Requires the use of

cell energy (ATP)cell energy (ATP) EndocytosisEndocytosis ExocytosisExocytosis

OsmosisOsmosis

IsotonicIsotonic HypertonicHypertonic HypotonicHypotonic

BiochemistryBiochemistry

What does it mean for something to be What does it mean for something to be organic?organic?

Has carbon and hydrogenHas carbon and hydrogen What are four examples of organic What are four examples of organic

compounds?compounds? Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acidProtein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid

MacromoleculesMacromoleculesProtein Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid

Monomer:

What to look for:

Examples

Protein Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid

Monomer: Amino acid

Monomer: Monosaccharide

Monomer: Fatty acid

Monomer: Nucleotide

Composition: Look for nitrogen (N) in the molecule.

Composition: Look for a ring!!! Also, there will only be C, H and O in the molecule in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Composition: Look for long chains of carbon hanging off of a common head.

Composition: Look for three distinct parts: a base, a phosphate, and a sugar

Ex: Enzymes, structural proteins, muscle, egg white

Ex: Sugar and starch

Ex: Oil, fat and wax

Ex: RNA and DNA

Which is it?Which is it?

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Which is it?Which is it?

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Which is it?Which is it?

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Which is it?Which is it?

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Which is it?Which is it?

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Which is it?Which is it?

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Which is it?Which is it?

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Which is it?Which is it?

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Which is it?Which is it?

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Which is it?Which is it?

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Protein

Nucleic Acid

Which is it?Which is it?

Glucose = CGlucose = C66HH1212OO66

Glucose is the main source of energy for living things.

What class of macromolecule does glucose belong to?How can you tell?

Photosynthesis makes glucose.Respiration breaks glucose down in to ATP.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

2612622 666 OOHCLightOHCO lChlorophyl

Where does photosynthesis occur?

What gas is produced by photosynthesis?

What is the major type of energy produced?

Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

ATPOHCOOOHC 36666 2226126

Where does respiration occur?

What gas is produced by respiration?

What is the major type of energy produced?

Answer the following Answer the following questions:questions:

Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

Is Oxygen needed?

What gas is produced?

How many ATP are made?

Carried out by yeast

Carried out by humans most of the time

Alcoholic fermentation

Day 2 – DNA, Mendelian Day 2 – DNA, Mendelian Genetics, Human Genetics, Human GeneticsGenetics

What is the shape of DNA?What is the shape of DNA? Double HelixDouble Helix

Who is credited with the discovery of the Who is credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA?structure of DNA? Watson and CrickWatson and Crick

What are the subunits/monomers of What are the subunits/monomers of nucleic acids?nucleic acids? nucleotidesnucleotides

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?What are the three parts of a nucleotide? SugarSugar PhosphatePhosphate BaseBase

How do the bases pair up?How do the bases pair up? Adenine-ThymineAdenine-Thymine Cytosine-GuanineCytosine-Guanine

If one side of the DNA has the bases, If one side of the DNA has the bases, ATCGGTACT what are the ATCGGTACT what are the complementary bases?complementary bases? TAGCCATGATAGCCATGA

A sample of DNA is found to contain 15% adenine. What would the percentage of thymine be? Cytosine? Guanine?

A=15%, T=15%.......total 30%

100-30=70/2=35

G=35%, C=35%

What is the purpose of DNA replication?What is the purpose of DNA replication? To make an exact copy of the DNATo make an exact copy of the DNA

When does replication occur?When does replication occur? During Interphase, before cell divisionDuring Interphase, before cell division

DNA vs. RNADNA vs. RNA

DNA RNA

Double Stranded Single Stranded

Deoxyribose Sugar Ribose Sugar

Bases: ATCG Bases: AUCG

TranscriptionTranscription What is the purpose of transcription?What is the purpose of transcription?

DNA is transcribed (written) into the mRNA DNA is transcribed (written) into the mRNA code code

DNADNAmRNAmRNA AAUU TTAA CCGG GGCC

What is the purpose of translation?What is the purpose of translation? tRNA brings amino acids to the appropriate tRNA brings amino acids to the appropriate

mRNA codon to assemble the proteinmRNA codon to assemble the protein

Label the DiagramLabel the Diagram

MutationsMutations

What are mutations?What are mutations? A change in the DNAA change in the DNA

What is a point mutation?What is a point mutation? A base is changed, Ex: AGG A base is changed, Ex: AGG ACGACG

What is a frameshift mutation?What is a frameshift mutation? Bases added or deleted, Ex: AGG Bases added or deleted, Ex: AGG ACGG ACGG

Mitosis vs. MeiosisMitosis vs. MeiosisMitosis Meiosis

Type of Reproduction Asexual Sexual

Number of Cell Produced

2 4

Comparison of Mother and Daughter Cells

Clones (Diploid) Genetically Different (Haploid)

Purpose Growth and repair Produce sex cells (gametes) – sperm and egg

Crossing Over No Yes! Leads to variation in offspring.

Number of Divisions 1 2

Mendelian GeneticsMendelian GeneticsKey Vocabulary

Dominant Allele found in most of the population, hides the recessive allele

Recessive Hidden by the dominant allele, only seen if both alleles in a genotype are recessive, Ex. rr

Homozygous Two of the same allele, Homozygous dominant – RR, homozygous recessive - rr

Heterozygous Two different alleles - Rr

Genotype The actual gene pair – ex. RR, Rr, rr

Phenotype Physical characteristics – ex. red

A heterozygous black dog mates with a A heterozygous black dog mates with a white dog. Complete the Punnett Square white dog. Complete the Punnett Square and give the phenotype and genotype and give the phenotype and genotype ratios.ratios.

A white mouse mates with a black mouse A white mouse mates with a black mouse and the offspring are gray. What type of and the offspring are gray. What type of inheritance does this demonstrate?inheritance does this demonstrate? Incomplete Dominance – neither allele is Incomplete Dominance – neither allele is

completely dominant so they blendcompletely dominant so they blend

A white mouse mates with a black mouse A white mouse mates with a black mouse and the offspring are all white with black and the offspring are all white with black spots. What type of inheritance does this spots. What type of inheritance does this demonstrate?demonstrate? Co-Dominance – both alleles are equally Co-Dominance – both alleles are equally

dominant so they both show updominant so they both show up

Human GeneticsHuman Genetics

If the mother has blood type O and the If the mother has blood type O and the father is heterozygous for blood type A, father is heterozygous for blood type A, what are the possible blood types of their what are the possible blood types of their children? Complete a Punnett Square to children? Complete a Punnett Square to demonstrate your answer.demonstrate your answer.

What is the genotype for a female who What is the genotype for a female who doesn’t have hemophilia but carries the doesn’t have hemophilia but carries the trait for it?trait for it?

If a hemophiliac male has children with a If a hemophiliac male has children with a normal female, what are the possible normal female, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of their genotypes and phenotypes of their offspring? Complete a Punnett Square to offspring? Complete a Punnett Square to demonstrate your answer.demonstrate your answer.

What is the gender of the individual above?Does the individual above have a disorder? If so, what is it?

A. PKU E. HemophiliaB.Down’s Syndrome F. Klinefelter’s SyndromeC. Huntington’s Disease G. Cystic FibrosisD.Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy H. Sickle-Cell Anemia

_____1. An autosomal disorder in which the amino acid phenylalanine builds up in the body interfering with brain development. _____2. Caused by an incompletely dominant gene, which produces abnormal hemoglobin. Patient has difficulty getting oxygen to cells, and the abnormal cells can form clots in blood vessels._____3. Sex-linked condition that causes gradual paralysis. Individuals die in their twenties._____4. Genetic disorder that causes thick mucus to build up in the respiratory system and digestive system, causing lung infections and difficulty digesting food. _____5. Recessive sex-linked trait that leads to severe bleeding._____6. A disorder that causes a degeneration of brain cells when a patient is in their thirties and forties.

1.List the characteristics of bacteria.

2.What domain(s) do prokaryotic cells belong to?

3.Are all bacteria pathogens?

Characteristics:1. Piece of nucleic acid

in a protein coat.2.Must inject its nucleic

acid into a host cell to reproduce.

3. Some are pathogens. Ex: Swine flu, HIV, Ebola

Questions:1. Why isn’t a virus considered alive?2. Is a virus a parasite? Why?

Homologous StructuresHomologous Structures

Structures that are similar in composition, Structures that are similar in composition, but have different functions.but have different functions.

Identify the similarities between these appendages.

Identify the different functions of these appendages.

BiochemistryBiochemistry

Current theories look Current theories look at how close genetic at how close genetic codes are to each codes are to each other.other.

The more similarities The more similarities in the DNA of two in the DNA of two organisms, the more organisms, the more closely related they closely related they are supposed to be.are supposed to be.

DNA → RNA → Amino acids → ProteinDNA → RNA → Amino acids → Protein

EmbryologyEmbryology Embryology is the Embryology is the

study of embryonic study of embryonic development.development.

Idea is that similarities Idea is that similarities between embryos are between embryos are indicators of how indicators of how closely related closely related organisms are.organisms are.

Questions:1. Which level is made up

of all the biotic (living) factors in an ecosystem?

2. One fruit fly would be an example of…

3. A herd of buffalo would be an example of….

4. Which level of organization includes all of the others?

5. Which level excludes all of the others?

BiosphereBiosphere EcosystemEcosystem CommunityCommunity PopulationPopulation Individual/Individual/

organismorganism

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Most inclusive M

ost Exclusive

Logistic Growth

0

20

40

60

80

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Time

Nu

mb

er

of

Ind

ivid

ua

ls

List 3 abiotic factors in a rainforest:List 3 abiotic factors in a rainforest: List 3 biotic factors in a rainforest:List 3 biotic factors in a rainforest:

Exponential Growth

0

100

200

300

0 1 2 10 20 25 35 45 50

Time

Nu

mb

er

of

Ind

ivid

ua

ls

Logistic Growth

0

20

40

60

80

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Time

Nu

mb

er

of

Ind

ivid

ua

ls

Exponential Growth

0

100

200

300

0 1 2 10 20 25 35 45 50

Time

Nu

mb

er

of

Ind

ivid

ua

ls

Characteristics of Exponential Growth:Characteristics of Exponential Growth: Characteristics of Logistic Growth:Characteristics of Logistic Growth: