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Why is it important to know common oxidation states? What happens when iron rusts? –List some ideas using your monatomic list.
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Monatomic Ions Variable and Fixed
Symbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions Fixed Charge
Symbol Name Symbol Name H1+ hydrogen ion H1- hydride Li1+ lithium ion F1- fluoride Na1+ sodium ion Cl1- chloride K1+ potassium ion Br1- bromide Rb1+ rubidium ion I1- iodide Cs1+ cesium ion O2- oxide Be2+ beryllium ion S2- sulfide Mg2+ magnesium ion Se2- selenide Ca2+ calcium ion Te2- telluride Sr2+ strontium ion N3- nitride Ba2+ barium ion P3- phosphide Ra2+ radium ion As3- arsenide Al3+ aluminum ion Ag1+ silver ion Zn2+ zinc ion
The ending for a negative ion’s name is –ide. For example, fluorine is fluoride. Replace the -ine with -ide
Cd2+ strontium ion
Symbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions Variable Charge
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Cu+ copper(I) cuprous Ni2+ nickel(II) nickelous Cu2+ copper(II) cupric Ni3+ nickel(II) nickelic Au+ gold(I) aurous Au3+ gold(III) auric Sn2+ tin(II) stannous Cr2+ chromium(II) chromous Sn4+ tin(IV) stannic Cr3+ chromium(III) chromic Pb2+ lead(II) plumbous Mn2+ manganese(II) manganous Pb4+ lead(IV) plumbic Mn3+ manganese(III) manganic Fe2+ iron(II) ferrous Hg2
2+ mercury(I) mercurous Fe3+ iron(III) ferric Hg2+ mercury(II) mercuric Co2+ cobalt(II) cobaltous Co3+ cobalt(III) cobaltic
Fixed
Variable
Why is it important to know common oxidation states?
• What happens when iron rusts?– List some ideas using your monatomic list.
Iron Rusting
Fe is oxidation state 0
Fe2+ is oxidation state of 2+
A pit is formed in the Fe. Water enters the pit.
Fe2+ and Fe3+ is exposed to oxygen and forms Fe2O3 with water attached.
Picture from: http://library.kcc.hawaii.edu/external/chemistry/everyday_corrosion.html
Memorizing Monatomic Ions
• Recall the number in a series that you are able to remember in short term memory from the sequencing lab.
• Use this number and chunking when you study the monatomic ions to memorize these ions.
• This presentation will give you large chunks, but you may have to break them down into smaller chunks for your span.
Hopefully, your brain is a little larger than this one.
His sequence recall is less than one.
Picture from:http://www.simpsonstrivia.com.ar/simpsons-photos/wallpapers/homer-simpson-wallpaper-brain-1024.jpg
Fixed Monatomic IonsSymbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions
Fixed Charge Symbol Name Symbol Name H1+ hydrogen ion H1- hydride Li1+ lithium ion F1- fluoride Na1+ sodium ion Cl1- chloride K1+ potassium ion Br1- bromide Rb1+ rubidium ion I1- iodide Cs1+ cesium ion O2- oxide Be2+ beryllium ion S2- sulfide Mg2+ magnesium ion Se2- selenide Ca2+ calcium ion Te2- telluride Sr2+ strontium ion N3- nitride Ba2+ barium ion P3- phosphide Ra2+ radium ion As3- arsenide Al3+ aluminum ion Ag1+ silver ion Zn2+ zinc ion
The ending for a negative ion’s name is –ide. For example, fluorine is fluoride. Replace the -ine with -ide
Cd2+ strontium ion
Some of the columns of the periodic table have a pattern for the
monatomic fixed ions
Column 1FixedColumn 1 loses an electron to obtain the noble gas
configuration of column 18.
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008 2
13 14 15 16 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
Column 2Fixed Column 1 loses two electrons to obtain the
noble gas configuration of column 18.
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008
2+ 2
13 14 15 16 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
Column 11 Silver Ag FixedColumn 11 loses two electrons to obtain the noble gas configuration of column 18 for the outer shell.
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008
2+ 2
13 14 15 16 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
Column 12 FixedColumn 12 loses two electrons to obtain the noble gas configuration of column 18 for the outer shell.
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008
2+ 2
13 14 15 16 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2+ 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
Column 13 Fixed Column 13 loses three electrons.
Only aluminum is fixed in this column
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008
2+ 2
3+ 13 14 15 16 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
Column 15Column 15 gains three electrons to obtain the noble gas configuration of column 18
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008
2+ 2
3+ 13 14
3- 15 16 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
Column 16Column 15 gains four electrons to obtain the
noble gas configuration of column 18
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008
2+ 2
3+ 13 14
3- 15
2- 16 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
Column 17Column 17 gains one electron to obtain the
noble gas configuration of column 18
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008
2+ 2
3+ 13 14
3- 15
2- 16
1- 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
Common Monatomic Variable Ions
Symbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions Variable Charge
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Cu+ copper(I) cuprous Ni2+ nickel(II) nickelous Cu2+ copper(II) cupric Ni3+ nickel(II) nickelic Au+ gold(I) aurous Au3+ gold(III) auric Sn2+ tin(II) stannous Cr2+ chromium(II) chromous Sn4+ tin(IV) stannic Cr3+ chromium(III) chromic Pb2+ lead(II) plumbous Mn2+ manganese(II) manganous Pb4+ lead(IV) plumbic Mn3+ manganese(III) manganic Fe2+ iron(II) ferrous Hg2
2+ mercury(I) mercurous Fe3+ iron(III) ferric Hg2+ mercury(II) mercuric Co2+ cobalt(II) cobaltous Co3+ cobalt(III) cobaltic
Variable Monatomic Ions• The transition monatomic ions have many
different oxidation charges (charge of the ion)• Many variable monatomic ions have common
names as well as the stock system name.• Learning the ions is difficult. Using your
chunking skills makes it much easier to memorize.
• There are many variable ion in the transition metals.
• The ions that are presented are only the common variable ions with common names.
The Stock system name uses Roman numerals for the charge of the ion.
Symbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions Variable Charge
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Cu+ copper(I) cuprous Ni2+ nickel(II) nickelous Cu2+ copper(II) cupric Ni3+ nickel(III) nickelic Au+ gold(I) aurous Au3+ gold(III) auric Sn2+ tin(II) stannous Cr2+ chromium(II) chromous Sn4+ tin(IV) stannic Cr3+ chromium(III) chromic Pb2+ lead(II) plumbous Mn2+ manganese(II) manganous Pb4+ lead(IV) plumbic Mn3+ manganese(III) manganic Fe2+ iron(II) ferrous Hg2
2+ mercury(I) mercurous Fe3+ iron(III) ferric Hg2+ mercury(II) mercuric Co2+ cobalt(II) cobaltous Co3+ cobalt(III) cobaltic
•Copper (I)
•Cu1+
•Tin (IV)
•Sn4+
Common Naming System• According to IUPAC
naming compounds with common names is typically used when the ion does not have more than two oxidation states.
Symbols and Charges for Monatomic Ions Variable Charge
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Symbol (Stock system) Systematic name
Common name
Cu+ copper(I) cuprous Ni2+ nickel(II) nickelous Cu2+ copper(II) cupric Ni3+ nickel(II) nickelic Au+ gold(I) aurous Au3+ gold(III) auric Sn2+ tin(II) stannous Cr2+ chromium(II) chromous Sn4+ tin(IV) stannic Cr3+ chromium(III) chromic Pb2+ lead(II) plumbous Mn2+ manganese(II) manganous Pb4+ lead(IV) plumbic Mn3+ manganese(III) manganic Fe2+ iron(II) ferrous Hg2
2+ mercury(I) mercurous Fe3+ iron(III) ferric Hg2+ mercury(II) mercuric Co2+ cobalt(II) cobaltous Co3+ cobalt(III) cobaltic
Some words to remember for common naming
• -ous is less – The charge of the ion is the lower oxidation
number– Example Ferrous is Fe2+
• -ic is more– The charge of the ion is the higher oxidation
number– Example Ferric is Fe3+
Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni For common naming
2+ -ous is less, 3+ -ic is more Pattern on the periodic chart
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008
2+ 2
3+ 13 14
3- 15
2- 16
1- 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
Example: Chromous 2+ Chromic 3+ 5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31
3 4 5
II III - ous -ic 2+ and 3+
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
Cu, Ag, and Au are all 1+Cu is 1+ and 2+Au is 1+ and 3+
(The 3rd row down)-ous is less, -ic is more
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008
2+ 2
3+ 13 14
3- 15
2- 16
1- 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1+ and
varied 11 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
Zn, Cd, and HgAll are 2+
Hg22+ is diatomic
Stock system name Mercury (I)-ous is less, -ic is more
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008
2+ 2
3+ 13 14
3- 15
2- 16
1- 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
Hg22+
5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11
2+
12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
Sn, Pb 2+ and 4+
-ous is less, –ic is moreTin and Lead are two and four.
1+ 1 The Periodic Table of the Elements 18
1
H 1.008
2+ 2
3+ 13 14
3- 15
2- 16
1- 17
2
He 4.003
3
Li 6.941
4
Be 9.012
5
B 10.81
6
C 12.01
7
N 14.01
8
O 16.00
9
F 19.00
10
Ne 20.18
11
Na 22.99
12
Mg 24.31 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
Al 26.98
14
Si 28.09
15
P 30.97
16
S 32.07
17
Cl 35.45
18
Ar 39.95
19
K 39.10
20
Ca 40.08
21
Sc 44.96
22
Ti 47.87
23
V 50.94
24
Cr 52.00
25
Mn 54.94
26
Fe 55.85
27
Co 58.93
28
Ni 58.69
29
Cu 63.55
30
Zn 65.39
31
Ga 69.72
32
Ge 72.61
33
As 74.92
34
Se 78.96
35
Br 79.90
36
Kr 83.80
37
Rb 85.47
38
Sr 87.62
39
Y 88.91
40
Zr 91.22
41
Nb 92.91
42
Mo 95.94
43
Tc (98)
44
Ru 101.1
45
Rh 102.9
46
Pd 106.4
47
Ag 107.9
48
Cd 112.4
49
In 114.8
50
Sn 118.7
51
Sb 121.8
52
Te 127.6
53
I 126.9
54
Xe 131.3
55
Cs 132.9
56
Ba 137.3
57
La 138.9
72
Hf 178.5
73
Ta 180.9
74
W 183.8
75
Re 186.2
76
Os 190.2
77
Ir 192.2
78
Pt 195.1
79
Au 197.0
80
Hg 200.6
81
Tl 204.4
82
Pb 207.2
83
Bi 209.0
84
Po (209)
85
At (210)
86
Rn (222)
87
Fr (223)
88
Ra (226)
89
Ac (227)
104
Rf (261)
105
Db (262)
106
Sg (266)
107
Bh (264)
108
Hs (269)
109
Mt (268)
110
Uun (271)
111
Uuu (272)
112
Uub (277)
2+, 4+
Periodic table adapted from: www.swansontec.com/selement.htm
