Molecules of Life Fun with Biomolecules (Macromolecules)
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Biochemistry Terms Biomolecule any molecule produced by a
living organism. Macromolecule when smaller molecules join together
to form a larger more complex molecule. Polyunsaturated fat
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Important Macromolecules There are four types of macromolecules
that make up all living organisms: 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids
3.Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids
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Elements found in the four macromolecules: Carbon Hydrogen
Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus These three elements are found in all
four carbon hydrogen oxygen
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How they are made & Broken Down: Monomers-simplest, one
unit building blocks. Polymers-multiunit, polymers are made of
monomers. Polymers are made using a process known as dehydration
synthesis (removes a water molecule). Polymers are broken down
using a process known as hydrolysis (breaks or lyses a water
molecule and adds it).
http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dehydrat/dehydrat.html
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Carbohydrates
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Structure: Elements: carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. CHO
Subunits: Monosaccharides Form a RING Function: Quick energytheir
bonds store a lot of energy!
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Examples-Simple Simple = Monosaccharides (C 6 H 12 O 6 )
Glucose from plants Fructose from fruits Galactose from milk
GlucoseFructose Monomer-simplest unit
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Example-Complex Complex = Disaccharides (C 12 H 24 O 12 ) two
rings Sucrose = glucose & fructose Lactose = glucose &
galactose Maltose = glucose & glucose SucroseLactose
Polymer-larger units made of monomers
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Example-Very Complex Very Complex=Polysaccharides many rings
Starch is stored in plants (grains & potatoes) Cellulose in
plant cell walls & wood Glycogen stored in animal livers &
muscles Cellulose Polymer-larger units made of monomers
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Lipids Structure: Elements-carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms
CHO Subunits: glycerol and fatty acids (and sometimes a phosphate)
Arranged in CHAINS Function: Better for storing energy-more bonds
than carbohydrates.
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Lipid Types Examples: Fats = energy storage (cooking oil,
butter) Steroids = hormones & cholesterol Waxes = protective
coatings (ear wax and cuticle of plant leaves) Phospholipids =
important component of the cell membrane
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Proteins Structure: Elements-carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen atoms CHON Subunits: amino acids Functions: Structural
proteins- building blocks of cells Globular proteins- Enzymes
Messenger and transport proteins (cell membrane)
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There are 20 different types of amino acids and they can form
new proteins based upon their order and the number of them present
in a protein chain. Generalized Amino Acid
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Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA Structure: Elements-carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. CHONP Subunits: nucleotides
Function: Control genetic information
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Types of Nucleic Acids There are two types of nucleic acids: a)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) codes for genes b) RNA (ribonucleic
acid) transfers information