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Unidad 3
Objectives
What is the Weather Like?
FunctionsObjectives
Talking about the weather
Giving advice and recommendations
Use the subjunctive to give recommendations
Use adjectives to describe the weather
What is the Weather Like in the United States?
Because The United States is such a big country, it has a wide rangeof different climates and weather. Much of the country experiences the four seasons; winter, spring, summer, and autumn.
Most of the states in the north get quite a bit of snow in the winter. Though a snowy landscape can be an impressive sight, it brings with itconsequences which affect the way a society functions. For example, itis necessary to put salt on the roadways so that cars do not slip andslide on icy roads. In addition, it is recommended that people usespecial tires on their cars for further protection against this hazard. Snow storms called blizzards, occur quite often in the northeastern portion of the country and may shutdown schools and businesses temporarily.
The snow, however, provides wonderful entertainment for people, especially children, who love to make snowmen, get into snowball fights, go sledding, go skiing, and go ice- skating.
What is the Weather Like in the United States?
Spring follows winter and it is a pretty time when the leaves on the trees start growing and the flowers start budding. It is also the season that brings forth a lot of rain.
The weather is usually mild and very enjoyable. In more rural areas, one can see the return of certain animals, which had been sheltered during the winter.
What is the Weather Like in the United States?
Summer is the hottest time of year. The days are longer and sunnier and people often head outdoors for recreation.
People flock to the parks and the countryside to practice sports, go hiking, and swimming.
It is a great American pastime to have outdoor cookouts with different meats and vegetables simmering on the grill. It still rains quite a bit in the summer, too, so thunderstorms sometimes do spoil plans.
What is the Weather Like in the United States?
Autumn comes after summer, which is a special time in the United States. In autumn, also called the fall, children return to school after their long summer vacation.
The American diet also changes at this time because it is the time of harvest and some of the vegetables harvested at this time are staples of American cuisine. Among these are: pumpkins, squash, cranberries, apples, yams and corn.In the fall, the weather starts to cool down once again.
This cooling period may be accompanied by strong gusts of wind and cloudy skies. However, the most striking feature of autumn is the color of the leaves on the trees. These turn into breathtaking shades of red, orange, yellow, and brown.
Soon, these leaves will begin to fall to the ground signaling the coming winter and yet another cycle in the seasons.
The Weather
The Weather in the United States changes a great deal from season to season, therefore, forecasters and people in general use a variety of words to describe what the weather is like. Many of these words are adjectives and they are created by adding the suffix 'y to nouns such as:
snow snowy
wind windy
cloud cloudy
rain rainy
The Weather
Nouns ending in e, like ice or breeze, drop the e and add y:
breezebreezy
ice icy
3-letter words that have a consonant-vowel-consonant combination double the second consonant before adding the sufix 'y:
fogfoggy
mud muddy
sun sunny
mug muggy
Other adjectives used for describing the temperature include:
FreezingIcy Cold Cool Warm Hot
Practice
Choose an adjective from the list to complete the following descriptions of the weather:
warmsnowy cloudy sunny breezy icy freezing muddy cool
1. It rained so much that all the roads turned
2. roads are a risk of the long winters in Canada.
3. In the Caribbean the weather is commonly and humid.
4. skies and thunderstorms are typical during the summer in South Florida.
5. We had to wear special clothes to protect us against the wind. It was and extremely cold.
6. Sights of Christmas in the Northern hemisphere usually include rooftops and snowy hills.
7. Yesterday was but today it is very cold.
8. Polar bears can resist temperatures thanks to their insulating coat of fur and body fat.
The Subjunctive
The subjunctive describes a situation or necessity that results from someone's desire or a condition in nature, like the weather. The subjunctive is formed as follows:
Introduced by an expression like:
thatsubject
Simple form of verb
Rest of sentence
It is necessary you wearwarm clothes during winter
It is important people usesunblock lotion at the beach
It is essential Your father turn onheadlights for driving in the fog
It is advisable children wear boots and raincoats
It is recommended
roads be Salted.
It is better we shutwindows and doors during a hurricane.
Model sentences:
It is important that your father turn on the lights when driving in the fog. (simple form)
It is essential that people shut windows and doors during a hurricane.(simple form)
The Subjunctive in Negative Form
To make a negative sentence with the Subjunctive, simply add not before the verb in simple form:
When it is rainy, it is advisable that you use an umbrella.(simple form)
When it is windy, it is advisable that you not use an umbrella.(simple form)
Pronunciation
A. Stress Patterns and final -y [i] sounds.
As we saw in English 1 Week the final -y sound in English words sound very similar to the Spanish 'i' , i.e. in 'silbar' , 'ciclo', 'simple' etc.
The -y in words related to weather:Listen to and repeat the following words which end with -y.
Note the stress pattern is always " 0 o "
0 o0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o
windy cloudy breezy muggy icy sunny rainy stormy
Pronunciation
B:Two and three syllable stress patterns for common words.
Unlike Spanish, the English language depends a lot on stress for communication.
The word 'permit' for example can mean two things: a noun meaning a document giving the person with the document permission to do something if the stress is on the first syllable 'per.mit .
It can be a verb giving the person permission to do something (no document involved). The pronunciation would be on the second syllable: per'mit.
Notice the stress patterns on these words
0 o o0 o o 0 o
'actually(in fact, in reality)
'slowly ex'actly
Practice
Listen carefully to the following commonly used words in English and indicate the stress patterns
1) 0 o o2) 0 o 3) o 0 o
or you hear.
1. rapidly
2. remotely
3. quickly
4. hopefully
5. precisely
6. really!
7. totally
8. frankly
9. unkindly
10. certainly
11. slowly
12. happily
13. hopefully
14. unlikely
15. sweetly
16. completely
17. nicely
18. entirely
19. exactly
20. rudely
Index
Objectives Objectives
Vocabulary Practice
Reading What is the Weather Like in the United States?What is the Weather Like in the United States?What is the Weather Like in the United States?What is the Weather Like in the United States?
Practice
Vocabulary The WeatherThe WeatherPractice
Grammar The Subjunctive
Vocabulary Practice
Grammar The Subjunctive in Negative Form
Vocabulary Practice
Pronunciation Stress PatternsStress PatternsPractice
Objectives
What is the Weather Like?
FunctionsObjectives
Talking about the weather
Giving advice and recommendations
Use the subjunctive to give recommendations
Use adjectives to describe the weather
What is the Weather Like in the United States?
Because The United States is such a big country, it has a wide rangeof different climates and weather. Much of the country experiences the four seasons; winter, spring, summer, and autumn.
Most of the states in the north get quite a bit of snow in the winter. Though a snowy landscape can be an impressive sight, it brings with itconsequences which affect the way a society functions. For example, itis necessary to put salt on the roadways so that cars do not slip andslide on icy roads. In addition, it is recommended that people usespecial tires on their cars for further protection against this hazard. Snow storms called blizzards, occur quite often in the northeastern portion of the country and may shutdown schools and businesses temporarily.
The snow, however, provides wonderful entertainment for people, especially children, who love to make snowmen, get into snowball fights, go sledding, go skiing, and go ice- skating.
What is the Weather Like in the United States?
Spring follows winter and it is a pretty time when the leaves on the trees start growing and the flowers start budding. It is also the season that brings forth a lot of rain.
The weather is usually mild and very enjoyable. In more rural areas, one can see the return of certain animals, which had been sheltered during the winter.
What is the Weather Like in the United States?
Summer is the hottest time of year. The days are longer and sunnier and people often head outdoors for recreation.
People flock to the parks and the countryside to practice sports, go hiking, and swimming.
It is a great American pastime to have outdoor cookouts with different meats and vegetables simmering on the grill. It still rains quite a bit in the summer, too, so thunderstorms sometimes do spoil plans.
What is the Weather Like in the United States?
Autumn comes after summer, which is a special time in the United States. In autumn, also called the fall, children return to school after their long summer vacation.
The American diet also changes at this time because it is the time of harvest and some of the vegetables harvested at this time are staples of American cuisine. Among these are: pumpkins, squash, cranberries, apples, yams and corn.In the fall, the weather starts to cool down once again.
This cooling period may be accompanied by strong gusts of wind and cloudy skies. However, the most striking feature of autumn is the color of the leaves on the trees. These turn into breathtaking shades of red, orange, yellow, and brown.
Soon, these leaves will begin to fall to the ground signaling the coming winter and yet another cycle in the seasons.
The Weather
The Weather in the United States changes a great deal from season to season, therefore, forecasters and people in general use a variety of words to describe what the weather is like. Many
of these words are adjectives and they are created by adding the suffix 'y to nouns such as:
snow snowy
wind windy
rain rainy
cloud cloudy
storm stormy
The Weather
Nouns ending in e, like ice or breeze, drop the e and add y:
breezebreezy
ice icy
3-letter words that have a consonant-vowel-consonant combination double the second consonant before adding the sufix 'y:
fogfoggy
mud muddy
sun sunny
mug muggy
Other adjectives used for describing the temperature include:
FreezingIcy Cold Cool Warm Hot
Practice
Choose an adjective from the list to complete the following descriptions of the weather:
warmsnowy cloudy sunny breezy icy freezing muddy cool
1. It rained so much that all the roads turned
2. roads are a risk of the long winters in Canada.
3. In the Caribbean the weather is commonly and humid.
4. skies and thunderstorms are typical during the summer in South Florida.
5. We had to wear special clothes to protect us against the wind. It was and extremely cold.
6. Sights of Christmas in the Northern hemisphere usually include rooftops and snowy hills.
7. Yesterday was but today it is very cold.
8. Polar bears can resist temperatures thanks to their insulating coat of fur and body fat.
The Subjunctive
The subjunctive describes a situation or necessity that results from someone's desire or a condition in nature, like the weather. The subjunctive is formed as follows:
Introduced by an that subject Simple form of
verbRest of sentence
expression like:
It is necessary you wearwarm clothes during winter
It is important people usesunblock lotion at the beach
It is essential Your father turn onheadlights for driving in the fog
It is advisable children wearboots and raincoats
It is recommended
roads be Salted.
It is better we shutwindows and doors during a hurricane.
Model sentences:
It is important that your father turn on the lights when driving in the fog. (simple form)
It is essential that people shut windows and doors during a hurricane.(simple form)
The Subjunctive in Negative Form
To make a negative sentence with the Subjunctive, simply add not before the verb in simple form:
When it is rainy, it is advisable that you use an umbrella.(simple form)
When it is windy, it is advisable that you not use an umbrella.(simple form)
Pronunciation
A. Stress Patterns and final -y [i] sounds.
As we saw in English 1 Week the final -y sound in English words sound very similar to the Spanish 'i' , i.e. in 'silbar' , 'ciclo', 'simple' etc.
The -y in words related to weather:Listen to and repeat the following words which end with -y.
Note the stress pattern is always " 0 o "
0 o0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o 0 o
windy cloudy breezy muggy icy sunny rainy stormy
Pronunciation
B:Two and three syllable stress patterns for common words.
Unlike Spanish, the English language depends a lot on stress for communication.
The word 'permit' for example can mean two things: a noun meaning a document giving the person with the document permission to do something if the stress is on the first syllable 'per.mit .
It can be a verb giving the person permission to do something (no document involved). The pronunciation would be on the second syllable: per'mit.
Notice the stress patterns on these words
0 o o0 o o 0 o
'actually(in fact, in reality)
'slowly ex'actly
Practice
Listen carefully to the following commonly used words in English and indicate the stress patterns
1) 0 o o2) 0 o 3) o 0 o
or you hear.
1. rapidly
2. remotely
3. quickly
4. hopefully
5. precisely
6. really!
7. totally
8. frankly
9. unkindly
10. certainly
11. slowly
12. happily
13. hopefully
14. unlikely
15. sweetly
16. completely
17. nicely
18. entirely
19. exactly
20. rudely
Index
Objectives Objectives
Vocabulary Practice
Reading What is the Weather Like in the United States?What is the Weather Like in the United States?What is the Weather Like in the United States?What is the Weather Like in the United States?Practice
Vocabulary The WeatherThe WeatherPractice
Grammar The Subjunctive
Vocabulary Practice
Grammar The Subjunctive in Negative Form
Vocabulary Practice
Pronunciation Stress PatternsStress PatternsPractice
UNIDAD 4
Index
Objectives Objectives
Vocabulary Practice
Reading How much does it weigh?
Vocabulary PracticePractice
Practice
Grammar Comparative AdjectivesComparative Adjectives
Vocabulary Practice
Grammar Comparative Adjectives
Vocabulary Practice
Pronunciation Review of Unvoiced and Voiced Consonant Sounds
The consonant sounds [ ] and [ ].
The unvoiced consonant [ ]Interlude about Final [s]Practice
The voiced consonant sound [ ]
The voiced consonant sound [ ]Vowel sound [a ]Practice
Objectives
Functions Objectives
Asking information about price and length for sending a package or letter
Discussing several alternatives
Making comparisons
Use comparatives related to price, dimension, size and weight
Use vocabulary related to the post office, its services and mailing a letter or package
How much does it weigh?
(Kevin is waiting in line at the Post Office)
POSTAL WORKER: May I help you, please?KEVIN: Hi! How are you. I want to send this package to England, please.P.W. (taking the package) Do you want to send it by surface mail, first classmail or special delivery?KEVIN: How much does it cost by surface mail?P.W. It costs $2.00 per pound of weight, sir.KEVIN: How much does it weigh? P.W. (weighs the package) Let's put it on the scale and we'll know its weight. There: three pounds ten ounces, sir. That's six dollars forty five cents ($6.45) .KEVIN: Sounds good. How long does it take to get there?P.W. About one month, sir.KEVIN: That' s a long time. How about first class mail?P.W. That's $8.00 per pound that's 3lb 10oz times 8 that's er...(he enters the amount on the calculator) $25.10, sir.KEVIN: And how long does it take?P.W. About a week, sir.KEVIN: O.K. I'll send it first class mail.P.W. Can I help you with anything else sir? Do you need stamps?KEVIN: Yes, O.K. give me a book of ten stamps.P.W. That's twenty eight dollars eighty cents, sir. Thank you, sir.
Practice
TYPE LAT. AM. EUROPE ASIA OCEANIA
Surface Mail $1.50 per lb $2.00 per lb $3.00 per lb $4.00 per lb
First Class $3.00 $8.00 $10.00 $12.00
Special Delivery $10.00 $12.00 $14.00 $16.00
Fill in the details of the following dialogues from information from the chart.
KEVIN: How much does it cost to send this package to Venezuela by surface mail? POSTAL WORKER: How much does it weigh?KEVIN: It weighs 4 lb.PW. That's dollars, sir.
MITCHELL: How much does it cost to send a 5lb package to Australia?PW. By ?
MITCHELL: No, not by surface mail, first class mail.PW. That's $ , sir.
MARY: How much does it to send a 2lb package to Paris?
PW A 2 lb package to Paris? By surface mail, 1st class or special delivery?MARY: Special delivery.
PW That's $ dollars, miss.
Practice
Select the right word/words to complete the following sentences.
Possible choices :
First class mailSurface mail Special delivery weight weigh
1. is more expensive than other kinds of delivery
2.How much does this package ?
3. The price depends on the of the package.
4. takes shorter than regular mail.
5. is good for short distances and is less expensive than other services.
A note about weigh and weight: The word weigh is a verb while the word weight is a noun: I.e. A heavy object weighs more than a light object, because its weight is higher. (verb) (noun)
Comparative Adjectives
Adjectives modify nouns, they describe how things are (animate and inanimate). In the specific context of mailing a letter or package, four kinds of adjectives come in handy. These are:
Adjectives describing size
Adjectives describing dimension
Adjectives describing price
Adjectives describing weight
large deep Cheap light
bulky tall inexpensive heavy
oversized wide moderate
small reasonable
undersized expensive
Comparative Adjectives
When you make comparisons using these adjectives you must use their comparative forms. Let's review how comparative forms are made:
Short adjectives: add erShort adjectives ending in y: drop (eliminate) the y and add:
I.e. This package is larger than this other.
ier
I.e. This package is heavier than this other.
Longer adjectives: use the word more before the adjective
I.e. First class mail is more expensive than surface mail.
Note: in a setence, when the second term of the comparison (second object being compared) is included, you must use the word than. Let's look at the previous examples again:
This package is larger than this other.
This package is heavier than this other.
First class mail is more expensive than surface mail.
Practice
Provide the comparative form of the following adjectives:
Bulky
Small
Inexpensive
Deep
Tall
Wide
Cheap
Reasonable
Comparative Adjectives
Sometimes when you compare you use the word less. This happens when the second object you are comparing has a given attribute in a lesser degree. The word less is used for all adjectives, short and long, and when you use it, the adjective remains intact.
Look at the following examples:
Bulkyless bulky
Expensive less expensive
Tall less tall
Wide less wide
Cheap less cheap
Reasonable less reasonable
Practice
Fill in the blank with the correct comparative of the adjective in parenthesis. (+) indicates more and (-) indicates less. Remember that shorter adjectives add er/ier when they are used to indicate more:
Example: small (+) smaller
1. Air mail is (expensive +) than surface mail.
2.This package is (heavy +) than I thought. It will be very expensive to
mail it.
3.This box is (wide -) than the toy. It won't fit. We need a wider box.
4.This receptacle is for (light +) parcels, letters and postcards only.
5.The mailman could not deliver the package, it was way (tall +) than the
space in the mailbox.
6.This envelope is (small +) than the letter. We need to buy a larger one.
7. Mailing a package in the U.S. is (expensive -) than it is in other
countries.
8. It will not fit! We need a (deep +) box.
Review of Unvoiced and Voiced Consonant Sounds
As we learned in English 1 there are consonant sounds are almost the same as Spanish consonant sounds and some which differ. In the following review list the unvoiced sounds on the left have the same articulation as its voiced 'twin' in the right column:
UNVOICEDVOICED
[f] fan [faen] [v] van [vaen]
[k] kill [kil] [g] gill [g l]
[p] pet [p t] [b] bet [b t]
[t] tent [t nt] [d] dent [d nt]
[ ] cheap [ p] [ ] jeep [ i:p]
As you pronounce the letters in the left column and those on the right, you should feel your vocal chords vibrate (touch your throat lightly as you pronounce each sound).
The consonant sounds [ ] and [ ].
These unvoiced and voiced sounds are very common in English and must be learned.
The tongue is placed between the teeth and air from the lungs is forced over the top part of the tongue. The lower jaw is then opened slightly and the [ ] and/or [ ] is pronounced.
The unvoiced [0] sound is not found in spoken Latin American Spanish but is quite common in Iberian Spanish in c before the vowels i and e. [ inta] , [ entro], cinta, centro and the z before
any vowel sound: [ ara'go a] Zaragoza, [' ero] zero, [' ulu] Zulu, etc.
This is the LAST voiceless consonant sound we will study all other consonant sounds in English which we have not studied m, n, l etc. are ALL VOICED.
The unvoiced consonant [ ]
Initial Medial Final
thin method bath
thank something mouth
think anything month
thick birthday teeth
thrifty nothing path
three healthy breath
thoughts author truth
thief wealthy lath
Interlude about Final [s]
In English 1 week 10, we stated that the final voiceless [s] only followed the voiceless consonants [f], [k], [p], [t] (Frank Pritchett or Frank Prescott).
Here we will look at the [ ] sound which is mainly followed by voiceless [s] in FRACTIONS.
Fractions are expressed, as in Spanish, with a cardinal number written above a line with an ordinal number below it i.e. 1/16th (one sixteenth)- you will notice the [ ] 'th' sound on the ordinal number).
With more than one digit this must be pluralized i.e. 3/16ths (three sixteenths).
The [ ] -s sound is EXTREMELY difficult for a Spanish speaker to pronounce and must be
practiced constantly. The [ ] is the only sound besides [f] , [k], [p] and [t] which is followed by a
voiceless [s].
Practice
Repeat the following fractions after the recording
5
10ths
4
7ths
8
15ths
6
29ths
13
24ths
5
8ths
17
64ths
18
27ths
8
17ths
The voiced consonant sound [ ]
This sound is heard in Spanish as an inter-vocalic 'd' sound as in 'nada','enfado' 'lodo' etc.
initial medial final
that father breathe
these mother teethe
this brother smooth
those other soothe
then another
they although
them neither
there either
The voiced consonant sound [ ]
*NOTE: There are not many words that begin with the [ ] sound in English. The the definite article 'the' however is very
common as well as all the words in this first column and MUST be pronounced correctly.
My mother hates this weather.
Those clothes are for cold weather.
My brother is not bothered by the weather.
This is nice smooth leather.
Vowel sound [a ]
This sound is common in Spanish sounding like the 'au' in Claudia, claudicar , augurio etc. In English it is spelled in several ways.
Pronounce the following words after your instructor
INITIAL MEDIAL FINAL
out house now
ounce about how
hour stout cow
outage clown sow
outing noun chow
ours drown bough
ouch frown allow
Practice
Fill in the blanks with the correct word with the [a ] sound. Check the list in the red book.
1. A big animal which produces milk.
2. A funny man at a circus.
3. 60 minutes.
4. Not later! ! at this moment!
5. In and .
6. It's not yours, it's
7. that hurts!!!
8. People live in this place.
Index
Objectives Objectives
Vocabulary Practice
Reading How much does it weigh?
Vocabulary PracticePracticePractice
Grammar Comparative AdjectivesComparative Adjectives
Vocabulary Practice
Grammar Comparative Adjectives
Vocabulary Practice
Pronunciation Review of Unvoiced and Voiced Consonant Sounds
The consonant sounds [ ] and [ ].
The unvoiced consonant [ ]Interlude about Final [s]Practice
The voiced consonant sound [ ]
The voiced consonant sound [ ]Vowel sound [a ]Practice
UNIDAD 5
Index
Objectives Objectives
- When we go on a trip: new words
Listening Listening: We had a blast!Practice
Grammar Go + gerund (ing form)PracticePractice 3Simple Past TenseIrregular VerbsPractice 4Practice 5
Vocabulary Time Markers Used with Past TensePractice 6
Pronunciation The -ED endings for REGULAR VERBSExamplesPractice 7Practice 8Practice 9
The voiced consonant sound [ ]Practice 10
Objectives
Week 5: We had a blast!
FunctionsObjectives
Talking about short trips and recreational activities
Talking about past events
Framing past events in time
Use past tense to describe recreational activities and narrate short trips
Distinguish and use past tense forms of regular/irregular verbs in affirmative form
Use vocabulary related to recreational activities
Use time markers to frame past events
Reading: We had a blast!
Karen and Henry have just returned from their trip to Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. Read as they tell Peter about their experience.
PETER: Hey you guys! I see you got back from your trip, so tell me how it was!HENRY: It's good to see you again Pete! Oh man, it was great! We had a blast!KAREN: We sure did! However, I must say that the first few days were abit rough.PETER: Really? What happened?KAREN: Well the first day we got to Ft. Lauderdale, we realized that we forgot to make arrangements for our stay there.HENRY: Yeah we didn't call any of the hotels before we left. We thought that we could probably find a cheap motel near the beach when we got there; but, when we arrived, everything was full! There weren't any vacancies anywhere!PETER: So what did you do?KAREN: We wandered around the beachside a little while with our backpacks. KAREN: We finally found a place near the beach and moved in.PETER: So what did you do the rest of the time you were there?KAREN: We went swimming nearly everyday and we got sunburned!HENRY: Yeah, we were out in the sun so long that we got a pretty bad sunburn! The next day we were in some pain!PETER: That doesn't sound like it was fun.KAREN: That part wasn't, but all in all we had a great time.HENRY: We went hunting for seashells the following day, despite our sunburns!KAREN: The water was a little cold, but it felt good on our sunburns!PETER: You guys really had a good time, didn't you? I just wish I could go down to Florida where the weather isn't cold and gloomy. I would enjoy a change from this Minnesota winter!
Practice
Select True or False for the following statements
1. The first few days of Karen and Henry's trip were very comfortable.
2. They planned their trip before getting there.
3. They did not find a cheap motel and had to walk along the beach for hours.
4. They used sun-block lotion and did not get a sunburn.
5. They went hunting for wild forest animals
6. The water was somewhat cold, but it was good for their sunburns.
Go + gerund (ing form)
The combination Go + gerund (ing form) is used to refer to recreational activities, including hobbies and some sports, that people enjoy when they go on a short trip or vacation.
These activities are usually outdoor and entail some contact with nature.
Look at the following expressions, taken from the listening above:
Wewent swimming (past tense of go) + gerund
nearly everyday
Wewent hunting (past tense of go) + gerund
for seashells
Practice 3
Select the correct option.
1. We went in Miami.
2. They went in the sea.
3. You went in New York.
4. Mary and Laura went in Las Vegas.
Simple Past Tense
Regular Verbs
The simple past is created simply by adding -ED to regular verbs. Regular verbs have the same form for both, the simple past and the past participle:
Simple formSimple Past Past Participle
Stay Stayed Stayed
Carry Carried Carried
Walk Walked Walked
(Click on the RED BOOK for a list of regular English verbs)
Some regular verbs, however, require additional changes to their ending. These is how they create their simple past form:
Verbs ending in eAdd -d
Examples:
love loved
live lived
Verbs ending in consonant+y Drop the y and add ied
Examples:
Carry carried
Copy copied
Verbs ending in vowel + consonant (except y/w)
Double the consonant before adding -ed
Clap clapped
Hug hugged
Irregular Verbs
Forming the past form of irregular verbs is not as easy as it is with regular verbs. What makes these verbs irregular is exactly the way in which they form their past tense and past participle forms, which, in most cases, are different. The following verbs are irregular, notice that their past tense and past participle forms are different:
Simple formSimple Past Past Participle
Come came come
Go went gone
Do did done
(Click on the RED BOOK for a list of regular English verbs)
Of course, the most famous irregular verb in the English language is 'be'. This is how it forms its past tense:
SingularPlural
I was We were
You were You were
He/she/it was They were
Practice 4
Select the correct option.
1. He swam 20 miles at the beach the other day.
2. She took a taxi to 87th Street.
3. You preferred going sailing than going rafting.
4. They gave me a confirmation number for my hotel reservation.
5. The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach last week.
6. My family visited me for Christmas last year.
Practice 5
Write the correct past tense form of the following verbs:
1. She (go) to her friend's house on Friday.
2. The flight (be) delayed for a few hours.
3. The air conditioning in our room (break) down.
4. They (have) breakfast by the pool.
5. We (rent) a sailboat and went sailing all afternoon.
6. I (go) rafting on the pristine South Carolina Rivers.
7. The girl (jump) over the fence to get to her aunt's house.
8. My sister (arrive) from New Orleans yesterday.
Time Markers Used with Past Tense
The simple past tense is used to refer to events in the past. It is usually accompanied with some expressions that indicate when things happened. These expressions are called time markers. Look at the following example:
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach last week
The expression last week is a time marker. Many other words are used following last to indicate when something occurred in the past:
+ day of the week: last Monday, last Saturday
Last + month last January, Last November
+ season or holiday last winter, last Halloween
+ night, week, year last night, last year
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach last summer
Or you can use words like: yesterday, the day/night before, the week before, a day of the week, month, year or date.
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach on Friday
Or
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach in July
You can also use the word ago with to indicate the amount of time that has passed since something happened:
Two days agoTwo days have passed
Two weeks ago Two weeks have passed
The boy found some beautiful seashells at the beach two weeks ago
The -ED endings for REGULAR VERBS
It is very important for the student to know the three principal sounds for -ED endings for regular verbs in order to pronounce them well.
The three main sounds are 1) [ t ], 2) [ d ] and 3) [ Id ].
1. The [ t ] sound follows UNVOICED consonants which are the following
Listen carefully as your instructor pronounces these unvoiced sounds.
[ f ]
[ k ]
[ p ]
* verbs with a [t] ending are not included in this analysis
[ ]
Fricative sounds
[ s ]
[ ]
[ ]
Examples
Study the following regular verbs in the past tense and their phonetic transcription. Repeat the verbs after your instructor.
stuffed [st^ft]
kicked [k kt]
stamped [staempt]
frothed [fra t]
placed [ple st]
pushed [p t]
pinched [p nt t]
Practice 7
Inicate 'same' or 'different' as you hear the following sounds.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Practice 8
Listen to the following sentences and select verbal sound you hear.
1. We at the clown.
2. They the dog.
3. They the homework.
4. They the exam.
5. I always my mother.
6. You the baby.
7. We our bags.
8. We the ball.
Practice 9
Indicate which of the following REGULAR verbs (in the bare infinitive form)have the [t] ending in the PAST SIMPLE (-ED) TENSE. Indicate 1) a [t] ending and 2) no [t] ending.
Consult the list of voiceless endings at the beginning of this section.(Red Book)
1. wish
2. join
3. change
4. pick
5. exist
6. fill
7. flip
8. watch
11. clap
12. rob
14. claim
15. love
16. like
17. pronounce
18. pull
19. hate
9. fix
10. call
20. fish
The voiced consonant sound [ ]
This is the LAST unfamiliar voiced consonant sound we will see in the English Language. As mentioned before all other voiced consonant sounds are very similar to their equivalent in Spanish and will not be studied in this course.The [ ] phoneme is
mainly found only in parts of Argentina in words like 'llano','llamar', 'llave' or with the 'y' in 'yo', 'Yolanda' etc. Although initial [ ]
is very common in French [ eim] 'j'aime' , [ a'di:] 'jadis' it does not exist in this initial position in standard English or Spanish.
MEDIAL FINAL
vision garage
pleasure beige
casual mirage
explosion prestige
usual massage
negligee corsage
illusion rouge
Asian
Practice 10
Sound discrimination
Listen carefully to the following sentences and indicate if you hear the first sentence or if you hear the second sentence.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Index
Objectives Objectives
- When we go on a trip: new words
Listening Listening: We had a blast!
Practice
Grammar Go + gerund (ing form)PracticePractice 3Simple Past TenseIrregular VerbsPractice 4Practice 5
Vocabulary Time Markers Used with Past TensePractice 6
Pronunciation The -ED endings for REGULAR VERBSExamplesPractice 7Practice 8Practice 9
The voiced consonant sound [ ]Practice 10
UNIDAD 6
index
Objectives Objectives
- Practice
Listening How did the cricket match go?
Vocabulary Practice
Listening Practice 1
Vocabulary More go + gerund: weekend activitiesPractice 2
Grammar Negative Statements in Past TensePractice 3Yes/No questions in Past TensePractice 4Answering Yes / No questionsWh- Questions in Simple Past:Questions about the subjectQuestions about the predicatePractice 5Practice 5Practice 6
Pronunciation -ED regular verb endings with VOICED CONSONANTSExamplesPractice 7Practice 8Practice 9A word about the [h] soundPast Tense Regular Verbs ending in [t] or [d]Practice 10
Objectives
What did you do over the weekend?
FunctionsObjectives
Talking about past events in everyday colloquial English
Talking about customary weekend recreational activities
Use various types of question and answer forms in the past tense: yes/no and wh- questions and affirmative/negative answers
Use the past tense forms of verbs of common everyday use
Use vocabulary related to weekend activities
Practice
Look at the Score Board from a cricket match last Saturday.
How did the cricket match go?
FRANK: How did the cricket match go on Saturday, Tom?TOM: I don’t want to talk about it, we lost by 100 runs.FRANK: 100 runs! Who did you play, the local kindergarten school?TOM: (sarcastically) Ha! Ha! Very funny. We played against "amateurs" who looked more like professionals or semi/professionals to me.FRANK: Where did they get their players?TOM: Well, there were some people of Indian and Pakistani origin on their team and they were probably from first-rate teams over there.FRANK: Did you score many runs yourself?TOM: No, I was bowled out on the first ball.FRANK: What! and you are the team’s top scorer! What happened?TOM: It was an old trick. The bowler came up from behind my team-mate at the other end and I couldn’t see him until he threw the ball. I missed it.FRANK: What did you do about that? TOM: I protested, of course, but the official paid no attention.FRANK: Oh, come on. You’re just angry because your team lost.TOM: Angry, yes. But not because we lost. They broke the rules, not us. We didn’t break the rules.
Practice
Select the right word to provide a synonym for the following words. These words correspond to the underlined words in the previous reading:
1.We lost by 100 points.
2. We played against non-professional players
3.The players were from professional teams
4.Did you make many runs?
5.You are the team's best player.
6.One of my fellow players was injured
Practice 1
Select True or False
1. Tom is not happy with the result of the cricket match.
2. Tom's team didn't win.
3. The rival team had professional players.
4. Tom is a good cricket player.
5. Tom thinks the other team was dishonest.
6. Tom is very angry because his team lost.
7. The local kindergarten cricket team is better than Tom's team.
8. Tom's team lost badly.
More go + gerund: weekend activities
In Week 5 we learned to use the combination go + gerund to refer to recreational activities performed during a trip or short vacation. In every-day English, though, the verb GO is used in several combinations to talk about activities people normally do in their free time, specially on weekends:
Weekend activities
Go
for + noun/noun phrase
a walk
a cup of coffee
drinks
We went for a cup of coffee in the afternoon
to + noun/noun phrase
the park
the beach
the game
They went to the cricket match on Saturday
out
for + noun
dinner
lunch
They went
out for dinner on Friday
gerund
shopping
dancing
jogging
They went jogging in the morning
Practice 2
Fill in the following blanks with an activity from the list:
to the beachout for lunch swimming for a cup of coffee jogging for a walk shopping to the Opera
1. We went in the park.
2. They went in Fort Lauderdale.
3. They went at 12:30 p.m.
4. I went for a new pair of shoes last Saturday.
5. We went yesterday! It was an excellent workout.
6. They went The saw Aida, but didn't like it much.
7. The children went in the pool yesterday.
8. My friends went in Starbuck's.
Negative Statements in Past Tense
In week 5 you learned about forming the simple past tense form of regular verbs. You also learned that irregular verbs have a different verb form for the simple past. In this week you will learn to make negative statements in the past tense.
Changing from an affirmative to a negative statement in the past tense is very simple, all you have to do is use the auxiliary did + not, or its contracted form, didn't + the simple form of your verb:
They broke the rules We didn't break the rules
This is true with all subjects, singular and plural, and all verbs, regular and irregular:
I hadI didn't have I didn't have fun at the game
You came You didn't come You didn't come to the movies
She went She didn't go She didn't go dancing on Friday
We liked We didn't like We didn't like that restaurant
You went You didn't go You didn't go out for dinner
They stayed They didn't stay They didn't stay until the end
except the verb to be:
I wasI wasn't I wasn't home on Saturday
You were You weren't
She/he/it was He wasn't He wasn't happy about the result
We were We weren't
You were You weren't
They were They weren't They weren't at the game on Sunday
Practice 3
Fill in the blanks to make the following sentences negative:
1. Tom's team (won)
2. The rival team (had) professional players.
3. My father (was) a good soccer player.
4. The other team (was) dishonest.
5. Mitchell (scored) the winning goal.
6. The children (went) swimming in the pool all afternoon.
7. Tom's sister (came) to visit last night.
8. We (found) bargain prices and sales at the mall!
Yes/No questions in Past Tense
To make a yes / no question, start with did, then the subject, then the simple form of your verb:
Affirmative
Yes/No question word order
Did + subject + simple form
Had Did you have? Did you have fun at the game?
Came Did you come? Did you come home late on Saturday?
Went Did you go? Did you go to the movies last weekend?
Stay Didyou stay? Did you stay home on Friday night?
Was/were Was/were + subject Was she at home ?
No auxiliary is necessary Wereyou at the game?
Take the place of the auxiliary
(before the subject)
Sometimes, you also have to change the subject, to do this, what you normally do is use a different noun or pronoun:
The team lost the gameDid they lose the game?
I had fun at the game Did you have fun at the game?
Practice 4
Complete the following yes/no questions. Fill in the blanks with did + subject + simple form of the verb in parenthesis:
1. (go) to the beach yesterday?
Yes, they went to the beach yesterday.
2. (see)the tennis match on Television?
No, I didn’t. I saw the results on the news last night.
3. (go) out for lunch at 12:00?
No, she went out for lunch at 12:30 p.m.
4. (find) the new pair of shoes she wanted?
Yes, she did. She found a beautiful pair of shoes at The ShoeOutlet.
5. (sleep) late on Sunday?
Yes, he slept until 11 a.m.
6. (watch) television last night?
No, I didn’t. I rented a movie instead.
7. (have) breakfast at the new cafeteria around the corner?
Yes, I did. I had pancakes and scrambled eggs. It was very good!
8. (get) the new book they were looking for?
No, they didn’t. It was sold out.
Answering Yes / No questions
Let's take this question:
Did you go to the movies?To answer, start with:
Yes, + affirmativeYes, I went to the movies
Or
No, + negative No, I didn't go to the movies
A short answer is also possible, and very common when speaking:
Did you go to the movies?
Yes, I did No, I didn't
Wh- Questions in Simple Past
Wh- questions are also called information questions, and they are used to get information that you don't know. Wh-questions in the past tense are formed as follows:
You can make a Wh- question to get information that is either in the subject or the predicate of your answer.
Let's take the following answer:
Luis talked to Gina in the garage
SUBJECT PREDICATE
If you want to know who talked to Gina, then you're looking for information that is in the subject of your answer.
But if you want to know where they talked, then your information is in the predicate of your answer.
This is important because wh- questions are formed in two different ways, depending on the part of the answer (subject or predicate) where the desired information is.
Questions about the subject
To make a question about the subject, simply add who to the beginning of your yes / no question. Then remove the subject.
Note: the subject becomes part of your answer. Look at the following example:
Did Luis talk to Gina in the garage?
Who talked to Gina in the garage?
Luis talked to Gina in the garage
Questions about the predicate
To make a Wh- question about the predicate, simply add a wh- word (what, where, when, how, how much, etc) to the beginning of your yes / no question.
Note: the rest of your yes / no question disappears and becomes part of your answer. Look at the following examples:
Did you go out dinner?When did you go out to dinner?
I went to dinner yesterday.
Were you at the mall on Saturday afternoon?
Where were you on Saturday afternoon ?
I was at the mall.
Practice 5
Complete these questions. Fill in the blanks with the auxiliary did + a verb in simple form or with the verb in simple past. Read the answers carefully to get clues about what to ask.
What you ?
We ate pizza.
Where your parents ?
My parents went to a concert.
When the game ?
The game started at five o'clock
Who the most goals?
They did! Our team lost 7 to 1. What a waste!
Practice 6
Anna is talking to her friend Martha about what she did over the weekend. Fill in the blanks with the verb in parenthesis in affirmative, negative or question form.
(-) indicates negative, ex. go (-) = didn't go.
Anna: I (have) a great time last weekend. Let me tell you about it! On Friday night we (go) to the
movies.
Martha: Oh, yes? What (see) ?
Anna: We (see) a French movie with Gerard Depardieu. It (be) very funny.
Then on Saturday, I (have) (-) to clean my room because a maid came and did it for me. At noon, I went
out for lunch with my friends from the Gym.We (go) to this new Ethiopian restaurant downtown.
Martha: I know. It (open) last month. Is it any good?
Anna: Yes, very. The food is different, though Martha: I imagine, What (have) ?
Anna: Well, we (have) a little bit of everything. We (order) a sample dish that included different kinds
of meats, poultry and vegetables.
Martha: WOW! Sounds good! What about Sunday? Anna: Sunday was the best. My friend from Chicago (come) by surprise and (take) me out shopping.
Then we went for dinner and then dancing until I (drop) It was a lot of fun. We really had a blast!!!!!
-ED regular verb endings with VOICED CONSONANTS
Review of voiced consonants (unvoiced equivalent)
[ v ]( [f] )
[ g ] ([k])
[ b ] ([p])
* the [d] is not pertinent(* the [t] is not pertinent)
fricatives (fricatives)
[ z ] ([s ])
[ ] ([ ])
[ ] ([ ] )
[d ] ([ t ])
[ m, l, w, y, n, r] (no equivalents)
Examples
When the -ED form of a regular verb ends in a voiced consonant it is pronounced with a [d] sound.
loved [l^vd]
bagged [baegd]
stabbed [staebd]
gazed [geizd]
bathed [bei d]
massaged [mae'sa d]
judged [d ^d d]
Practice 7
Indicate 'same' or 'different' when you hear these two sounds.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
6.
7.
13.
14.
20.
21.
Practice 8
Indicate which of the verbal sounds you hear.
1. We our friends.
2. They up the mountainside.
3. I always them by cell phone.
4. You French in Paris.
5. We new things every day.
6. I my sore leg.
7. You the size in cms.
8. They out Swiss watches.
Practice 9
Listen to the following sounds carefully. Indicate 1) if the final sound of the regular verb -ED form is [t] or 2) if the last -ED sound is [d]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
A word about the [h] sound
The voiceless consonant [h] has its equivalent in Spanish with various letters 'gemelas', 'gitana' (initial) 'Mexico', (medial) and 'reloj'(final).
In English the final [h] sound does not exist, in that way there is no problem with final -s sounds or final past tense regular verb -ED sounds, they do not exist after [h]].
Listen carefully and pronounce these words after your instructor.
INITIAL MEDIAL
hate behave
hit inhibit
head ahead
handicap inhale
who apprehend
heat adhere
happy inherit
Past Tense Regular Verbs ending in [t] or [d]
If the final consonant sound of a past tense regular verb is [t] or [d] the -ED sound is pronounced [id].
EXAMPLE: ended = [' nd d] hated = [' heit d]
Listen carefully to your instructor and repeat the following past tense regular verb forms.
All of these past tense regular verbs end in [t] or [d] in the bare infinitive: i.e. want -ed end- ed, etc
1. counted 6. extracted 11. inhibited 16. invited
2. suspended 7. divided 12. loaded 17. exploded
3. contracted 8. invaded 13. apprehended 18. extradited
4. decided 9. united 14. avoided 19. exploited
5. facilitated 10. excited 15. extended 20. compensated
Practice 10
Review of -ED past tense regular verb endings 1) [t], 2) [d] , 3) [Id].
The following regular verbs are written in the bare infinitive (the infinitive without the 'to' marker). Your instructor will read the past tense of these verbs. Mark 1) if you hear the [t] sound of the verb ending, 2) if you hear the [d] sound and 3) if you hear the [Id] sound.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
index
Objectives Objectives
- Practice
Listening How did the cricket match go?
Vocabulary Practice
Listening Practice 1
Vocabulary More go + gerund: weekend activitiesPractice 2
Grammar Negative Statements in Past TensePractice 3Yes/No questions in Past TensePractice 4Answering Yes / No questionsWh- Questions in Simple Past:Questions about the subjectQuestions about the predicatePractice 5Practice 5Practice 6
Pronunciation -ED regular verb endings with VOICED CONSONANTSExamplesPractice 7Practice 8Practice 9A word about the [h] soundPast Tense Regular Verbs ending in [t] or [d]Practice 10