Module VModule V

The Seven Deadly The Seven Deadly Sins in Addiction Sins in Addiction

Publishing and How to Publishing and How to Avoid ThemAvoid Them

Publication EthicsPublication Ethics

The deliberate and systematic The deliberate and systematic consideration or moral problems consideration or moral problems arising in connection with the arising in connection with the publication of scientific research.publication of scientific research.

Why Ethical Issues Why Ethical Issues are Importantare Important

Rates of detection are low but Rates of detection are low but violations, especially less serious violations, especially less serious infractions, are considered prevalentinfractions, are considered prevalent

Compliance review and other ethical Compliance review and other ethical requirements are increasing (e.g., requirements are increasing (e.g., human subjects committees)human subjects committees)

Ethical violations affect the quality Ethical violations affect the quality and integrity of scienceand integrity of science

Integrity in Research Integrity in Research PublishingPublishing

Intellectual honesty in reporting researchIntellectual honesty in reporting research Accuracy in representing contributions of Accuracy in representing contributions of

other scientists other scientists Collegiality in scientific interactions, including Collegiality in scientific interactions, including

communications and sharing of informationcommunications and sharing of information Transparency in conflicts of interest or Transparency in conflicts of interest or

potential conflicts of interestpotential conflicts of interest Protection of human subjects in the conduct of Protection of human subjects in the conduct of

researchresearch Humane care of animals in the conduct of Humane care of animals in the conduct of

researchresearch Adherence to the mutual authorship Adherence to the mutual authorship

responsibilities between investigators and responsibilities between investigators and their research teams.their research teams.

Adapted from Institute of Medicine (2002)Adapted from Institute of Medicine (2002)

Negligent Carelessness Negligent Carelessness

and Citation Biasand Citation Bias

A failure to adequately review the literature on a topic A failure to adequately review the literature on a topic

Lack of candor or completeness in describing one's Lack of candor or completeness in describing one's research methods research methods

Presentation of data that are based on faulty Presentation of data that are based on faulty statistical analyses statistical analyses

Citation of articles without having read the primary Citation of articles without having read the primary sources sources

Selective citation of only those articles that support a Selective citation of only those articles that support a particular point of view particular point of view

Selective citation to enhance one's reputation, Selective citation to enhance one's reputation, epitomized by self-citation. epitomized by self-citation.

Redundant PublicationRedundant Publication

Occurs when two or more papers, without full cross-Occurs when two or more papers, without full cross-reference, share the same data reference, share the same data

Publication of essentially the same study more than Publication of essentially the same study more than once without clear notification of editors, reviewers, and once without clear notification of editors, reviewers, and other appropriate partiesother appropriate parties

Because of limited journal space, the publication of one Because of limited journal space, the publication of one person’s paper means that another’s paper could be person’s paper means that another’s paper could be rejected. rejected.

Without proper identification, meta-analyses and review Without proper identification, meta-analyses and review papers may come to biased conclusions because the papers may come to biased conclusions because the effect of a given finding is multiplied or distorted effect of a given finding is multiplied or distorted

Some types of repetitive publication may be legitimate Some types of repetitive publication may be legitimate and should not be considered as scientific misconduct.and should not be considered as scientific misconduct.

PlagiarismPlagiarism

• Plagiarism ranges from the unreferenced use Plagiarism ranges from the unreferenced use of others’ published and unpublished ideas to of others’ published and unpublished ideas to submission under “new” authorship of a submission under “new” authorship of a complete paper, sometimes in a different complete paper, sometimes in a different language. It may occur at any stage of language. It may occur at any stage of planning, research, writing, or publication; it planning, research, writing, or publication; it applies to print and electronic versions.applies to print and electronic versions.

• All sources should be disclosed through All sources should be disclosed through appropriate citation or quotation conventions, appropriate citation or quotation conventions, and if a large amount of other people’s and if a large amount of other people’s written or illustrative material is to be used, written or illustrative material is to be used, permission must be sought (COPE 2001).permission must be sought (COPE 2001).

Self-Plagiarism:Self-Plagiarism: Author is not allowed to re-use previously published Author is not allowed to re-use previously published

material when rights have been assigned to the material when rights have been assigned to the publisher (as they are in most cases)publisher (as they are in most cases)

Many journals are not interested in reproducing Many journals are not interested in reproducing previously published material because it consumes previously published material because it consumes valuable space.valuable space.

Use without permission is a violation of copyrightUse without permission is a violation of copyright

How to avoid self-plagiarismHow to avoid self-plagiarism

Short quotes from a previously published article should Short quotes from a previously published article should be set off in quotation marks and original version citedbe set off in quotation marks and original version cited

Permission must be requested when large sections are Permission must be requested when large sections are reproducedreproduced

Methods and literature reviews should be paraphrased Methods and literature reviews should be paraphrased

Griffin GC. Don’t plagiarize - even yourself. Griffin GC. Don’t plagiarize - even yourself. Post Graduate Post Graduate MedicineMedicine 1991: 89:15-16 1991: 89:15-16

Unfair AuthorshipUnfair Authorship Some persons who have made significant Some persons who have made significant

contributions to an article may not receive sufficient contributions to an article may not receive sufficient credit, or may receive no credit at all credit, or may receive no credit at all

A co-author, such as a science writer, is not listed A co-author, such as a science writer, is not listed because the service is provided by a drug company because the service is provided by a drug company

Some persons are listed as co-authors even though no Some persons are listed as co-authors even though no substantive contribution was made to the article or substantive contribution was made to the article or the research the research

Failure to give proper recognition to a person’s Failure to give proper recognition to a person’s contribution by listing them lower in the author list contribution by listing them lower in the author list than they deserve than they deserve

Award of co-authorship for minor contributions based Award of co-authorship for minor contributions based on personal or political considerationson personal or political considerations

Conflict of InterestConflict of Interest

A conflict of interest is a situation or relationship in A conflict of interest is a situation or relationship in which professional, personal, or financial considerations which professional, personal, or financial considerations could be seen by a fair-minded person as potentially in could be seen by a fair-minded person as potentially in conflict with independence of judgement (FARM 1997). conflict with independence of judgement (FARM 1997). A conflict may be personal, commercial, political, A conflict may be personal, commercial, political, academic or financial academic or financial

• Personal conflicts include “pet” theories, validation of Personal conflicts include “pet” theories, validation of one’s own ideas, achieving publishable results, and one’s own ideas, achieving publishable results, and gaining recognition for a discoverygaining recognition for a discovery

• ““Financial” interests may include employment, research Financial” interests may include employment, research funding, stock or share ownership, payment for lectures funding, stock or share ownership, payment for lectures or travel, consultancies, and company support for staff or travel, consultancies, and company support for staff (COPE 2001)(COPE 2001)

• Conflict of interest is not in itself wrongdoing (FARM 1997)Conflict of interest is not in itself wrongdoing (FARM 1997)

Conflict of InterestConflict of Interest

The potential for conflict of interest in the addiction field is The potential for conflict of interest in the addiction field is enhanced by relationships or funding connected with tobacco enhanced by relationships or funding connected with tobacco industry, alcohol beverage industry, for-profit health care systems, industry, alcohol beverage industry, for-profit health care systems, private hospitals, pharmaceutical industry and “social aspect private hospitals, pharmaceutical industry and “social aspect organizations” that receive their primary support from these organizations” that receive their primary support from these sources. sources.

There are three levels of conflict of interest: There are three levels of conflict of interest: • A A realreal conflict of interest means that the author, or the administrative conflict of interest means that the author, or the administrative

unit with which the author has an employment relationship, has a unit with which the author has an employment relationship, has a financial or other interest that could unduly influence the author’s financial or other interest that could unduly influence the author’s position with respect to the subject matter being considered. position with respect to the subject matter being considered.

• An An apparentapparent conflict of interest exists when an interest would not conflict of interest exists when an interest would not necessarily influence the author but could result in the author’s necessarily influence the author but could result in the author’s objectivity being questioned by others. objectivity being questioned by others.

• A A potentialpotential conflict of interest exists when a reasonable person might conflict of interest exists when a reasonable person might be uncertain as to whether or not an interest should be reported.be uncertain as to whether or not an interest should be reported.

Conflict of Interest: ISAJE Conflict of Interest: ISAJE GuidelinesGuidelines

• Each author should declare to the editor any Each author should declare to the editor any interests that could constitute a real, potential interests that could constitute a real, potential or apparent conflict of interest with respect to or apparent conflict of interest with respect to his/her involvement in the publication, between his/her involvement in the publication, between

(1) commercial entities and the participant personally(1) commercial entities and the participant personally

(2) commercial entities and the administrative unit with (2) commercial entities and the administrative unit with which the participant has an employment which the participant has an employment relationship. relationship.

• Sources of funding for the study, review, or Sources of funding for the study, review, or other item should be declared in the final other item should be declared in the final publication (CSPI 2002; FARM 1997).publication (CSPI 2002; FARM 1997).

Degrees of Scientific MisconductDegrees of Scientific Misconduct

• ““Trimming”:Trimming”: altering one’s dataaltering one’s data• ““CookingCooking”:”: selective reporting of selective reporting of

one’s dataone’s data• ““ForgingForging”: ”: making up the datamaking up the data

Charles Babbage (1830)Charles Babbage (1830)

Scientific FraudScientific Fraud

• Fabricating research data (creating data Fabricating research data (creating data for experiments never conducted)for experiments never conducted)

• Falsifying research data (altering data, Falsifying research data (altering data, “trimming” data points, selective “trimming” data points, selective reporting)reporting)

• Plagiarism (theft of ideas as well as text)Plagiarism (theft of ideas as well as text)

Korenman and Shipp AAMC handbook (1994)Korenman and Shipp AAMC handbook (1994)

Ethical Issues: Authors’ Seven Deadly SinsEthical Issues: Authors’ Seven Deadly Sins

SinSin ExamplesExamples PunishmentsPunishments

11 CarelessnessCarelessness Citation bias, understatement, Citation bias, understatement, negligencenegligence

Request for correction, Request for correction, letter to editorletter to editor

22 Redundant Redundant publicationpublication

Same tables or literature Same tables or literature review reported without noting review reported without noting prior sourceprior source

Rejection of manuscript. Rejection of manuscript.

Copyright infringementCopyright infringement

33 Unfair authorshipUnfair authorship Failure to include eligible Failure to include eligible authors, Honorary authorsauthors, Honorary authors

Angry colleagues, Angry colleagues, complaints to editor or complaints to editor or employeremployer

44 Undeclared Undeclared Conflict of InterestConflict of Interest

Failure to cite funding sourceFailure to cite funding source Letter to editor, public Letter to editor, public apologyapology

55 Human/animal Human/animal subjects violationssubjects violations

No approval from Review Board No approval from Review Board or Ethics Committeeor Ethics Committee

Rejection of manuscript &Rejection of manuscript &

notification of employernotification of employer

66 PlagiarismPlagiarism Reproducing others’ work or Reproducing others’ work or ideas without as one’s ownideas without as one’s own

Retraction of manuscript Retraction of manuscript &&

notification of employernotification of employer

77 Other FraudOther Fraud Fabrication of falsification of Fabrication of falsification of data, Misappropriation of data, Misappropriation of others ideas or plans given in others ideas or plans given in confidenceconfidence

Retraction of manuscript, Retraction of manuscript, notification of employer & notification of employer & publication banpublication ban

The Seven Deadly Sins: The Seven Deadly Sins: Journal Author DeclarationsJournal Author Declarations

Authorship Statement – Declaration of substantive Authorship Statement – Declaration of substantive contribution signed by all authorscontribution signed by all authors

Conflict of Interest Statement – Declaration of real and Conflict of Interest Statement – Declaration of real and apparent Conflicts of Interest, in language apparent Conflicts of Interest, in language comprehensible to average reader, signed by all authorscomprehensible to average reader, signed by all authors

Redundant Publication Statement – Declaration that the Redundant Publication Statement – Declaration that the work has not been published previously in whole or in work has not been published previously in whole or in partpart

Human/animal subjects Statement – Declaration that the Human/animal subjects Statement – Declaration that the study was reviewed by an Ethical Review Committeestudy was reviewed by an Ethical Review Committee

Duplicate submissions - Declaration that the work has Duplicate submissions - Declaration that the work has not been published, or is not being considered for not been published, or is not being considered for publication, by another journalpublication, by another journal