Module Description & Goals HISTORY AND TERMINOLOGY OF ...averma/nsf/History and Terminology IM1/Ship... · a rudder for steering the boat, battens on the sails to give them greater

6/11/2009

1

Marine Tech2009-2011

HISTORY AND TERMINOLOGY OF SHIPBUILDING

HISTORY AND TERMINOLOGY OF SHIPBUILDING

Lean Institute - ODU


Module Description & Goals

This module offers students an opportunity to:Learn about the history of ships, ship terminology, types of


Learn about the history of ships, ship terminology, types of naval vessels, ship architecture and processes used in ship building.


Contents

• History of Ships 40 min

• Hands-on Activity - 1 25 min

• Types of Naval Vessels 15 min


• Ship Terminology 20 min

• Ship Architecture 20 min

• Compartments and Decks 15 min

• Shipbuilding Processes 30 min

Total: 2 hrs 45 min


What is a SHIP?

A SHIP is a large, manned, self -propelled

Lean Institute - ODU4

S s a a ge, a ed, se p ope edvehicle that is used for transporting apayload on, over, or under the oceans’surface.


History of Shipbuilding



Basic Evolution of Boats

CLINGING TO LOG CONTROL OF LOG

The basic evolution of boats probably followed a coursesimilar to this illustration-over the course of thousands ofyears.


CLINGING TO LOG CONTROL OF LOG

DUG-OUT LOG FOR CANOE

SHAPING FRAME

STRETCHING ON SKIN

http://www.paddling.net/guidelines/showArticle.html

6/11/2009

2


Ancient Boats



Rafts• Many thousands years ago, a

raft made by tying several logs together with creepers, was the first kind water transport that a person could


http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/shipstimeline.html

transport that a person could steer.

• Raft is any flat floating structure used for travelling over water.

• Traditional rafts were constructed of wood or reeds.


• Later, people made the first real boats by hollowing out logs.

• The Log boats were basically

Log Boats


• The Log boats were basically hollowed tree trunks.

• The other names for this type of boat are Dugout boat and Monoxylon.

9http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/shipstimeline.html


• They date back to the Neolithic period.

• They are made of a simple frame of wood and a covering preferably animal

Skin Boats


covering, preferably animal skin.

• A frame boat, built like a basket and covered with animal skins was another very early boat.

• A coating of tar used to keep the boat watertight.

10


First Sailing ShipsEgyptian Vessels


Egyptian Vessels4000 B.C. - 2000B.C.

11


4000 B.C. - 2000 B.C.

• Boat builders in ancient Egypt usedreeds to build what were probably thefirst sailing boats.

Egyptian Vessels


• The Egyptian reed boats had a mastand sails and were used on the riverNile.

• By 2500 BC the Egyptians werebuilding wooden boats that could sailacross oceans.

6/11/2009

3




Identify the order in which these boats were invented:

23


14


Medieval Ships



• These ships had sails as well as up to 60 oarsmen who rowed the ship

Viking Longboats

1000 A.D.


rowed the ship.

• The longboats were long and narrow so were able to travel on the open sea, as well as along rivers.

16


• They were sailing boats with a rudder for steering the boat, battens on the sails to give them greater strength and

Chinese Junks1100 A.D.


them greater strength, and watertight compartments long before western ships had them.

• They were fighting and transport ships.

17


• Three and four masted sailing ships were in service for several centuries.

1450 and Later


• These wooden ships were used as battleships, and by explorers and as trade vessels, carrying cargo from country to country.

18

6/11/2009

4


• In the 1800s, fast sailing ships called ‘clipper ships’ were built. They had long, li h ll d t ll t

1800sClipper Ships


slim hulls and tall masts.

• They were very fast sailing ships of the 19th century that had multiple masts and square rig. They were generally narrow for their length.

19

http://library.thinkquest.org/17297/index2.htm




1 3Identify the order in which these boats were invented:


2


The Steam Age



• In 1807 the American Robert Fulton created the first steam-driven ship with wooden hull and paddles

1800sSteam Boats


paddles.• In 1819 the first steamships were

built to cross the Atlantic, combined with steam and wind power.

• Titanic was the largest steamship in the world when she sank in 1912.

23


Modern Ships/Powered Ships


6/11/2009

5


• Coal burning sailing ships were converted to diesel power, using oil instead of

1910sDiesel Powered Ships


steam.• It offered greater efficiency

than the steam turbine.• Most ships built since

around 1960 have been diesel powered.

25

The Grossherzogin ElisabethShe was the first ship to receive a diesel

engine rather than a steam engine.

www.sea-fever.org/category/tall-ships/


• An oil tanker, also known as a Petroleum Tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk

1950sOil Tankers


designed for the bulk transport of oil.

• Among the largest ships ever built, the Supertankersare used to carry dead weight of 550,000 DWT (Dead Weight Ton).

26Supertanker

http://shiptravel.auuuu.com


• They carry cargo in huge metal boxes which are stacked on the deck.A d hi

1950sContainer ships


• A modern cargo ship can carry up to one thousand containers.

• All containers are the same size and they are unloaded at ports which are equipped with special cranes.

27


• They float above the waves on cushions of air and are capable of high speeds of up

1950sHovercrafts


to 140 km an hour.

• Because they are supported by a cushion of air, hovercrafts have the ability to travel equally well.

28

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovercraft


• These ships run on Nuclear marine propulsion which is powered by a nuclear

1950sNuclear Powered Cargo Ships N.S. Savannah


powered by a nuclear reactor.

• The N.S. Savannah, one of the first nuclear powered cargo ships, was able to sail for three and a half years without refueling.

29http://www.daylife.com/photo/015UaSMf5sftT



6/11/2009

6


Identify the order in which these boats were invented:

24


13


• Hydrofoils are used as ferries or water taxis.

1980sHydrofoil


• They ride on wings that lift the craft clear of the water so that it rides on skis as it gains speed.

32


1980s

Modern nuclear powered aircraft i b l i d

Aircraft CarrierNuclear Aircraft Carriers and Submarines


carriers, battle cruisers, destroyers, and nuclear powered submarines are all used to keep a country safe and to protect its territory.

33

Submarine


• Cruise liners are ships that carry hundreds of people on

1990s

Cruise Liners


floating holidays.

• Passengers live on the ship, which has restaurants, shops, cinemas and other recreation venues.

34




RAFTS LOGBOAT

Identify the boats/ships


LOGBOAT

SKINBOAT EGYPTIAN VESSEL

36

6/11/2009

7


VIKING LONGBOAT

CHINESE JUNKS

Identify the ships


LONGBOAT JUNKS

CLIPPER SHIP

37


HOVERCRAFT

Identify the boats/ships

STEAMBOAT


HYDROFOIL

38

NUCLEAR CARGO SHIP


CONTAINER SHIP

Identify the ships

SUPERTANKER


CRUISE LINER

NUCLEAR AIRCRAFT CARRIER

SUBMARINE

39


Hands-on Activity - 1



Hands-on Activity - 1


Raft:Build a raft using craft sticks and wool.Ensure that the raft floats in the tub of water.

Log Boat:Build a Log Boat using the Play Doh.Ensure that it floats in the tub of water.

Play-Doh Wool Craft Sticks


Did your Raft and Log Boat look like this?


RAFT LOGBOAT

6/11/2009

8


Naval Vessels



Naval Vessels

• A naval vessel is a ship used for combat purposes.


• Generally ships are armed with various weapon systems.


Classification of Naval Vessels

Naval Vessels


Aircraft Carriers

Frigates Destroyers Minesweepers Submarines Patrol Vessels

45


Aircraft Carriers• An aircraft carrier is a warship

designed with a primary mission of setting out and recovering aircraft and acting as a seagoing i b


airbase.

• They perform their specific missions normally in an open ocean environment with a stable flight deck.

46

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier


Frigates

• Frigates, in most cases, were suitable for air defense, anti-submarine warfare and surface warfare


warfare.

• The U.S. Navy adopted the frigates for open- ocean escort and patrol.

47

www.defenseindustrydaily.com/images


• A destroyer is a fast yet long-endurance ship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group

Destroyers


fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against smaller, short-range but powerful attackers.

• Example of a destroyer is the USS Wisconsin.

48en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wisconsin_(BB-64

6/11/2009

9


Minesweeper

• A minesweeper is a small naval warship designed to counter the threat posed by naval mines


naval mines.

• They are often constructed using wood, glass-reinforced plastic(GRP) or non-ferrous metal.

49

www.navalhistory.dk/.../Skibene/Skaden(1994).jpg


Submarines• A submarine is a watercraft

capable of independent operation below water.


• The word submarine was originally an adjective meaning "under the sea".

• Submarine was shortened from the term "submarine boat".

50

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine


Patrol Vessels• A patrol vessel is a small naval vessel

generally designed for coastal defense duties.


• They may be operated by a nation's navy, coast guard, or police force.

• They are engaged in various border protection roles such as anti-smuggling, anti-piracy, fisheries patrols, and immigration law enforcement.

51

www.naval-technology.com/.../images/mekoA100.jpg




1. USS Wisconsin is an example of a __________. (DESTROYER)

2. ______ has a primary mission of spreading and recovering aircraft, acting as a seagoing

Fill in the blanks. Hints are provided in jumbled words in parenthesis.


g , g g gairbase. (TARFRIA C RIERARC)

3. _______ was originally an adjective meaning“under the sea”. ( EISRMUNBA)

4. A ______ vessel is a small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defense duties. (OTRLAP)

M__N__ __ W E __ __ E __

Identify the above picture and complete the word using the alphabets in RED.


1. USS Wisconsin is an example of a Destroyer. (DESTROYER)

2. Aircraft Carrier has a primary mission of spreading and recovering aircraft, acting as a

Answers


seagoing airbase. (TARFRIA C RIERARC)

3. Submarine was originally an adjective meaning “under the sea”. ( EISRMUNBA)

4. A Patrol vessel is a small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defense duties. (OTRLAP)

M I N E S W E E P E R

6/11/2009

10


Ship Terminology


p gy

55


Parts of Ship

Upper Deck of Ship

Right Side of Ship


Left Side of Ship

www.seaclean.ie


The most forward part of the ship is called the bow. Theforward part of a Bow is called stem. The bow is designed toreduce the resistance of the hull cutting through water andshould be tall enough to prevent water from easily washingover the top of it.

Bow


BOW


The most aft part of the ship is called the stern. The stern

area is the location of the steering apparatus.STERN

Stern



STERN - the aft or rear end of the ship



• The hull is the main body ofthe ship below the mainoutside deck. It consists of anoutside covering and aninside framework.

Hull


• The covering and frameworkare usually made of steel andsecured by welding.

• The steel covering may alsobe called shell plating.

Construction of Hull

6/11/2009

11


The bottom part of the ship is called the keel. It is the "backbone"of a ship. A series of connected plates running fore and aft on thebottom of the center line of the ship.

Keel


KEEL


• The bulkhead is a partitionacross the boat whichstrengthens and divides thehull into compartments.

Bulkhead


62

• The function is to increase thestructural rigidity of thevessel.

• Bulkheads are designed toblock fire and water fromgoing to other compartments.


Three Basic Plans of a Ship

1. Sheer Plan2. Body Plan3. Half-Breadth Plan


Because ships are three dimensional, plans are made with three types of views—the sheer plan, half-breadth plan, and body plan. Basically, imagine slicing a ship in three ways and then pulling out the slices to trace and measure them.


The sheer plan of a ship is a(n) side view of the ship’s hull lines.Sheer Plan


Sheer Plan


Half-Breadth Plan

The half-breadth plan of a ship is a(n) top view of the ship's hull lines.

Half-Breadth Plan


65


The body plan of a ship is a(n) end view of the ship's hull lines.

Body Plan


Body Plan

6/11/2009

12




Body Plan

Identify the Three Plans from the Diagram:


Sheer Plan

Half-Breadth Plan


Baseline

Baseline of a Ship

• The Baseline is a straight horizontal line at or near thebottom of the molded surface from which vertical heightsare measured.


Baseline

KeelWaterline

Centerline• Usually, the base line is the very lowest part of the moldedsurface.


How do designers use the baseline?


Design engineers use the baseline to measure heights.Baseline


Centerline of a Ship

• The Centerline is a straight line running from bow tostern, midway between the sides of the ship.

• All transverse horizontal dimensions are taken from the


• All transverse horizontal dimensions are taken from thecenterline.

• The center line as applied to a transverse bulkhead is avertical line in the middle of the ship.



BaselineCenterlineKeelWaterline

6/11/2009

13


How do design engineers use centerlines?

Centerline


Design engineers use the centerline to measure widths called half-breadths


• The Waterline is the intersection of the molded surface with ahorizontal plane at a given height above the base line.

• The six foot water line is exactly six feet higher than the baseline

Waterline of a Ship


line.

• These intersections are shown in the half breadth plan in thelines drawing.

• Waterlines are marked on bulkheads, frames, and othermembers, for the purpose of properly setting and aligning thestructure.




waterlines



Buttock Line of a Ship

• The Buttock line is the intersection of the molded surfacewith a vertical plane at a given distance from the centerline ofthe ship.


• Buttocks are shown in the profile in the lines drawing.

• Thus, they have buttock lines marked on bulkheads, decks,foundations, etc., for setting and alignment.


Buttock lines


buttock lines

6/11/2009

14


Frameline of a Ship

• The Frameline is the intersection of the molded surface with avertical plane perpendicular to the centerline.

F li h i h b d l f h li d i


• Frame lines are shown in the body plan of the lines drawing.

• The lines drawing consists of three views; a half-breadth plan, aprofile view, and a body plan.



Frame linesFrame lines




Q1. The most forward part of the ship is ____.

Q2. The bottom part of the ship is ____.

Q3. Which plan is defined as the end view of the

A B M N C G H I O G

P Q O W E E U R Y T

Z M X N N B V L I K

Answer the questions/blanks and find the answers in the puzzle.


ship’s hull lines?

Q4. ______ is a straight line running from bow to

stern, midway between the sides of ship.

Q5. Which line is referred by the designers to

measure heights?

Q6. _____ line is shown in the body plan of lines

drawing.

L B O W T S T E B N

T B A S E C A T O A

O Z X U E L K F D O

M L P M L O K J Y V

F R A D I Q A E G L

A R C Z N R E M E H

F A H D E S K A N L


Q1. The most forward part of the ship is BOW.

Q2. The bottom part of the ship is KEEL.

Q3. Which plan is defined as the end view of the

ship’s hull lines? - BODY

A B M N C G H I O G

P Q O W E E U R Y T

Z M X N N B V L I K

L B O W T S T E B N

Answers


Q4. CENTERLINE is a straight line running

from bow to stern, midway between the sides of

ship.

Q5. Which line is referred by the designers to

measure heights? - BASE

Q6. FRAMEline is shown in the body plan of

lines drawing.

L B O W T S T E B N

T R C Z E C A T O A

O Z X M R L K F D O

M L A M L O K J Y V

F R A D I Q A E G L

F R C Z N R E M E H

T B A S E S K A N L


BREAK


5 min

6/11/2009

15


Compartments and Decks in a Ship

Objectives: • Learn the compartment designations.


• Learn the deck lettering and numbering systems.


Compartments and decks are numbered vertically starting with the main deck (the highest complete deck on surface ships).

Compartments and Decks in a Ship



MIDSHIPAFT FRAMELINE

INBOARD (INBD)PORT

CENTERLINE

Terminology of Ship Compartments


FORWARD (FWD)

OUTBOARD (OUTBD)

STARBOARD (STBD)

CENTERLINE


2

4 MACHINERY SPACE (2-128-4-M)

BATHROOM (2-128-2-L)

Identifying Compartments2-128-2-L = 2nd Deck – Frame 128 – Second Compartment to Port from Centerline – Bathroom


2ND DECK 1

3

0MEDICAL OPERATING RM (2-128-0-L)

ACCESS TRUNK (2-128-1-T)

PAINT MIXING ROOM (2-128-3-K)

FRAME 1282-128-3-K = 2nd Deck – Frame 128 – Third Compartment to Starboard from Centerline – Paint Mixing Room




3-106-0-L?

Identifying Compartments


Third Deck - Frame No. 106 - Compartment at Centerline -Medical Operating Room

FRAME 106

3rd Deck

6/11/2009

16


Identifying Compartments


FRAME 102

5-102-2-L?

Fifth Deck - Frame No. 102 – Second Compartment to Port from Centerline - Bathroom

5th Deck




Label the following areas on the Ship:1. 042. Main Deck3. Third Deck4. Platform5. Machinery Space



Label the following areas on the Ship:

1. 042. Main Deck3. Third Deck4. Platform

ANSWERS

04

Main Deck


5. Machinery SpaceThird Deck

Machinery Space

Platform


Shipbuilding



People involved in Building of a Ship

-Pipefitters - Sheet Metal Workers

- Machinists - Riggers


- Electricians - Painters

- Welders - Naval Architects

- Joiners - Marine Engineers

- Draftsmen (Draughtsmen)

6/11/2009

17


Shipbuilding Process

Shipbuilding


Design Fabrication & Assembly Launching Outfitting Trials


Shipyard• Shipyards are places which build and

repair ships. They are constructed bythe sea or by tidal rivers.

• The site of a shipyard will contain


The site of a shipyard will containmany specialized cranes, paintingfacilities, areas for fabrication of theships, etc.

• The labor force in the yard consists ofvarious workmen—steelworkers,welders, joiners, pipe fitters,machinists, electricians, painters, etc.


Management is headed by a Chairman and a Board Of Directors, consisting usually of about 6 to 12 members from the technical, commercial, and secretarial departments, with one or more representing outside interests.

Organization of Shipyard


Chairman

Board Of Directors

Design Human Resource

Finance & Accounting Maintenance Manufacturing


View of Layout of a Shipyard

Dry Dock

Crane


Ship Assembling

Cutting, Drilling and

Welding Shop

Goliath Crane


Ship Design• The naval architect is responsible

for determining the size, shape(hull form), power requirements.


• Marine systems designers work todesign the systems which willturn the naval architects' hull intoan operating ship.

• Softwares used for ship designingare CATIA and NAVCAD.

Designing with computers


Planning - Lines Plan

• A lines plan, usually a 1/48 life-size scale drawing of a ship, isused by designers to calculaterequired hydrostatic and


stability conditions.

• The plan is drawn and faired toscale by draftsmen. From1980s, digital computers areused to fair the plan usingnumerical method.

6/11/2009

18




Q1. Name any one software used for Ship Design. Who uses the software?CATIA; Marine Systems Designers

Answer the following questions:


Q2. Name any two workmen in shipyard.

Q3. Which method is used for Planning of Ship?

Q4. The drawing of Lines Plan is done by _________.

Pipe Fitters, Welders, Painters

Critical Path Method

Draftsmen


Ship Construction- Fabrication

Cutting and Drilling

• Steel is cut in various shapes.

Lean Institute - ODU 105

• Most common technique used is Gas (Plasma) Cutting Technique.

Gas Cutting Machine

www.adik.com.tr/TF_MT_production.asp


Ship Construction - FabricationWelding

• After cutting, steel must be welded together to form the hull, bulkheads, and decks of h hi


the ship.

• After cutting, steel must be welded together to form the hull, bulkheads, and decks of the ship.


• Since 1930, riveting has beenprogressively superseded bywelding.

Ship Construction - Fabrication

Ri ti

Welding


• Welding facilitatesprefabrication of largecomponent parts of the mainhull structure.

Riveting


• After cutting steel sheets, they put them together and make huge boxes.

A th b bl d

Ship Assembling


• As these boxes are assembled, it’s started to look like a ship.

• Each piece is very heavy, so cranes are used for the assembling.

• They weld steels to assemble.108

Assembled block of a ship

Assembled block of a ship

6/11/2009

19


• In Launching, usually, piles ofchains are laid alongside the sidesof the ship to act as drags, andthese are secured to chain plates

Launching


these are secured to chain platesby wire cables, fixed temporarilyto the hull.

• Launching can be a hazardousoperation. For e.g.. if the lubricantis ineffective, the vessel will notmove.


Video - Launching of a Ship



• Installation of all the pumps, piping, heat exchangers, motors, engines, generators, cabling and machinery.

• They attach the cranes make

Outfitting


They attach the cranes, make passenger cabins, and add other passenger cabins, and add other necessary facilities.

• After the radar sets and radios are added in the pilothouse, it is ready to sail.

111

Layout of an Outfitting Yard


Trials• As the vessel nears completion a number of tests are made.

• The naval architect makes a careful assessment of theweight of the finished ship and checks its stability.


• Before the official sea trials, dockside trials are held for thepreliminary testing of main machinery.

• Ideally, the ship should be run on trial in the fully loadedcondition; but this is difficult to achieve with most dry-cargo ships.


Video: Sea Trial of Ship Eugen Maersk




6/11/2009

20


1. The _______ technique is used for Cutting of a ship.

2. Figure 1. represents _____ operation.

3. _______ involves installation of pumps, piping, heat exchanges, cabling and machinery.

Solve the following Quiz:


4. When a vessel nears completion, a number of ______ are made.

5. Management of a Shipyard is headed by a ________ and a ___________.

6. Shipbuilding involves the following processes:

______________________.

Figure 1.


1. The Gas (Plasma) Cutting technique is used for Cutting of a ship.

2. Figure 1. represents Welding operation .

3. Outfitting involves installation of pumps, piping, heat

Answers


exchanges, cabling and machinery.

4. When a vessel nears completion, a number of Trials are made.

5. Management of a Shipyard is headed by a Chairman and a Board Of Directors.

6. Shipbuilding involves the following processes:Design, Fabrication, Launching, Outfitting and Trials.

Figure 1.


Review of Topics

In this module we have discussed:1. History of Ships2 Types of Naval Vessels


2. Types of Naval Vessels3. Ship Terminology4. Ship Architecture5. Shipbuilding Processes


For more information on this modulePlease contact:

Dr. Alok K. Verma, P.E., CmfgE


118

Ray Ferrari ProfessorDirector-Lean InstituteOld Dominion University.Phone (757) 683-3766Fax (757) 683-5655Email: [email protected]

Documents

Module Description & Goals HISTORY AND TERMINOLOGY OF ...averma/nsf/History and Terminology IM1/Ship... · a rudder for steering the boat, battens on the sails to give them greater