Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
PIECE Program for North American Mobility In Higher Education
Rev:1.2
Created at: École Polytechnique de Montréal &
Universidad de Guanajuato
Module 8: “Introduction to
Process Integration”
Program for North American Mobility in Higher Education (NAMP)
Introducing Process Integration for Environmental Control in Engineering
Curricula (PIECE)
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 2
What is the purpose of this module? This module is intended to covey the basic aspects of Process Integration Methods and Tools, and places Process Integration into a broad perspective. It will be identified as a pre-requisite for all other modules related to the learning of Process Integration.
Purpose of Module 8
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 3
Struture of module 8
What is the structure of this module? The Module 8 is divided into 3 “tiers”, each with a specific goal:
Tier 1: Background Information Tier 2: Case Study Applications of Process Integration Tier 3: Open-Ended Design Problem
These tiers are intended to be completed in order. Students are quizzed at various points, to measure their degree of understanding, before proceeding. Each tier contains a statement of intent at the beginning, and a quiz at the end.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 4
Tier 1:
Background Information
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 5
Tier 1: Statement of intent
Tier 1: Statement of intent:
The goal is to provide a general overview of process integration tools, with a focus on it’s link with profitability analysis. At the end of Tier 1, the student should:
Distinguish the key elements of Process Integration. Know the scope of each process integration tool. Have overview of each process integration tool.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 6
Tier 1: contents
The tier 1 is broken down into three sections: 1.1 Introduction and definition of Process integration. 1.2 Overview of PI tools 1.3 An “around-the-world tour” of PI practitioners focuses of
expertise At the end of this tier there is a short multiple-answer Quiz.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 7
Outline
1.1 Introduction and definition of Process
integration.
1.2 Overview of Process Integration tools
1.3 An “around-the-world tour” of PI
practitioners focuses of expertise
1.1 Introduction and definition of Process
integration.
1.2 Overview of Process Integration tools
1.3 An “around-the-world tour” of PI
practitioners focuses of expertise
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 8
1.1 Introduction and
definition of Process
integration.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 9
introduction
The president of your company probably does not know what process integration can do for the company......... .......... But he should. Let’s look at why?
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 10
A Very Brief History of Process IntegrationA Very Brief History of Process IntegrationA Very Brief History of Process IntegrationA Very Brief History of Process Integration
Linnhoff started the area of pinch (bottleneck identification) at UMIST in the 60’s, focusing on the area of Heat Integration UMIST Dept of Process Integration was created in 1984, shortly after the consulting firm Linnhoff-March Inc. was formed
PI is not really easy to define…
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 11
Definition of process integration
The International Energy Agency (IEA) definition of process integration
"Systematic and General Methods for Designing
Integrated Production Systems, ranging from
Individual Processes to Total Sites, with special
emphasis on the Efficient Use of Energy and
reducing Environmental Effects"
From an Expert Meeting
in Berlin, October 1993
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 12
Definition of process integration
Later, this definition was somewhat broadened and more explicitly stated in the description of it’s role in the technical sector by this Implementing Agreement: "Process Integration is the common term used for the application of methodologies
developed for System-oriented and Integrated approaches to industrial process plant
design for both new and retrofit applications.
Such methodologies can be mathematical, thermodynamic and economic models,
methods and techniques. Examples of these methods include: Artificial Intelligence
(AI), Hierarchical Analysis, Pinch Analysis and Mathematical Programming.
Process Integration refers to Optimal Design; examples of aspects are: capital
investment,energy efficiency, emissions, operability, flexibility, controllability, safety
and yields. Process Integration also refers to some aspects of operation and
maintenance".
Later, based on input from the Swiss National Team, we have found that Sustainable
Development should be included in our definition of Process Integration.
Truls Gunderson, International Energy Agency (IEA) Implementing Agreement, “A
worldwide catalogue on Process Integration” (jun. 2001).
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 13
Definition of process integration
El-Halwagi, M. M., Pollution Prevention through Process Integration: Systematic Design Tools. Academic Press, 1997.
“A Chemical Process is an integrated system of interconnected units and streams, and it should be treated as such. Process
Integration is a holistic approach to process design, retrofitting, and operation which emphasizes the unity of the process. In light
of the strong interaction among process units, streams, and objectives, process integration offers a unique framework for
fundamentally understanding the global insights of the process, methodically determining its attainable performance targets, and systematically making decisions leading to the realization of these targets. There are three key components in any comprehensive
process integration methodology: synthesis, analysis, and optimization.”
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 14
Definition of process integration
Nick Hallale, Aspentech – CEP July 2001 – “Burning Bright Trends in Process Integration” “Process Integration is more than just pinch technology and heat exchanger networks. Today, it has far wider scope and touches every area of process design. Switched-on industries are making more money from their raw materials and capital assets while
becoming cleaner and more sustainable”
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 15
Definition of process integration
North American Mobility Program in Higher Education (NAMP)-January 2003
“Process integration (PI) is the synthesis of process control,
process engineering and process modeling and simulation
into tools that can deal with the large quantities of operating
data now available from process information systems. It is an
emerging area, which offers the promise of improved control
and management of operating efficiencies, energy use,
environmental impacts, capital effectiveness, process design,
and operations management.”
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 16
Definition of process integration
So What Happened? In addition to thermodynamics (the foundation of pinch), other
techniques are being drawn upon for holistic analysis, in particular:
Process modeling Process statistics Process optimization Process economics Process control Process design
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 17
Modern Process Integration context
Process integration is primarily regarded as process design (both new and retrofits design), but also involve planning and operation. The methods and systems are applied to continuous, semi-batch, and batch process. Business objectives currently driving the
development of PI: a) Emphasis is on retrofit projects in the “new economy”
driven by Return on Capital Employed (ROCE) b) PI is “Finding value in data quality” c) Corporations wish to make more knowledgeable decisions:
1. For operations, 2. During the design process.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 18
Modern Process Integration context
Possible Objectives: Lower capital cost design, for the same design objective Incremental production increase, from the same asset base Marginally-reduced unit production costs Better energy/environmental performance, without compromising competitive position
Reducing
COSTS
POLLUTION
ENERGY
Increasing
THROUGHPUT
YIELD
PROFIT
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 19
Modern Process Integration context
Among the design activities that these systems and methods address today are:
Process Modeling and Simulation, and Validations of the results in order to have information accurate and reliable of the process. Minimize Total Annual Cost by optimal Trade-off between Energy, Equipment and Raw Material Within this trade-off: minimize Energy, improve Raw Material usage and minimize Capital Cost Increase Production Volume by Debottlenecking Reduce Operating Problems by correct (rather than maximum) use of Process Integration Increase Plant Controllability and Flexibility Minimize undesirable Emissions Add to the joint Efforts in the Process Industries and Society for a Sustainable Development.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 20
Summary of Process Integration elements
Process knowledge
Process Data
PI systems & Tools
Improving overall plant facilities energy efficiency and productivity requires a multi-pronged analysis involving a variety of technical skills and expertise, including:
•Knowledge of both conventional industry practice and state-of-the-art technologies available commercially
•Familiarity with industry issues and trends
•Methodology for determining correct marginal costs.
•Procedures and tools for Energy, Water, and raw material Conservation audits
• Process information systems
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 21
Definition of process integration
In conclusion, process integration has evolved from Heat recovery methodology in the 80’s to become what a number of leading industrial companies and research groups in the 20th century regarding the holistic analysis of processes, involving the following elements:
Process data – lots of it Systems and tools – typically computer-oriented Process engineering principles - in-depth process sector knowledge Targeting - Identification of ideal unit constraints for the overall process
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 22
Outline
1.1 Introduction and definition of Process
integration.
1.2 Overview of Process Integration tools.
1.3 An “around-the-world tour” of PI
practitioners focuses of expertise.
1.1 Introduction and definition of Process
integration.
1.2 Overview of Process Integration tools
1.3 An “around-the-world tour” of PI
practitioners focuses of expertise
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 23
1.2 Overview of Process
Integration Tools
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 24
1.2 Overview of Process Integration Tools
Process Simulation
•Steady state
•Dynamic
Pinch Analysis
Optimization by Mathematical Programming
Stochastic Search Methods
Life Cycle Analysis
Data-Driven Process Modeling
Business Model And Supply Chain Modeling.
Integrate Process Design and Control
Real Time Optimization
Process Data
Data Reconciliation
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 25
1.2 Overview of Process Integration Tools
Process Simulation
•Steady state
•Dynamic
Pinch Analysis
Optimization by Mathematical Programming
Stochastic Search Methods
Life Cycle Analysis
Data-Driven Process Modeling
Business Model •Supply Chain Managment.
Integrate Process Design and Control
Real Time Optimization
Process Data
Reconciliation Data
NEXT
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
Click here
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 26
Process Simulation
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 27
Process Simulation
Process modeling
What is a model? “A model is an abstraction of a process operation used to build,
change, improve, control, and answer questions about that process”
Process modeling is an activity using models to solve problems in the areas of the process design, control, optimization, hazards analysis, operation training, risk assessment, and software engineering for computer aided engineering environments.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 28
Process Simulation
Tools of process modeling
Process modeling is an understanding of the process phenomena and transforming this understanding into a model.
Process Modeling
System Theory
Physics and Chemistry Application
Computes Science Statistics Numerical
Methods
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 29
Process Simulation
What is a model used for? Nilsson (1995) presents a generalized model, which, as depicted in the figure below, can be used for different basic problem formulations: Simulation, Identification, estimation and design.
MODEL
Input Output
I O
If the model is known, we have two uses for our model: Direct: Input is applied on the model, output is studied (Simulation) Inverse: Output is applied on the model, Input is studied
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 30
Process Simulation
If both Input and Output are Known, we have three formulations (Juha Yaako, 1998): Identification: We can find the structure and parameters in the model. Estimation: If the internal structure of model is known, we can find the internal states in model. Design: If the structure and internal states of model are known, we can study the parameters in model.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 31
Process Simulation
Demands set to models:
Accuracy → Requirements placed on quantitative and qualitative models. Validity → Consideration of the model constraints. A typical model process is non-linear, nevertheless, non-linear models are linearized when possible, because they are easier to use and guarantee global solutions. Complexity → Models can be simple (usually macroscopic) or detailed (usually microscopic). The detail level of the phenomena should be considered. Computational → The models should currently regard computational orientation. Robustness → Models that can be used for multiple processes are always desired.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 32
Process Simulation
The figure below shows a comparison of input and output for a process and its model. Note that always n > m and k > t.
PROCESS
MODEL Input Output
Input Output
X1, ..., Xn
X1, ..., Xm
Y1, ..., Yk
Y1, ..., Yt
In the process industry we find, two levels of models; Plant models, and models of unit operations such as reactor, columns, pumps, heat exchangers, tanks, etc.
A model does not include everything.
n>m, and k>t.
“All models are wrong,
Some models are useful”
George Box, PhD
University of Wisconsin
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 33
Process Simulation
Types of models: Intuitive: the immediate understanding of something without conscious reasoning or study. This are seldom used. Verbal: If an intuitive model can be expressed in words, it becomes a verbal model. First step of model development. Causal: as the name implies, these model are about the causal relations of the processes. Qualitative: These models are a step up in model sophistication from causal models. Quantitative: Mathematical models are an example of quantitative models. These models can be used for (nearly) every application in process engineering. The problem is that these models are not documented or can be too costly to construct when there is not enough knowledge (physical and chemical phenomena are poorly understood). Sometimes the application encountered does not require such model sophistication.
From first Principles From Stochastic knowledge
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 34
Process Simulation
Simulation: “what if” experimentation with a model Simulation involves performing a series of experiments with a
process model.
MODEL Input Output
X1, ..., Xm Y1, ..., Yt
MODEL (t)
Input Output
X(t)1, ..., X(t)m Y(t)1, ..., Y(t)t
Steady State •Snapshot •Algebraic equations
Dynamic
•Movie (time functions)
•Time is an explic it variable � differential equations
•Certain phenomena require dynamic simulat ion (e.g. control strategies, real t ime descition).
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 35
Process Simulation
Illustration: Staedy state simulation of a storage tank
Hi-Limit
Lo-Limit
0=In - Out + Production - Consumption Acumulation = In - Out + Production - Consumption
Dynamic simulation of a storage tank
t = time
Level
000 21 −+−= mm && ( ) 0021 −+−= tmmdt
dM&&
M=f(t) M=constant
m1
m2 m2(t)
m1
m2
t
m2
t
Simulation unit
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 36
Process Simulation
The steady-state simulation does not solve time-dependent equations. The Subroutines simulate the steady-state operation of the process units ( operation subroutines) and estimate the sizes and cost the process units ( cost subroutines). A simulation flowsheet, on the other hand, is a collection of simulation units(e.g., reactor, distillation columns, splitter, mixer, etc.), to represent computer programs (subroutines) to simulate the process units and areas to represent the flow of information among the simulation units represented by arrows.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 37
Process Simulation
To convert from a process flowsheet to a simulation flowsheet, one replaces the process unit with simulation units (Models). For each simulation unit, one assigns a subroutine (or block) to solve its equations. Each of the simulators has a extensive list of subroutines to model and solve the equations for many process units. The Dynamic simulation enables the process engineer to study the dynamic response of potential process design or the existent Process to typical disturbances and changes in operating conditions, as well as, strategies for the start up and shut down of the potential process design or existing process.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 38
Process Simulation
Differences between Steady State and Dynamic Simulation
Steady-State Simulation Dynamic Simulation
Snapshot of a unit operation or plant
Mimic of plant operation
Balance at equilibrium condition Time dependent results
Equilibrium results for all unit operations
It doesn’t assume equilibrium conditions for all units
Equipment sizes in general not needed
Equipment sizes needed
Amount of information required: small to medium
Amount of information required: medium to large
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 39
Process Simulation
Solution Strategies
� The Sequential Modular Strategy � flowsheet broken into unit operations (modules) � each module is calculated in sequence � problems with recycle loops
� The Simultaneous Modular Strategy � develops a linear model for each unit � modules with local recycle are solved simultaneously � flowsheet modules are solved sequentially
� The Simultaneous Equation-solving Strategy � describe entire flowsheet with a set of equations � all equations are sorted and solved together � hard to solve very large equations systems
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 40
Process Simulation
Why steady-state simulation is important:
Better understanding of the process Consistent set of typical plant/facility data Objective comparative evaluation of options for Return On Investment (ROI) etc. Identification of bottlenecks, instabilities etc. Perform many experiments cheaply once the model is built Avoid implementing ineffective solutions
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 41
Process Simulation
Why dynamic simulation is important:
ADVANCEMENT OF PLANT OPERATIONS/
OPERATIONAL SUPPORT / OPTIMIZATION
Predictive simulation
Optimal conditions
OPTIMIZATION of
plant operations Online
system
EDUCATION, TRAINING
CONTROL SYSTEM
Operation training simulator
DCS control logic
Plant diagnosis system
Quasi-online
system
PROCESS DESIGN / ANALYSIS
Examination of operations
Control strategies
Advanced control systems
Batch scheduling
Off-line
system
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 42
Challenges of simulation
Simulation is not the highest priority in the plant facilities
Production or quality issues take precedence Hard to get plant facilities resources for simulation
“Up front” time required before results are available Model must be calibrated, and results validated, before they can be trusted At odds with “quarterly balance sheet culture” May need to structure project to get some results out early
NEXT
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 43
Data Reconciliation
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 44
Data Reconciliation
Typical Objectives of Data Treatment.
Provide reliable information and knowledge of complete data for validation of process simulation and analysis
Yield monitoring and accounting Plant facilities management and decision-making Optimization and control
Perform instrument maintenance Instrument monitoring Malfunction detection calibration
Detect operating problems Process leaks or product loss
Estimate unmeasured values Reduce random and gross errors in measurements Detect steady states
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 45
Data Treatment
Business
management
Scheduling &
optimization
Site & plant
management
Advanced control
Basic process control
Data treatment is critical for
• Process simulation
• Control and optimization
• Management planning
Data Reconciliation
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 46
Manual
data
On-line
data
Lab
data
Data
Treatment
Production
Equipment performance
Modeling and Simulation
Optimization
Instrumentation design
Plant shutdown
Instrument maintenance
Management planning
Data Reconciliation
Overview
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 47
Data Reconciliation
Typical Problems With Process Measurements
Measurements inherently corrupted by errors: measurement faults errors during processing and transmission of the measured signal
Random errors Caused by random or temporal events
Inconsistency (Gross) errors Caused by nonrandom events: instrument miscalibration or malfunction, process leaks
Non-measurements Sampling restriction, measuring technique, instrument failure
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 48
Data Reconciliation
Random errors Features
High frequency Unrepeatable: neither magnitude nor sign can be predicted with certitude
Sources
Power supply fluctuation Signal conversion noise Changes in ambient condition
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 49
Data Reconciliation
Inconsistency (Gross error) Features
Low frequency Predictable: certain sign and magnitude
Sources Caused by nonrandom events Instrument related • Miscalibration or malfunction • Wear or corrosion of the sensors
Process related • Process leaks • Solid deposits
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 50
Illustration Of Random & Gross Errors:
Gross error
Random errors
�abnormality
t
F
Reliable value
Data Reconciliation
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 51
Data Reconciliation
Solutions To Problems
Random errors: Data processing Based on successive measurement of each individual variable: Temporal redundancy Traditional filtering techniques Wavelet Transform techniques
Inconsistency: Data reconciliation
Based on plant structure: Spatial redundancy Subject to conservation laws
Unmeasured data � Data reconciliation
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 52
Data Reconciliation
Reconciling
Gross errors
t
F
Processing
random errors
Measurement Problem Handling:
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 53
Data Reconciliation
Data Treatment Typical Strategy
1. Establish Plant facilities operating regimes 2. Data processing
Remove random noise Detect and correct abnormalities
3. Steady state detection Identify steady-state duration Select data set
4. Data reconciliation Detect gross errors Correct inconsistencies Calculate unmeasured parameters
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 54
Data Reconciliation
Data processing
Steady state detection
Variables classification
Gross error detection
Data reconciliation
Applications
Process data From Plant
Facilities
reconciliation
For simulation and
further applications
METHODOLOGY EMPLOYED
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 55
Data Reconciliation
THERMODYNAMIC
PROPERTIES
STATISTICAL
PRINCIPLES
ACCURATE and RELIABLE INFORMATION
THERMODYNAMIC
PROPERTIES
STATISTICAL
PRINCIPLES
ACCURATE and RELIABLE INFORMATION
THERMODYNAMIC
PROPERTIES
STATISTICAL
PRINCIPLES
ACCURATE and RELIABLE INFORMATION
THERMODYNAMIC
PROPERTIES
STATISTICAL
PRINCIPLES
ACCURATE and RELIABLE INFORMATION
1 + 1 = 3 !!!
THERMODYNAMIC
PROPERTIES
STATISTICAL
PRINCIPLES
1.3 + 1.3 = 2 .6
ACCURATE and RELIABLE INFORMATION
1 + 1 = 3 !!!
THERMODYNAMIC
PROPERTIES
STATISTICAL
PRINCIPLES
1.3 + 1.3 = 2 .6
ACCURATE and RELIABLE INFORMATION
What is data reconciliation?
Data reconciliation is the validation of process data using knowledge of plant structure and the plant measurement system”
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 56
Data Reconciliation
Objectives of Data Reconciliation Optimally adjust measured values within given process constraints
mass, heat, component balances Improve consistency of data to calibrate and validate process simulation Estimate unmeasured process values
Obtain values not practical to measure directly Substitute calculated values for failed instrument
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 57
Data Reconciliation
Possible Benefits:
More accurate and reliable simulation results More reliable data for process analysis and decision making by mill manager Instrument maintenance and loss detection:
e.g. US$3.5MM annually in a refinery by decreasing loss by 0.5% of 100K BPD
Improve measurement layout Decrease number of routine analysis Improve advanced process control Clear picture of plant operating condition Early detections of problems Quality at process level Work Closer to specifications.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 58
Data Reconciliation
Data Reconciliation Problem of Process Under Different Status Steady-state data reconciliation
based on steady-state model Using spatial redundancy
Dynamic data reconciliation based on dynamic models Using both spatial & temporal redundancy
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 59
Data reconciliation (DR)
DR Problem Of Process Under Different Status (Contd.)
General expression of conservation law: input- output + generation- consumption- accumulation= 0
Steady state case: no accumulation of any measurement Constraints are expressed algebraically
Dynamic process: Accumulation cannot be neglected Constraints are differential equations
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 60
Data Reconciliation
Data Reconciliation of Different Constraints
Linear data reconciliation Only mass balance is considered flows are reconciled
Bilinear data reconciliation Component balance imposed as well as energy balance flows & composition measurements are reconciled
Nonlinear data reconciliation Mass/energy/component balances are included Flow rate, composition, temperature or pressure measurements are reconciled
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 61
DATA RECONCILIATION
Data Reconciliation
Measurement Errors? Gross Error Detection
Unclosed Balances? Closed Balances
Unidentified Losses? Identified Losses
Efficiency? Monitored Efficiency
Performance? Quantified Performance
NEXT
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 62
Pinch Analysis.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 63
Pinch Analysis
The prime objective of Pinch Analysis is to achieve financial savings in the process industries by optimizing the ways in which process utilities (particularly energy, mass, water, and hydrogen), are applied for a wide variety of purposes.
The Heat Recovery Pinch (Thermal Pinch Analysis now) was discovered indepently by Hohmann (71), Umeda et al. (78-79) and Linnhoff et al. (78-79).
Pinch Analysis does this by making an inventory of all producers and consumers of these utilities and then systematically designing an optimal scheme of utility exchange between these producers and consumers. Energy, Mass, and water re-use are at the heart of Pinch Analysis activities.
With the application of Pinch Analysis, savings can be achieved in both capital investment and operating cost. Emissions can be minimized and throughput maximized.
What is Pinch Analysis?
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 64
Pinch Analysis
The Pinch analysis is a technique to design:
•Recovery Networks (Heat and Mass)
•Utility Networks (so called Total site Analysis)
•The basis of Pinch Analysis:
�The use of thermodynamic principles (first and second law).
�The use heuristics (insight), about design and economy.
•The Pinch Analysis makes extensive use of various graphical representations
FEATURES
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 65
Pinch Analysis
•The Pinch Analysis provides insights about the process.
•In Pinch analysis, the design engineering controls the design procedure (interactive method).
•The pinch Analysis integrates economic parameters
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 66
Pinch Analysis
The Four phases of pinch analysis in the design of recovery process:
Targeting
Design
Optimization
Process
Simulation
Data Extraction
Which involves collecting data for the process and the utility system Which establishes figures for the best performance in various aspects. Where an initial Heat Exchanger Network is established by heuristics tools allowing a minimum target to be reached. Where an initial design is simplified and improved economically.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 67
Pinch Analysis
Heat Exchanger Network (HEN) HEN design is the classical domain of Pinch Analysis. By making proper use of temperature driving forces available between process steams, the optimum heat exchanger network can be designed, taking into account constraints of equipment location, materials of construction, safety, control, and operating flexibility. This then sets the hot and cold utility demand profile of the plant. When used correctly, Pinch Analysis yields optimum HEN designs that one would have been unlikely to obtain by experience and intuition alone.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 68
Pinch Analysis
Combined Heat and Power (CHP) CHP is the terminology used to describe plant energy utilities, boilers, steam turbines, gas turbines, heat pumps, etc. Traditionally, these have been referred to as "plant utilities", without distinguishing them from other plant utilities such as cooling water and wastewater treatment. The CHP system supplies the hot utility and power requirements of the process. Pinch Analysis offers a convenient way to guarantee the optimum design, which can include the use of cogeneration or three-generation (use of hot utility to produce cold utility and power for things like refrigeration).
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 69
Pinch Analysis
Possible Benefits: One of the main advantages of Pinch Analysis over conventional design methods is the ability to set a target energy consumption for an individual process or for an entire production site before to design the processes. The energy target is the minimum theoretical energy demand for the plant or site. Pinch Analysis will therefore quickly identify where energy savings are likely to be found. Reduction of emissions Pinch Analysis enable to the engineer with tool to find the best way to change the process, if the process let it.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 70
Pinch Analysis
In addition, Pinch Analysis allow you to: Update or Development of Process Flow Diagrams Identify the bottleneck in the process Departmental Simulations Full Plant Facilities Simulation Determine Minimal Heating (Steam) and Cooling Requirements Determine Cogeneration and Three-generation Opportunities Determine Projects with Cost Estimates to Achieve Energy Savings Evaluation of New Equipment Configurations for the Most Economical Installation Pinch Replaces the Old Energy Studies with a Live Study that Can Be Easily Updated Using Simulation
NEXT
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 71
Optimization by
Mathematical Programming
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 72
Optimization by Mathematical Programming:
introduction
A Mathematical Model of a system is a set of mathematical relationships (e.g., equalities, inequalities, logical conditions) which represent an abstraction of the real world system under consideration. A Mathematical Model can be developed using:
Fundamental approaches → Accepted theories of sciences are used to derive the equations (e.g., Thermodynamics Laws). Empirical Methods → Input-output data are employed in tandem with statistical analysis principles so as to generate empirical or “Black box” models. Methods Based on analogy → Analogy is employed in determining the essential features of the system of interest by studying a similar, well understood system.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 73
Optimization by Mathematical Programming:
introduction
A mathematical Model of a system consists of four key elements: 1. Variables → The variables can take different values and their specifications
define different states of the systems. 1. Continuous, 2. Integer, 3. Mixed set of continuous and integer.
2. Parameters → The parameters are fixed to one or multiple specific values, and each fixation defines a different model.
3. Constraints → the constraints are fixed quantities by the model statement 4. Mathematical Relationships → The mathematical model relations can be
classified as: 1. Equalities → usually composed of mass balance, energy balance, equilibrium
relations, physical property calculations, and engineering design relations which describe the physical phenomena of the system.
2. Inequalities → consist of allowable operating regimes, specifications on qualities, feasibility of heat and mass transfer, performance requirements, and bound on availabilities and demands.
3. Logical conditions → provide the connection between the continuous and integer variables.
The mathematical relations can be algebraic, differential, or a mixed set of both constraints. These can be linear or nonlinear.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 74
Optimization by Mathematical Programming
What is Optimization? A optimization problem is a mathematical model which in addition to the before mentioned elements contains one or more performance criteria. The performance criteria is denoted as an objective function. It can be minimization of cost, the maximization or profit or yield of a process for instance. If we have multiple performance criteria then the problem is classified as multi-objective optimization problem.
A well defined optimization problem features a number of variables greater than the number of equality constraints, which implies that there exist degrees of freedom upon which we optimize.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 75
Optimization by Mathematical Programming
The typical mathematical model structure for an optimiztion problem takes the following form:
integer
0),(
0),(..
),(min,
Yy
Xx
yxg
yxhts
yxf
n
yx
∈
ℜ⊆∈
≤
=
Where x is a vector of n continuous variables, y is a vector of integer variables, h(x,y)= 0 are m equality constraints, g(x,y) ≤ 0 are p inequality constraints, and f(x,y) is the objective function.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 76
Optimization by Mathematical Programming
Classes of Optimization Problems (OP)
If the objective function and constraints are linear without the use of integer variables, then OP becomes a linear programming (LP) problem. If there exist nonlinear terms in the objective function and/or constraints without the use of integer varialbes, the OP becomes a nonlinear programming (NLP) problem. If integer variables are used, they participate linearly and separtly from the continuous variables, and the objective function and constraints are linear, then OP becomes a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. If integer variables are used, and there exist nonlinear terms in the objective function and/or constraints, then the OP becomes a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem.
Whenever possible, linear programs (LP or MILP) are used because they guarantee global solutions. MINLP problems features many applications in engineering.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 77
Optimization by Mathematical Programming
Applications: Process Synthesis
Heat Exchanger Networks Distillation Sequencing Mass Exchanger Networks Reactor-based Systems Utility Systems Total Process Systems
Design, Scheduling, and Planning of Process Design and Retrofit of Multiproduct Plants Design and Scheduling of Multiproduct Plants
Interaction of Design and Control Molecular Product Design Facility Location and allocation Facility Planning and Scheduling Topology of Transport Networks NEXT
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 78
Stochastic Search
Methods
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 79
Stochastic Search Methods
Why stochastic Search Methods All of the model formulations that you have encountered thus far in the Optimization have assumed that the data for the given problem are known accurately. However, for many actual problems, the problem data cannot be known accurately for a variety of reasons. The first reason is due to simple measurement error. The second and more fundamental reason is that some data represent information about the future (e.g., product demand or price for a future time period) and simply cannot be known with certainty.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 80
Stochastic Search Methods
There are probabilistic algorithms, such as: Simulated annealing (SA) Genetic Algorithms (GAs) Tabu search
These are suitable for problems that deal with uncertainty. These computer algorithms or procedure models do not guarantee global optimally but are successful and widely known to come very close to the global optimal solution (if not to the global optimal). GA has the capability of collectively searching for multiple optimal solutions for the same best cost.
Such information could be very useful to a designer, because one configuration could be much easier to build than another.
SA takes one solution and efficiently moves it around in the search space, avoiding local optima.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 81
Stochastic Search Methods
What is GAs? GAs simulate the survival of the fittest among individuals over consecutive generation for solving a problem. Each individual represents a point in a search space and a possible solution. The individuals in the population are then made to go through a process of evolution. GAs are based on an analogy with the genetic structure and behaviour of chromosomes within a population of individuals using the following foundations:
Individuals in a population compete for resources and mates. Those individuals most successful in each 'competition' will produce more offspring than those individuals that perform poorly. Genes from “good” individuals propagate throughout the population so that two good parents will sometimes produce offspring that are better than either parent. Thus each successive generation will become more suited to their environment.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 82
Stochastic Search Methods
A population of individuals is maintained within search space for a GA, each representing a possible solution to a given problem. Each individual is coded as a finite length vector of components, or variables, in terms of some alphabet, usually the binary alphabet {0,1}.
Gene Chromosome
Population
The chromosome (solution) is composed of several genes (variables). A fitness score (the best objective funtion) is assigned to each solution representing the abilities of an individual to “compete”. The individual with the optimal (or generally near optimal) fitness score is sought. The GA aims to use selective “breeding” of the solutions to produce “offspring” better than the parents by combining information from the chromosomes.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 83
Stochastic Search Methods
The general genetic algorithm solution is found by: 1. [Start] Generate random population of n chromosomes (suitable
solutions for the problem) 2. [Fitness] Evaluate the fitness f(x) (objective function) of each
chromosome x in the population. 3. [New population] Create a new population by repeating following
steps until the new populationis complete
1. [Selection] Select two parent chromosomes from a population according to their fitness (the better fitness, the bigger chance to be selected)
2. [Crossover] With a crossover probability cross over the parents to form a new offspring (children). If no crossover was performed, offspring is an exact copy of parents..
3. [Mutation] With a mutation probability mutate new offspring at each locus (position in chromosome).
4. [Accepting] Place new offspring in a new population 4.
4. [Replace] Use new generated population for a further run of algorithm 4.
5. [Test] If the end condition is satisfied, stop, and return the best solution in current population 5.
6. [Loop] Go to step 2
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 84
Stochastic Search Methods
Encoding of a Chromosome The chromosome should in some way contain information about the solution which it represents. The most used way of encoding is a binary string. The chromosome then could look like this:
Each chromosome has one binary string. Each bit in this string can represent some characteristic of the solution. Or the whole string can represent a number Of course, there are many other ways of encoding. This depends mainly on the solved problem. For example, one can encode directly integer or real numbers. Sometimes it is also useful to encode some permutations.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 85
Stochastic Search Methods
Crossover After we have decided what encoding we will use, we can make a step to crossover. Crossover selects genes from parent chromosomes and creates a new offspring. The simplest way how to do this is to choose randomly some crossover point and everything before this point copy from a first parent and then everything after a crossover point copy from the second parent. Crossover can then look like this ( | is the crossover point):
There are other ways how to make crossovers, and we can choose multiple crossover points. Crossovers can be rather complicated and vary depending on the encoding of chromosome. Specific crossovers made for a specific problem can improve performance of the genetic algorithm.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 86
Stochastic Search Methods
Mutation After a crossover is performed, mutation takes place. This is to prevent the falling of all solutions in the population into a local optimum. Mutation changes the new offspring randomly. For binary encoding we can switch a few randomly chosen bits from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1. Mutation can then be shown as:
The mutation depends on the encoding as well as the crossover. For example when we are encoding permutations, mutation could be exchanging two genes.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 87
Stochastic Search Methods
GAs Characteristics: A GA makes no assumptions about the function to be optimized (Levine, 1997) and thus can also be used for nonconvex objective functions A GA optimizes the tradeoff between exporting new points in the search space and exploiting the information discovered thus far A GA operates on several solutions simultaneously, gathering information from current search points and using it to direct subsequent searches which makes a GA less susceptible to the problems of local optima and noise A GA only uses the objective function or fitness information, instead of using derivatives or other auxiliary knowledge, as are needed by traditional optimization methods.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 88
Stochastic Search Methods
Start
Initial Population
Get Objective Function Value for Whole Population (Internal optimization)
Optimum?
Generate New Population • GA parameters • GA strategies
Stop
1st Generation
Nth Generation
(N+1)th Generation
Yes
No
GA Solution Procedure
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 89
SA and GA comparation: In theory and
Practice
NEXT
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 90
Life Cycle Analysis.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 91
Life Cycle Analysis
What is Life Cycle Analysis?
Technique for assessing the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product by:
An inventory of relevant inputs and outputs of a system Evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with those inputs and outputs Interpreting the results of the inventory and impact phases in relation to the objectives of the study heading
Evaluation of some aspects of a product system through all stages of its life cycle
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 92
Life Cycle Analysis
Why LCA is important:
Tool for improvement of environmental performance Systematic way of managing an organization’s environmental affairs Way to address immediate and long-term impacts of products, services and processes on the environment Focus on continual improvement of the system
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 93
DIRECT APPLICATIONS
•Product development and improvement
•Strategic planification
•Public policy
•Marketing
•Etc.
Goal and
Scope
definition
Inventory
analysis
Impact
assessment
Interpretation
LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
OTHER ASPECTS •Technical
•Economic
•Market
•Social etc.
Life Cycle Analysis
LCA methodology:
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 94
Life Cycle Analysis
Goal and scope definitions goal → application, use and users scope → borders of the assessment functional unit → scale for comparison • efficiency • durability • performance quality standard
system boundaries → process, inputs and outputs defined data quality → reflected in the end results critical review process → verification of validity
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 95
Life Cycle Analysis
Inventory analysis data collection → qualitative or quantitative, most work intensive refining system boundaries → after initial data collection calculation → no formal description, software validation of data → assessment of data quality relating data to the specific system → data must be ralted to the functional unit allocation → done when not all impacts and outputs are within the system boundaries
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 96
Life Cycle Analysis
Impact assessment category definition → impact categories defined classification → inventory input and output appointed to impact categories characterization → assign relative contribution weighting → when comparison of the impact categories is not possible
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 97
Life Cycle Analysis
Interpretation/improvement assessment identification of significant environmental issues → information structured in order to get a clear view on key environmental issues evaluation → completeness analysis, sensitivity analysis, consistency analysis conclusions and recommendations → improve reporting of the LCA
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 98
Life Cycle Analysis
Possible Benefits: Improvements in overall environmental performance and compliance Provides a framework for using pollution prevention practices to meet LCA objectives Increased efficiency and potential cost savings when managing environmental obligations Promotes predictability and consistency in managing environmental obligations More effective measurement of scarce environmental
NEXT
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 99
Data-Driven Process
Modeling
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 100
Process Integration Challenge: Make sense of masses of data
Many organisations today are faced with the same challenge: TOO MUCH DATA
It is the last item that is of interest to us as chemical engineers
Drowning in data!
Data-Driven Process Modelling
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 101
Data-Driven Process Modelling
Data-Rich but Knowledge-Poor Far too much data for a human brain Limited to looking at one or two variables at a time:
Big Problem: Interesting, useful patterns and relationships not intuitively obvious lie hidden inside enormous, unwieldy databases
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Brain
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 102
Data-Driven Process Modelling
This approach uses the plant process data directly, to establish mathematic correlations. Unlike the theoretical models, empirical models do NOT take the process fundamentals into account. They only use pure mathematical and statistical techniques. Multi-Variable Analysis (MVA) is one such method, because it reveals patterns and correlations independently of any pre-conceived notions. Obviously this approach is very sensitive to “Garbage-in, garbage-out” which is why validation of the model is so important.
OUTSIDE IN
Empirical Model
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 103
Data-Driven Process Modelling
With MVA you move
From Data to Information. From Information to Knowledge.
– From Knowledge to Action.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 104
What is MVA? Multi-Variate Analysis” (> 5 variables)
MVA uses ALL available data to capture the most information possible Principle: boil down hundreds of variables down to a mere handful
MVA
����
Data-Driven Process Modelling
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 105
MVA Example: Apples and Oranges Measurable differences
Colour, shape, firmness, reflectivity,… Skin: smoothness, thickness, morphology,… Juice: water content, pH, composition,… Seeds: colour, weight, size distribution,… et cetera
However, always only one latent attribute
Apple or orange?
+1 -1
Data-Driven Process Modelling
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 106
Tmt X1 X4 X5 Rep Y avec Y sans
1 -1 -1 -1 1 2.51 2.74
1 -1 -1 -1 2 2.36 3.22
1 -1 -1 -1 3 2.45 2.56
2 -1 0 1 1 2.63 3.23
2 -1 0 1 2 2.55 2.47
2 -1 0 1 3 2.65 2.31
3 -1 1 0 1 2.45 2.67
3 -1 1 0 2 2.6 2.45
3 -1 1 0 3 2.53 2.98
4 0 -1 1 1 3.02 3.22
4 0 -1 1 2 2.7 2.57
4 0 -1 1 3 2.97 2.63
5 0 0 0 1 2.89 3.16
5 0 0 0 2 2.56 3.32
5 0 0 0 3 2.52 3.26
6 0 1 -1 1 2.44 3.1
6 0 1 -1 2 2.22 2.97
6 0 1 -1 3 2.27 2.92
Raw Data:
impossible to
interpret
Statistical Model
2-D Visual Outputs
(internal
to
software)
trends
trends trends
Y
X
X
X
X
9,000 rows
700 columns
.... ....
.... .... .... ....
.... .... ....
....
.... ....
Data-Driven Process Modelling
How MVA Works:
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 107
� 1 component
What about an extreme outlier?
Data-Driven Process Modelling
Effect of Outliers on MVA
OUTLINER
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 108
���� 1 component
Extreme outliers very detrimental to MVA
���� New (wrong) component!
Linear regression by Least squares !
Real component has become mere noise
Effect of Outliers on MVA
Data-Driven Process Modelling
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 109
Data-Driven Process Modelling
Benefits: Explore Inter-Relationships
Create and Learn by modelling
« What-if » Exercises Low-cost investigation of options
Soft Sensor (Inferential Control) for parameters we can’t measure directly
Feed-Forward (Model-Based) Control
NEXT
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 110
Integrate Process
Design and Control
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 111
Integrate Process Design and Control
Control Objectives: Product specifications variability should be kept to a minimum --> process variability (To Control Product quality). Safety issues(separate equipments), energy costs, environmental concerns have increased complexity and sensitivity of processes Plants become highly integrated in terms of mass and energy and therefore, process dynamics are often difficult to control. The Control is permanently necessary to do for allowing the process to operate in the best conditions.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 112
it is a property of a process that accounts for the ease with which a continuous plant can be held at a specified operating policy, despite external disturbances (resiliency) and uncertainties (flexibility) and regardless of the control system imposed on such a plant.
DESIGN CONTROL +
Changes in Process
-Dynamics -Tunings - Control
configurations
Process Variability Sources MIN
Steady State & Dynamic Simulations
Integrate Process Design and Control
CONTROLLABILITY
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 113
Integrate Process Design & Control
Process
sensor
Input Variables
Output Variables
(controlled and Measured)
Input Variables (Manipulated)
Disturbances
Uncertainties
Internal interactions
PROCESS RESILIENCY
PROCESS FLEXIBILITY
Control Loop
Fundamentals:
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 114
CC FC
C, F
Water, F1
Pulp, F2
OUTPUTS
INPUTS
(process variables or disturbances)
EFFECTS (Best Selection by
Controllability
analysis)
Integrate Process Design and Control
e.g. Controllability analysis for control structures design
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 115
Integrate Process Design and Control
The process will be more capable to move smoothly around the possible operating edge Stability and better performance of control loops and structures System relatively insensitive to perturbations Efficient management of interacting networks
Improvement
of current
dynamics
Flexibility
Why Controllability is important:
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 116
Integrate Process Design and Control
Production rate (time) Product quality, and Energy economy.
The Top level of the
process control,
“Strategic control level is
thus concerned with
achieving the appropriate
values principally of:
NEXT
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 117
Real Time Optimizations
(RTO)
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 118
Real Time Optimizations
The Process Industries are increasingly compelled to operate profitably in very dynamic and global market. The increasing competition in the international area and stringent product requirements mean decreasing profit margins unless plant operations are optimized dynamically to adopt to the changing market conditions and to reduce the operating cost. Hence, the importance of real-time or on-line optimization of an entire plant is rapidly increasing.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 119
Real Time Optimizations
What is RTO? Real-time Optimization is a model-based steady-state technology that determines the economically optimal operating policy for a process in the near term
The system optimizes a process simulation and not the process directly
Performance measured in terms of economic benefit
Is an active field of research: • Model accuracy, error transmission, performance evaluation
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 120
RTO – Schematically
Reconciliation
And gross Error
Detection
Updating Process Model
(Steady State→→→→Dynamic
Simulation)
Steady State Detection Optimization
(Objectives Functions)
Busin
ess Objectives;
Econom
ic Data;
Prod
uct S
pecification
Cost, Process,
Environmental,
Product Data
Plant Facility
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 121
Direct Search Method Schematically
Dynamic
Simulation
(Model)
RTO Algorithm
(Objective Fct,
Constraints)
SETPOINTS
(DOFs)
Selected
Ouputs
NEXT
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 122
Business Model And
Supply Chain Modeling
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 123
Integrated Business &
Process Model
Cost, Process, Environmental & Product Data
Cost, Process, Environmental & Product Outcomes
Process Design Analysis And
Synthesis
Process Operation Analysis and
Optimization
Business Model And Supply Chain Modeling
Cost, Process, Environmental & Product Data
Click here
Process Design Analysis and
Synthesis
Click Here Process
Operation Analysis and
Optimization
Click here
Integrated Business
&
Process Model
Click Here
Cost, Process, Environmental & Product Outcomes
NEXT
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 124
Plant Facilities
Integrated Business & Process Model
Process (P) &
Environmental
(E) Data
Accounting Data
Product Data
Market Data
Data Processing
Processed
P&E Data
Data Reconciliation
Reconciled
P&E Data
Cost, Process, Environmental & Product Data
The double arrows mean all the data are consistent together throughout all
the plant facilities Data Validation &
Reconciliation
Once the model is built it can be used to validate and
reconcile data
Cost, Process, Environmental
and Product Data
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 125
1st Principles Models
Integrated Business and Process Model
Model that deals with the classification,
recording, allocation, and summarization
for the purpose of management decision
making and financial reporting
Data Driven Models
Processed
P&E data
Click here
Environmental Data
Market Data
Accounting Data
Process Data
Product Data
Click here
Data Driven Models
Process
Simulation
Models
Integrated Business
and
Process Model
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 126
Supply Manufacturing Retail
DistributionConsumer
Supply ManufacturingManufacturing Retail
Distribution
Retail
DistributionConsumerConsumer
Supply Chain and Environmental Supply Chain
Supply Chain (SC) is a network of organizations that are involved, through upstream and downstream linkages, in the different processes and activities that produce value in the form of products and services in the hands of the ultimate customer
Supply Manufacturing Retail
DistributionConsumer
W
Recycling
W
Collection
Remanufacturing
Reuse
W
W W
WW
W
Supply ManufacturingManufacturing Retail
Distribution
Retail
DistributionConsumerConsumer
W
Recycling
W
Collection
Remanufacturing
Reuse
W
W W
WW
W
WW
RecyclingRecycling
WWW
CollectionCollection
Remanufacturing
Reuse
Remanufacturing
Reuse
WW
WW WW
WWWW
WW
(Waste)
Environmental Supply Chain (ESC) holds all the elements a traditional supply chain has but is extended to a semi-closed loop in order to also account for the environmental impact of the supply chain and recycling, re-use and collection of used material (Beamon 1999)
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 127
Supply Chain and Environmental Supply Chain
The objective of the SC and ESC models are: To integrate inter-organizational units along a SC and coordinate materials, information and financial flows in order to fulfill customer demands with the aim of improving SC profitability and responsiveness To gain insight in the total environmental impact of the production process (from supplier to customer and back to the facility by recycling) and all the products that are manufactured. (closely linked to LCA)
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 128
Integrated Business & Process Model
Capital Effectiveness Analysis
Process Integration
Tools
Process Design Analysis – Design
Objectives
Process
Design
Analysis and
Synthesis
Loop
•Process simulation
•Data Reconciliation
•MVA using relational
database
•Pinch analysis
• LCA
•SC and ESC model
analysis
•Controllability Analysis
•Optimization
(Deterministic and/or
Stochastic)
Process Design Analysis and Synthesis
Process Design Analysis and Synthesis
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 129
Integrated Business & Process Model
Objective Function for
Process Optimization
Process Integration
Tools
Detailed Process Investigation to
Validate Recommendations
Process
Operation
Analysis and
Optimization
Loop
•Data reconciliation for
instrument validation
•Dynamic simulation
•Process control strategies
•MVA (Soft sensor dev.)
•Real-time optimization
•Optimizated supply chain
Model
Process Operation Analysis and Optimization
Process Design Analysis and Optimization
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 130
Outline
1.1 Introduction and definition of Process
integration.
1.2 Overview of Process Integration tools
1.3 An “around-the-world tour” of PI
practitioners focuses of expertise
1.1 Introduction and definition of Process
integration.
1.2 Overview of Process Integration tools
1.3 An “around-the-world tour” of PI
practitioners focuses of expertise
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 131
1.3 An “around-the-world
tour” of PI practitioners
focuses of expertise (May
2003).
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 132
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
Courtesy mainly of the www – to capture the flavor of the evolution of Process Integration PI is relatively new:
Researchers build on their strengths Many of the ground-breaking techniques are coming from universities When techniques become practical, the private sector generally capitalizes and techniques advance more rapidly
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 133
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
Carnegie Mellon University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pittsburgh, USA Major Contact: Professor Ignacio E. Grossmann, head of department Web: http://www.cheme.cmu.edu/research/capd/ Research Area: Recognized as one of the major research groups in the area of Computer Aided Process Design. In Process Integration, the group is recognized for its work in Mathematical Programming, Optimization, Reactor Systems, Separation Systems (especially Distillation), Heat Exchanger Networks, Operability and the synthesis of Operating Procedures. Current research in Process Integration includes: 1) Insights to Aid and Automate Synthesis (Invention) 2) Structural Optimization of Process Flowsheets 3) Synthesis of Reactor Systems and Separation Systems 4) Synthesis of Heat Exchanger Networks 5) Global Optimization techniques relevant to Process Integration 6) Integrated Design and Scheduling of Batch plants 7) Supply chain dynamics and optimization Consortium: "Center for Advanced Process Decision-making" with 20 members (2001) including operating companies, engineering & contracting companies, consulting companies and software vendors. The consortium was founded 1986.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 134
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
Imperial College, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, London, UK Major Contact: Prof. Efstratios N Pistikopoulos Web: http://www.ps.ic.ac.uk/ and http://www.psenterprise.com Research Area: Recognized as the largest research group in the area of Process Systems Engineering (PSE), which includes Synthesis/Design, Operations, Control and Modeling. The group is recognized as a world-wide center of excellence in Process Modeling, Numerical Techniques/Optimization and Integrated Process Design (includes simultaneous consideration of Process Integration and Control). The Centre is also an important contributor in the area of Integration and Operation of Batch Processes. Current research in Process Integration includes: 1) Integrated Batch Processing 2) Design and Management of Integrated Supply Chain Processes 3) Uncertainty and Operability in Process Design 4) Formulation of Mathematical Programming Models to address problems in Process Synthesis and Integration Consortium: "Process Systems Engineering" with 17 members (2003) including operating, engineering & contracting companies, software vendors.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 135
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
UMIST, Department of Process Integration, Manchester, UK Major Contact: Professor Robin Smith, head of department Web: http://www.cpi.umist.ac.uk/ Research Area: Recognized as the pioneering and major research group in the area of Pinch Analysis. Previous research includes targets and design methods for Heat Exchanger Networks (grassroots and retrofits), Heat and Power systems, Heat driven Separation Systems, Flexibility, Total Sites, Pressure Drop considerations, Batch Process Integration, Water and Waste Minimization and Distributed Effluent Treatment. Current research is organized in three major areas: 1) Efficient Use of Raw Materials (including Water) 2) Energy Efficiency 3) Emissions Reduction 4) Eefficient use of capital. Consortium: "Process Integration Research Consortium" with 27 members (2003) including operating companies, engineering & contracting companies, consulting companies and software vendors. The consortium was founded in 1984 by six multinational companies.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 136
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
Chalmers Univ. of Technol., Department of Heat and Power, Gothenburg, Sweden Major Contact: Professor Thore Berntsson, head of department Web: http://www.hpt.chalmers.se/ Research Area: Methodology development and applied research based on Pinch Technology. Emphasis on new Retrofit methods including realistic treatment of geographical distances, pressure drops, varying fixed costs, etc. Important new Concepts include the Cost Matrix for Retrofit Screening and new Grand Composite type Thermodynamic Diagrams for Heat and Power applications (including Gas Turbines and Heat Pumps). Research towards pulp and paper with focus on energy and environment. Research areas are: 1) Retrofit Design of Heat Exchanger Networks 2) Process Integration of Heat Pumps in Grassroots and Retrofits 3) Gas Turbine based CHP plants in Retrofit Situations 4) Applied research in Pulp and Paper industry, such as black liquor gasification, closing the bleaching plant, etc. 5) Environmental aspects of Process Integration, especially greenhouse gas emissions) Industry: Close co-operation with some of the major pulp and paper industry groups, including training courses, consulting, etc.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 137
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
École Polytechnique de Montréal, Chemical engineering Department, Quebec, Canada Major Contact: Dr. Paul Stuart, Chair holder Web: http://www.pulp-paper.ca Research Area: the application of Process Integration in the pulp and paper industry, with emphasis on pollution prevention techniques and profitability analysis, the Efficiency use of energy and Raw Materials (including Water), process control, and plant sustainability. Research areas are:: 1)process simulation, 2)Data reconciliation, 3)Process Control, 4)Networks Analysis HEN and MEN,
5)Environmental technologies (e.g., LCA),
6)Business Model.
7)Data Driving Modeling.
Consortium: "Process Integration Research Consortium" with 13 members (2003) including operating companies, engineering & contracting companies, consulting companies and software vendors in pulp and paper industry.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 138
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Chemical Engng. Department, Barcelona, Spain Major Contact: Professor Luis Puigjaner, Director LCMA Web: http://tqg.upc.es/ Research Area: Pioneering work on Computer Aided Process Operations. Within Process Integration, the group is recognized for its contributions in Time-Dependent Processes, such as Combined Heat and Power, Combined Energy-Waste and Waste Minimization, Integrated Process Monitoring, Diagnosis and Control and finally Process Uncertainty. Current research in the area of Process Integration includes: 1) Evolutionary Modeling and Optimization 2) Multi-objective Optimization in time-dependent systems 3) Combined Energy and Water Use Minimization 4) Integration of Thermally Coupled Distillation Columns 5) Hot-gas Recovery and Cleaning Systems Consortium: "Manufacturing Reference Centre" with 12 members (1966) including Conselleria d'Indústria and associated operating companies, engineering and contracting companies, consultants and software vendors.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 139
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
Texas A&M University, Chemical Engineering Department, Texas, USA Major Contact: Professor Mahmoud M. El-Halwagi Web: http://process-integration.tamu.edu/ and http://www-che.tamu.edu/cpipe/ Research Area: Recognized as a leading research group in the areas of Mass Integration and Pollution Prevention through Process Integration. Research areas are: 1) Global allocation of Mass and Energy 2) Synthesis of Waste Allocation and Species Interception Networks 3) Physical and Reactive Mass Pinch Analysis 4) Synthesis of Heat-Induced Networks 5) Design of Membrane-Hybrid Systems 6) Design of Environmentally acceptable Reactions 7) Integration of Reaction and Separation Systems 8) Flexibility and Scheduling Systems 9) Simultaneous Design and Control 10) Global Optimization via Interval Analysis
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 140
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
University of Guanajuato, Faculty of Chemistry, Guanajuato, México Major contact: Dr. Martin-Picon-Nunez, Director Web: http://www.ugto.mx
Research Area: Hosts the only course Masters Program in process integration in North America, they are developing in the next areas Analysis of Processes, Power Systems, and to develop of technology benign Environmental. Research areas are: 1) Synthesis of Processes; Modeling, Simulation, Control and Optimization of Processes; New Processes and Materials. 2) Recovery systems of Heat; Renewable sources of Energy; Thermodynamic Optimization. 3) Contaminated Atmosphere rehabilitation; Treatment of Effluents; Environmental Processes.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 141
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
University of the Witwatersrand, Process & Materials Eng., Johannesburg, South Africa Major Contact: Professor David Glasser, AECI Professor Web: http://www.wits.ac.za/fac/engineering/procmat/homepage.html Research Area: Recognized as the major research group in the development of the Attainable Region (AR) method for Reactor and Process Synthesis. The Attainable Region concept has been expanded to systems where mass transfer, heat transfer and separation take place. In its generalized form (reaction, mixing, separation, heat transfer and mass transfer), the Attainable Region concept provides a Synthesis tool that will provide targets for "optimal" designs against which more practical solutions can be judged. Research areas are: 1) Systems involving Reaction, Mixing and Separation (e.g. Reactive Distillation) 2) Non-isothermal Chemical Reactor Systems 3) Optimization of Dynamic Systems Clients: they have founded your own consultancy enterprise the name “Wits Enterprise”.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 142
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
Linnhoff March Ltd., Northwich, Cheshire, UK Web: http://www.linnhoffmarch.com/ List of Services in the area of Process Integration: Linnhoff March is the pioneering company of Pinch Technology and has built a reputation for being the "Pinch Company", encompassing: • Project execution and consulting • Software development and support • Training assistance PI Technologies: • Pinch Technology (Analysis and HEN DesignTotal Site Analysis) • Water Pinch™ for Wastewater minimization • Combined Thermal and Hydraulic Analysis of Distillation Columns PI Software: Extensively proven state-of-the-art software including SuperTarget, PinchExpress, WaterTarget and Steam97. Typical Projects: 1200 assignments over 18 years - or over 50 studies per year in PI, making them the unquestionable world leader (27th February 2002)Was acquired last year by KBC process technology…
« KBC Advanced Technologies is the leading independent process engineering consultancy, improving operational efficiency and
profitability in the hydrocarbon processing industry worldwide. KBC analyses plant operations and management systems, recommends changes that deliver material and measurable improvements in profitability, and offers Implementation Services to assist clients in realising measurable
financial improvements »
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 143
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
American Process Inc., Atlanta, USA. Web:http://www.americanprocess.com List of Services in the area of Process Integration: “We are the premier consulting engineering specialists dedicated to the pulp and paper industry. Prom. energy and water reduction to planning new power islands. American Process can provide solutions through practical experience, process integration, troubleshooting, and project implementation.” “Founded in 1994, with offices in Atlanta, GA, Athens, Greece, and Cluj-Napoca, Romania, American Process is the premier specialist firm dedicated to reducing energy, water, and other operating costs for the pulp and paper industry.” •Energy Targeting Using Pinch Analysis, •PARIS™ (Decision-Making Tool for Optimizing Pulp and Paper Mill Operations)
• Production Analysis for Rate and Inventories Strategies. •Simulation modeling, •linear optimization.
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 144
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
Process Systems Enterprise Ltd., london, UK. Web: http://www.psenterprise.com List of Services in the area of Process Integration: “Process Systems Enterprise Limited (PSE) is a provider of advanced model-based technology and services to the process industries. These technologies address pressing needs in fast-growing engineering and automation market segments of the chemicals, petrochemicals, oil & gas, pulp & paper, power, fine chemicals, food, pharmaceuticals and biotech industries.” •gPROMS, for general PROcess Modelling System
• Steady-state and dynamic process simulation, optimization (MINLP) and parameter estimation software, packaged for different users.
•Model Enterprise - Supply chain modeling and execution environment. •Model Care - Business model •PSE provides expert, extensive training for all its products
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 145
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
.........and Many Many others Institution Major Contact Web
Åbo Akademi University Professor Tapio Westerlund http://www.abo.fi/fak/ktf/at/
Auburn University Professor Christopher Roberts http://www.eng.auburn.edu/depart
ment/che/
Technical Univ. of Budapest Professor Zsolt Fonyo http://www.bme.hu/en/organizati
on/faculties/chemical/
Lehrstuhi für Technische Chemie A
Prof. Dr. A. Behr
http://www.chemietechnik.uni-
dortmund.de/tca/
Universty of Edinburgh Professor Jack W. Ponton http://www.chemeng.ed.ac.uk/ecp
sse/
INPT-ENSIGC, Chemical Engng. Lab. Professor Xavier Joulia
http://excalibur.univ-
inpt.fr/~lgc/elgcpa6.html
Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology Professor Daniel Favrat http://leniwww.epfl.ch/
University of Liège Professor Boris Kalitventzeff http://www.ulg.ac.be/lassc/
University of Maribor Professor Peter Glavic http://www.uni-mb.si/
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 146
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
Institution Major Contact Web
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Professor George Stephanopoulos
http://web.mit.edu/cheme/inde
x.html
Norw. Univ. of Sci. and Technol. Professor Sigurd Skogestad
http://kikp.chembio.ntnu.no/res
earch/PROST/
Princeton University Professor Christodoulos A. Floudas
http://titan.princeton.edu/
Purdue University Professor G.V. Rex Reklaitis http://che.www.ecn.purdue.ed
u/
University of Massachusetts Professor J. M. Douglas http://www.ecs.umass.edu/che
/
University College Dr. David Bogle http://www.chemeng.ucl.ac.uk/
University of Adelaide Dr. B.K. O'Neill http://www.chemeng.adelaide.
edu.au/
Indian Institute of Technology
Dr. Uday V. Shenoy http://www.che.iitb.ernet.in/
Chemical Process Engineering Research Institute
Professor I. Vasalos http://www.cperi.forth.gr
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 147
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
Institution Major Contact Web
Technical University of Denmark Professor Bjørn Qvale http://www.et.dtu.dk/
TU of Hamburg-Harburg, Professor Günter Gruhn http://www.tu-harburg.de/vt3/
Helsinki University of Technology,
Professor Carl-Johan Fogelholm, head of laboratory
http://www.hut.fi/Units/Mechani
c/
Instituto Superior Técnico, Professor Clemente Pedro Nunes
http://dequim.ist.utl.pt/english/
Lappeenranta University of Technol. Professor Lars Nystroem
http://www.lut.fi/kete/laboratori
es/Process_Engineering/main
page.htm
Murdoch University Professor Peter Lee
http://wwweng.murdoch.edu.a
u/engindex.html
University of Pennsylvania Professor Warren D. Seider http://www.seas.upenn.edu/ch
eme/chehome.html
University of Porto Professor Manuel A.N. Coelho http://www.up.pt/
Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
Professor Eduardo Mach Queiroz http://www.ufrj.br/home.php
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 148
Around the World tour of PI practitioners
focuses of experience
Institution Major Contact Web
University of Queensland Professor Ian Cameron http://www.cheque.uq.edu.au/
Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Professor Daniel R. Lewin
http://www.technion.ac.il/techni
on/chem-
eng/index_explorer.htm
University of Ulster Professor J.T. McMullan http://www.ulst.ac.uk/faculty/sc
ience/energy/index.html
COMPANIES
Advanced Process Combinatorics (APC)
http://www.combination.com
Aspen Technology Inc. (AspenTech)
http://www.aspentech.com and
http://www.hyprotech.com
National Engineering Laboratory (NEL)
http://www.ipa-scotland.org.uk/members/nel.htm
QuantiSci Limited http://www.quantisci.co.uk/
... ...
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 149
End of Tier 1
At the moment we are assuming that you have done all the reading, this is the end of Tier 1. We do not have doubt that much of this information seems fuzzy, but we are only trying to set all the pieces in the Process Integration scope. Before to pass to tier 2 lefts to answer a short Quiz
PIECE NAMP
Module 8: introduction to process integration 150
QUIZ