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motivasi dan tingkah laku pemimpim yg boleh dijadikan sempadan.
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UHF 6033: DYNAMICS OF LEADERSHIPProf. Abu Bakar Hashim03
Leadership Behavior and Motivation
Learning OutcomesUniversity of Iowa leadership stylesUniversity of Michigan and Ohio State University leadership modelsOhio State University leadership model and the leadership gridThree content motivation theoriesFour types of reinforcementContent, process, and reinforcement theories
What is leadership style?
Leadership StyleThe combination of traits, skills, and behaviors leaders use as they interact with followers.
University of IowaLeadership StylesAutocratic...........................Democratic
Source: K. Lewin, R. Lippett, and R.K. White (1939)
The University of MichiganLeadership Model: Two leadership styles, one dimension
Source: R. Likert, 1961, New Patterns of Management, New York: McGraw-Hill.Employee CenteredLeadership StyleJob CenteredLeadership Style
The Ohio State University Leadership Model: Four leadership styles, two dimensionsOhio State UniversityHigh
Low StructureHigh StructureandandHigh ConsiderationHigh ConsiderationLow StructureHigh StructureandandLowLow ConsiderationLow Consideration
Initiating StructureLow HighCONSIDERATIONSource: R. Likert, (1961), New Patterns of Management, New York: McGraw-Hill.
What is the best leadership style?
What is the best leadership style?The one which works for the individual leader in a specific time and in a specific environment
Which leadership style do workers think is best?
Although there is no one best leadership style in all situations, employees are more satisfied with a leader who is high in consideration.
Blake, Mouton, & McCanse Leadership Grid
CONCERN
For
PEOPLE1LowCONCERN for PRODUCTION High 9LowHigh1,9Country Club1,19,19,95,5ImpoverishedTeam LeaderMiddle of the RoadAuthority-Compliance
Team Leadership (9,9)The goal in leadership developmentFew ever reach itSimilar to the philosophy of U.S. Army Training Command . . .Mission First, People Always.
What is Motivation?
Anything that affects behavior in pursuit of a certain outcome
Motivation ProcessPeople go from need to motive to behavior to consequence to satisfaction or dissatisfaction
The Motivation Process Need Motive Behavior Consequence Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction Feedback
Major Motivation Theories
Classification of Motivation Theories1.Content motivation theories
2.Process motivation theories
3.Reinforcement theorySpecific Motivation Theory
a. Hierarchy of needs theoryb. Two-factor theoryc. Acquired needs theory
a. Equity theory b. Expectancy theory c. Goal-setting theory Type of Reinforcement a. Positiveb. Avoidancec. Extinctiond. Punishment
What Are Content Motivation TheoriesFocus on explaining and predicting behavior based on peoples needs
3Content MotivationTheories
What is a Hierarchy of Needs Theory?
Hierarchy of Needs TheoryProposes that people are motivated through levels of needs which begin a basic life sustaining needs and progress to life and work satisfaction needs
What is the Best Known Hierarchy of Needs Theory?
Self-ActualizationEsteemSocialSafetyPhysiologicalMaslows Hierarchy of Needs
What is Herzbergs Theory of Motivation?
Herzbergs Two-Factor Theory of MotivationMotivator FactorsIntrinsicSatisfied or not satisfiedMaintenance (Hygiene) FactorsExtrinsicDissatisfied or not dissatisfied
What is the Acquired Needs Theory of Motivation?
Acquired Needs Theory(employees are motivated by their need for:)Affiliation PowerAchievement
What is the Equity Theory of Motivation?
Equity Theory=Others input (contributions)Others outcomes (rewards)Our inputs (contributions)=Our outcomes (rewards)(proposed that employees are motivated when their perceived inputs equal outputs.)
What is the ExpectancyTheory of Motivation?
Expectancy TheoryProposes that employees are motivated when they believe they can accomplish the task and the rewards for doing so are worth the effort.
What is the Goal-setting Theory of Motivation?
Goal-setting TheoryProposes that specific, difficult goals motivate people
How Does a Leader Set Meaningful Goals & Objectives to Motivate Subordinates?
Criteria for ObjectivesSingular result One end resultSpecific Exact performance expectedMeasurable Observe and measure progressTarget date Specific completion date
Other Criteria for ObjectivesDifficult but achievableParticipatively setCommitment of employees
What is Reinforcement Theory?
Reinforcement TheoryAlso known as behavior modificationBased on studies of B.F. SkinnerMajor topic of study in PsychologyDepends on reinforcementPositiveAvoidanceExtinctionPunishmentReinforcement can be ContinuousIntermittent
You get what youreinforce, not alwayswhat youreward!
How Can a Leader Motivate Using Reinforcement?
Motivating with ReinforcementSet clear objectivesEmployees must understand what is expectedUse appropriate rewardsMust be seen as rewardsUse the appropriate reinforcement scheduleDo not reward unworthy performanceLook for the positive Give sincere praiseDo things for your employees
Which Motivation Theory is the Correct Model?
Which Motivation Theory is the Correct Model?All of themNone of themNone works in all environments, in all situations, or for all peopleLeader must be flexibleKnowledge of all theories will help in determining the correct way to motivate in a given situation
Discussion Question #1How is leadership behavior based on traits?
Discussion Question #2Do you agree with the University of Michigan model (with two leadership styles) or with the Ohio State model (with four leadership styles)?
Discussion Question #3What are three important contributions of the University of Michigan and Ohio State University studies?
Discussion Question #4What are three important contributions of the Leadership Grid and high-high research?
Discussion Question #5What is motivation, and why is it important to know how to motivate employees?
Discussion Question #6Which of the four content motivation theories do you prefer?Why?
Discussion Question #7Which of the three process motivation theories do you prefer?Why?
Discussion Question #8Reinforcement theory is unethical because it is used to manipulate employees. Do you agree with this statement?Explain your answer.
Discussion Question #9Which motivation theory do you feel is the best?Why?
Discussion Question #10What is your motivation theory? What major methods, techniques, and so on, do you plan to use on the job as a manager to increase motivation and performance?
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