MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/1 CULTURE OF FRANCE

Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/1

MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL

CULTURE OF FRANCECULTURE OF FRANCE

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LET’S THINK TOGETHER !

WHAT IS CULTURE FOR YOU ?

WHICH ARE THE ELEMENTS THAT COMPOUND YOUR OWN CULTURE ?

WHICH ARE THE SYMBOLES OF YOUR OWN CULTURE ?

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FRENCH CULTURE

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT FRENCH CULTURE ?

WHAT DOES FRANCE STAND FOR IN YOUR COUNTRY ?

WHICH ELEMENTS REPRESENT FRENCH CULTURE IN YOUR COUNTRY ?

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DIFFERENT ELEMENTS OF CULTURE

CULTURECULTUREEDUCATION

RELIGION

HISTORY

POLITICS

SOCIAL STRUCTURES

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

ECONOMY

ARTS

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EDUCATION

Modern French education begins at the end of the 19th century.

Jules Ferry, Minister of Public Instruction in the 1880’s, is the founder of the modern Republican school (l'école républicaine).

This school is free of charge,

compulsory from 6 to 16

“ laïque” meaning separate from the church.

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EDUCATION

The French educational system is divided into three stages:

primary education (enseignement primaire);

secondary education (enseignement secondaire);

tertiary or college education (enseignement supérieur)

Primary and secondary education is predominantly public (private schools also exist)

Tertiary education has both public and private elements.

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EDUCATION

The teachers in public primary and secondary schools are all state civil servants, making the “ministère” the largest employer in the country.

At the primary and secondary levels, the curricula is the same for all French students in a given grade, in public and private institutions.

All educational programs are regulated by the Ministry of National Education

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RELIGION

Traditionally, France is a predominantly Roman Catholic country.

However, public holidays are still largely traditional Catholic holidays.

The concept of laïcité ( the 1905 law of separation of Church and

State), is a balance between the rights of religious people and the

neutrality of public institutions with respect to religious matters.

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RELIGION

The French consider religion a private matter, and any ostentatious display is generally out-of-place.

The concept of laïcité is currently a core concept in the French constitution, whose Article 1 formally states that France is a secular republic ("La France est une République, une, indivisible, laïque et sociale.").

French political leaders are supposed to be neutral with respect to religion and to keep a certain reserve about their belief.

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RELIGION

Following from the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, France guarantees freedom of religion as a constitutional right.

The 1905 law instituted the separation of Church and State and prohibited the government from recognising, salarying or subsidising any religion.

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RELIGIONSTATISTICS

Roman Catholic 83-88%, Muslim 5-10%Protestant 2%,

Jewish 1%, unaffiliated 4%

15 percent of French citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 10 percent of UK citizens and 57 percent of American citizens.

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ECONOMY

The 5th largest economy in the world

The 3rd largest in Europe after Germany and the United Kingdom

Thanks to - substantial agricultural resources, - a large industrial base, - a highly skilled work force - a dynamic services sector (72% of the economic activity in 1997 / nearly all job creation in recent years.)

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ECONOMYAGRICULTURE

France is the world's 6th largest agricultural producer.

France is the European Union's leading agricultural producer.

Main Agricultural products : wheat, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, dairy products, pork, poultry, beef, fruits, vegetables, and wine.

The 2nd largest agricultural exporter, after the United States (the

destination of 70% of its exports are other EU member states)

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ECONOMY

After the Second World War, France embarked on an ambitious and very successful program of modernization, under state impulse.

This program involved the state control of a minority of the industry, such as transportation, energy and telecommunication infrastructures.

In the 60’s Charles de Gaule strongly encouraged the delocalisation of skills (IAS, SUPAERO, ENAC were delocalised at that time).

INDUSTRY

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ECONOMY

INDUSTRY

Despite significant reform and privatization over the past 15 years, the government continues to control a large share of economic activity.

The government continues to own shares in corporations in a range of sectors including : banking, energy production and distribution, automobiles, transportation, and telecommunications.

France has been very successful in developing dynamic telecommunications, aerospace, and weapons sectors.

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ECONOMY

Building engeneering

Machinery

Chemicals

Pharmaceutics

Automobiles

Metallurgy

Aeronautics and space

Electronics

Fashion (textiles)and luxury

Food processing

Tourism

THE MAIN INDUSTRIES

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ECONOMY

WEAPONS INDUSTRY

France is one of the biggest arms manufacturers (warships, guns, nuclear weapons and equipment ) and the 3rd exporter in the world.

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ECONOMYTRADE

France is the 2nd largest trading nation in western Europe.

France’s foreign trade in civilian goods by region (billions of euros, 2002 data)

EXPORTS IMPORTSEuropean Union 203 196Germany 47,4 56,5Italy 29,5 29,7United Kingdom 33,7 24,1United States 26 25,9Japan 5,5 10,5World 328,6 321

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ECONOMY

TOURISM

As France is the most visited country in the world, tourism is a significant contributor to the French Economy.

The touristic infrastructures of France have been largely developed in the 60’s and today France’s got a high quality of touristic services, including some of the world's most extensive ski trails.

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ECONOMY

ENERGY

With virtually no domestic oil production, France has relied heavily on the development of nuclear power, which now accounts for about 80% of the country's electricity production.

It also has developed at a large scale nuclear waste reprocessing facilities (including those of other countries).

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CENTRES NUCLEAIRES DE PRODUCTION D’ELECTRICITE

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FRENCH POLITICS

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PRESIDENT OF REPUBLIC

The Head of State is elected for a five-year term by direct universal suffrage.

Jacques Chirac became the fifth President of the Fifth Republic on 7 May 1995 and was re-elected on 5 May 2002

He - appoints the Prime Minister - appoints the other members of the Government. - presides over the Council of Ministers, - promulgates Acts of Parliament and is Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. - may dissolve the National Assembly and in an emergency exercise special powers.

Elysée palace (Paris)

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PRIME MINISTER AND GOVERNMENT

• Under the direction of the Prime Minister, the government sets national policy and carries it out. It is answerable to Parliament. The Prime Minister directs the operation of the government and ensures the implementation of legislation.

• Dominique de Villepin is the current Prime Minister.

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PARLIAMENT

The National Assembly (Paris)

The Sénat

Parliament comprises two assemblies :

• The Senate, elected since 2003 for a six-year term, by indirect universal suffrage, and renewed by half every three years.

• The National Assembly, whose members (deputies) are elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year term. The most recent general election was held in June 2002.

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Modern French politics remain characterized by a Left/Right division of the country even though the border between the two has been recently blurred.

FRENCH POLITICS

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NATIONAL ANTHEM AND MOTTO

The national anthem is the Marseillaise; it became the national anthem on 14 July 1795.

The motto of the French Republic is "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity".

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THE FRENCH FLAG

The white colour, symbolizes royalty and the red and blue colours, the cockade of the Paris National Guard.

The tricolour is the official standard of the French Republic.

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THE SOCIAL STRUCTURES

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SOCIAL WELFAREFrance has one of the most effective social security systems in the world. It covers basic needs such as healthcare, unemployment benefits, minimum social benefits, family policy and retirement pensions.

The system is based on the principle of national solidarity.

Georges-Pompidou

European hospital in Paris.

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Sweden 33,7

Denmark 31,4

France 30,8

Nederland's 30,3

Germany, Finland

29,9

Austria 28,8

Belgium 28,5

United-Kingdom 26,8

Italy 25,9

Luxemburg 24,8

Greece 23,6

Portugal 22,5

Spain 21,4

Ireland 17,5

• Social welfare expenses on the gross national product of the Europeans countries (%)

• France on the firsts places

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SOCIAL WELFARE• 67% of total social security spending comes from employers and

employees’ contributions and 20% from taxes.

• Social security expenditure has increased two and a half times as fast as the gross national product since 1945. The increase stems from the larger numbers of pensioners and higher pensions.

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SOCIAL WELFARE

• Another cause is the increase in healthcare expenditure, accounting for 34.8% of the total, with the introduction of universal health coverage (CMU), longer life expectancy and advances in medical treatments.

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SOCIAL WELFARE• social security system covers

70% of medical care and goods, with an increasing proportion being met by households and insurance companies.

• A major programme of reform was instituted in 2004 to balance the accounts of the health insurance branch of the Social Security system.

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Basic guaranteed income : RMI (Revenu Minimum d’Insertion)

• Basic guaranteed income was introduced in 1989 with the aim of providing the least well-off with minimum resources and helping them to get off welfare and rejoin the labour force and society.

• At present, approximately one million people are receiving basic guaranteed income.

SOCIAL WELFARE

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WORKING• Salaries

Salary levels are fixed by agreement between employer and employee. Most companies make extra salary payments in one (or both) of two months (usually December for Christmas and June for Summer). In this case, these extra salaries (called 13th and 14th month's salary) are included in total amount of the annual gross salary.

Profit sharing schemes and bonuses bases on productivity or performance are becoming more common in France.

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Optional charges: such as mutual insurance contributions, pension contributions or life insurance

Obligatory contributions will be around 20-25% of your gross salary. Your salary payments do not have income tax deducted. You make a tax declaration and pay your income tax.

Salaries are usually paid a few days before the end of each month. As an employee, you will normally receive your salary net of deductions (salaire net) for:

Compulsory Social Security Chargees

WORKING

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WORKING• Minimum Salary The guaranteed minimum hourly wage is called the SMIC (Salaire Minimum Interprofessionnel de Croissance).

An employee cannot legally be paid less then this level.

The gross SMIC is €7.19, from which are taken taxes and social security charges (at this wage level, approximately 23%).

The SMIC is reviewed annually on the 1st July.

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Minimum wage in various countries (euros)

Monthly minimum wage (euros in 1997)

Monthly median wage

Germany 1 244 2 539

France 991 1 680

United-Kingdom 864 1 964

United States 746 1 913

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WORKING• Working hours

The legal working hours (Temps de travail) is fixed at 35 hours per week.The 35-hour rule applies to all employees except those with special working conditions

35 hours are not a compulsory maximum for a week's work, but a reference point for the calculation of overtime as all supplementary hours working must be remunerated.

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WORKING• The working week is generally Monday to Friday.

• Working hours are generally from 8:30-9:30 to 17:30-19:00. There is usually a break for lunch (between 12:00 and 14:00)

• The introduction of the 35-hour week has led many companies to be a lot more flexible about working hours. Some have implemented an 8-hour/day schedule with Friday afternoon off, whereas others make 10:00-16:00 standardised working time and leave individuals to organise the rest of their time.

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WORKING

• Annual leave (Congés annuels)

Salaries have 5 full weeks of vacation a year which may be taken either during a specified period or in agreement with the employer

Traditionally, holidays are taken in July and August.

In France August is 'sacred' and the country practically comes to a halt. Some companies officially close.

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WORKING

• In some companies, the adoption of the 35-hour week was managed by introducing longer vacations, which are often referred to as RTT (Réduction du temps de travail). This could be quite significant (e.g. up to 15 days of leave a year!) but the company usually decides when these days can/must be taken.

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WORKING• Maternity leave (Congé de maternité)

All mothers have the right to a minimum of sixteen weeks of paid maternity leave.

During maternity leave, employees receive payments from the social security system. Most companies have also collective agreements (conventions collectives) concerning continuing payment of the salary by the employer during the period of maternity leave.

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WORKING

• Paternity leave (Congé de paternité)

All new fathers have the right to paternity leave of 11 days (18 days for twins or more!) Leave must be taken on consecutive days within four months of the birth.

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WORKING• Sick leave (Arrêt de travail pour

maladie) A doctor may prescribe sick leave for an employee by issuing a sick leave form (un avis d'arrêt de travail).

Employees on sick leave are obliged: • to stop working while receiving sickness benefits • to comply with authorised times for leaving the house • to ask for authorisation if wishing to stay in a different residence

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WORKING• Unemployment insurance ( Assurance

Chômage)

• Financed by employers (80%) and employees (20 %). (ASSEDIC)

• To receive this unemployment benefit, one has to be less than 65 years old and to have worked 520 hours (as a wage earner) during the twelve last months.

• According to their age, unemployed earn, every month, 40.25% or 30% of their last monthly wage over periods of different lengths and the benefit cannot be less than a minimum amount at the beginning

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WORKING

• Public holidays (Jours fériés) There are eleven national public holidays in France: 1 January, New Year's Day (Nouvel an, Jour de l'An)Easter Monday in March or April (Lundi de Pâques)1 May, Labour Day (Fête de travail)8 May, Victory Day - End of Second World War 1945 (Fête de la liberation)Ascension Thursday, the sixth Thursday after Easter, usually in May (Ascension)Whit Monday (Pentecost) , the Second Monday after Ascension, in May or June (Pentecôte)14 July, Bastille Day (Fête Nationale)15 August, Assumption (Assomption)1 November, All Saints' Day (Toussaint)11 November, Armistice 1918 Day (Fête de l'Armistice)25 December, Christmas Day (Noël)

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FRENCH ARTS

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FRENCH PAINTINGS

The prehistoric period is known for paleolithic cave paintings. There are around 130 caves around the Pyrenees, with the most famous of the caves being Lascaux

Cave paintings at Lascaux

Horses' Heads in the Chauvet Cave

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The ancient art of book illumination was still the prevailing form of painting in France at the beginning of the 15th

century.

FRENCH PAINTINGS

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FRENCH PAINTINGS The French Renaissance

(16th century) was strongly influenced by the works of the Italians.

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FRENCH PAINTINGS

The Visit of Venus to Vulcan

by Boucher

Pastorale by Boucher

The Silver Goblet by Chardin

The Reader by Fragonard

The Baroque period spans roughly the 17th and 18th centuries.

The work can be categorized by the desire to evoke emotional states by appealing to the senses

Le Verrou by Fragonard

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FRENCH PAINTINGS Classicism and Neoclassicism

refer to aesthetic attitudes and principles based on the culture, art and literature of ancient Greece and Rome, and are characterized by emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, and restrained emotion

Horaces’promise by Jacques-Louis David

Madame de Récamier by Jacques-Louis David

Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David

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FRENCH PAINTINGS

Strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions: Romanticism

Napleon Bonaparte on Arcole Bridge by Antoine-Jean Gros

The Death of Sardanapal by Delacroix

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FRENCH PAINTINGS

Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances.

Gustave Courbet

Stonebreakers by Gustave Courbet

The gleaners by Millet

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FRENCH PAINTINGS

Impression: sunrise by Claude Monet Monet Painting in His Floating Studio by Édouard Manet

Young girls on piano by Pierre Auguste Renoir The Kiss by Auguste Rodin

moulin-galette by Renoir

The impressionist style of painting, developing primarily in France during the late 19th and early 20th centuries

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FRENCH PAINTINGS

French Fauvisme is a style of painting that flourished in France from 1898 to 1908.

Notre-Dame, une fin d'après-midi by

Henri Matisse

On the Thames by André Derain

Seated Riffian by Matisse

La Musique

by Matisse

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FRENCH PAINTINGS

Cubism style rejected the traditional techniques of perspective. It is a highly influential visual arts style of the 20th century

Jeune fille à la mandoline by Pablo Picasso

Houses at L'Estaque by Braque

Le guéridon by Braque

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FRENCH ARCHITECTURENotre-Dame in Paris

Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Michael

Saint Sernin in Toulouse

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FRENCH ARCHITECTURE

Examples of Renaissance’s Castles: Chenonceaux, Blois, Azay, and Chamborg

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FRENCH ARCHITECTURE An example of Baroque

architecture from the 17th century : Versailles’castle

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FRENCH ARCHITECTURE

Arc de Triomphe: exemple of Neoclassicism architecture

The Eiffel Tower -- Paris' Grande Dame

Built 1862-1875 as "Académie nationale de Musique - Théâtre de l'Opéra" by Charles Garnier.

Louvre’museum and its pyramid

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FRENCH ARCHITECTURE

Defense Arch in ParisThe Louvre’s Pyramid

The Millau’s Viaduc

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FRENCH MUSIC

• French music history dates back to organum in the 10th century.

• By the end of the 12th century, travelling musicians called “troubadours” were very important

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FRENCH MUSIC In the late 1800s, pioneers like Georges Bizet with

his famous opera Carmen ,

Maurice Ravel and Claude Debussy revitalized French music.

The late 1800s saw the dawn of the music hall when Yvette Guilbert was a major star in the Moulin Rouge.

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WORKSHOP

Regarding this presentation, 3 groups are going to work on the analysis of their society through the different components of their culture :

- education and religion- economy and politics

- social structures

This work will allow them to compare it with French society.

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WORKSHOPEDUCATION RELIGION ECONOMY POLITICS SOCIAL

STRUCTURES

•Secular

•Mainly public

•Private but controled by the State

•Mixed (boys and girls)

•Free

•Compulsory (age 16)

•Traditionally catholic

•Concept of « laïcité »

•Privacy

•Freedom of religion

•5th largest economy

•6th largest agricultural producer

•a highly skilled work force

•a dynamic services sector

•State controlled industries

•World’s largest touristic country

•A constitutional Republic

•A President elected by direct universal suffrage

•A traditional left/right opposition

•A current right wing government

•A strong social welfare-Social security (medical cares)

-Basic guaranteed income

- Work organization (working hours, medical and unemployment insurance, holidays, parental leaves)

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WORKSHOPPlan of your presentation

1) Present the situation in your continent or country.

2) Compare it with the French situation

3) Conclude and discuss it with the rest of the group.

You will have 45 minutes to prepare your presentation that you’ll report back to the class

Documents

MODULE 1: INTERCULTURAL Réf.: IAS/2006/M1/1 CULTURE OF FRANCE