Module 1- Hydro Logical Cycle(2)

8/7/2019 Module 1- Hydro Logical Cycle(2)

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1

1. Hydrology for Engineers, Linsley2. Hydrology for Engineers , Wilson

3. Hydrology in Practice, E. Shaw

S O Dulo

FCE 425 - Hydrology I (45 hrs)


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Syllabus (45 hrs)y Introduction. Hydrological cycle.y Rainfall and Rainfall data analysis.

y Evaporation and transpiration: factors and methods ofcomputation. Infiltration and Percolation.

y Runoff: factors affecting runoff, stream flow measurement andrating curves determination.

y Streamflow data analysis. Subsurface water: soil-waterrelationship and measurement of soil moisture.Determination of permeability.

y Lab Experiments: Measurements of weather parameters likeprecipitation, sunshine, evaporation, wind speed, calibrationof instruments.

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Course requirementsy Attendance

y Course work 10

y Cats 5y Exams 35

3


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Definitiony Hydrology is the study of water of the earth

y The study includes

y Precipitationy Movement over land

y Movement below the ground surface

y Evaporation and transpiration from land, water and

plantsy Condensation and reprecipitation

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Introduction

y

1950-1970PolicyyWRM is a primary engineering task to build

dams, lay pipelines, install pumps, and operatesystems

y Todays Policy

yWRM must pursue sustainable development

with measures that manage water for humansystem, but at the same time protect and nuturenatural systems for the benefit of futuregenerations


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Introduction

y Potable water is most valuable and under appreciatedresource of our planet.

yWhy?y Because in many locations, the "aquifer" is hundreds

of meters below ground and extends over a vast areathat includes multiple municipal and state

boundaries.


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Introduction

Over 70 percent of the earth's surface is covered withwater, but < 0.5 % of this water is usable freshwater

resource. All the remainder of the water is salt water. The water

on this planet moves through a cycle that is theultimate solar power system and the cycle is in

dynamic equilibrium. Water is constantly changing position, phase, and

form


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World Water Totaly 97.2 % Oceany 2.8 % Fresh

y 2.15 % glaciersy

0.65 % groundwatery 0.0001 %

streamsy 0.009 % lakesy 0.008 % seasy 0.005 % soily 0.001 %

atmosphere


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Hydrological Cycle


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4/29/2011 10

e

Water

Cycle


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Components of the Water CycleFirst The Ins

Solar Energy InputPrecipitation

Condensation

Well InjectionIrrigation

The OutsEvaporation

Transpiration

Infiltration

Percolation

Runoff

Groundwater FlowSurfacewater Flow

Well Pumping

water cycle


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The Water Cycle

Powered by the Sun- Solar Power


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Hydrologic Cycle is driven by the

energy from the sun-Evaporation

Hydrologic Cycle is driven by the

energy from the sun-Evaporation

yWater is heated by the sun

ySurface molecules becomesufficiently energized to breakfree of the attractive forcebinding them together

yWater molecules evaporate andrise as invisible vapor into theatmosphere


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Precipitationypes of recipitation

Natural

Rain

no

IceHail

Con ensation/ De

Man-Made

Irri ation

Waste ater Applications


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Hydrologic Cycle -TranspirationHydrologic Cycle -Transpirationy ater vapor e itted ro

plant leaves

y Actively gro ing plantstranspire to 1 ti es as

c ater as t ey can old atonce

y T ese ater particles t encollect and or clo ds


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InterceptionInterception

Infiltration / PercolationInfiltration / Percolation

Canopy Interception

ercolation

Infiltration

Infiltration- Mo ement WaterInto

Soil

ercolation - Water Mo ement

hro h (IN) the Soil


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Evaporation / TranspirationEvaporation / Transpiration

EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration

aporation- Dri en byhermal

ra ient an Moist re

Difference

Stomata


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Runoff / Overland Flo

w

When Rainfall Rate xcee s

Infiltration Runoff is enerate

Lo InfiltrationCauses - erlan lo -

Loss r anic Material

Uncontrolle Runoff

Causes rosion


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Hydrologic Cycle Components

Dulo S O


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1. Cycle Component ConceptsStandard Concepts (Physical)

y Precipitation

y

Evaporation/Evapotranspitationy Surface Water

y Groundwater

Ecosystem & Use Related (Basin/Watershed Perspective)y Green water (Terrestrial ecosystems, Crops, Wetlands)- water that is

directly used for biomass production and lost in evaportaion

y Blue water (Throughflow & return flow)

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Hydrologic Cycle

y Evaporation

y Transpiration

y Soil WaterStorage

determinesground waterrecharge


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Basic Cycle

Ocean

EvaporationEvaporation (ET)

runoff

Precipitation

Aquifer

Infiltration

Evaporation

Precipitation

Evaporation/ET

Surface Water

Groundwater


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More Detailed Cycle Components

Ocean

EvaporationEvapo-transpiration

runoff

Aquifer

Infiltration

Recharge

Evaporation

Precipitation

recipitation

aporation/

Surface Water

roun ater


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More Detailed Cycle Components

Ocean

EvaporationEvapo-transpiration

runoff

Water

Supply

Dischargetreated water

Salt WaterIntrusionAquifer

Infiltration

Recharge

Evaporation

Extraction

Precipitation

recipitation

aporation/

Surface Water

roun ater

Soil moisture

Infiltration (Art)

Extraction

Return flow

Treated water Aquifer intrusion

Soil moisture

Soil

moisture


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Basic Cycle

Temperate climate Semi-arid climate Arid climate

% mm % mm % mm

otal precipitation 100 500 - 1500 100 200 - 500 100 0 - 200

Real e apotranspiration ~ 33 150 - 500 ~ 50 100 - 250 ~ 70 0 - 140

Groundwater recharge ~ 33 165 - 495 ~ 20 40 - 100 ~ 1 0 - 2

Surface runoff ~ 33 165 - 495 ~ 30 60 - 150 ~ 29 0 - 58

Approximate annual hydrological budget


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SW/GW relations - Humid vs Arid Zones

A. Cross section of a ainin

stream, hich is typical of humi

re ions,here roun ater rechar es

streams

B. Cross section of a losin stream,

hich is typical of ari re ions,

here streams can rechar e

roun ater


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2. The ecosystem where the water is !

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BOGS

QUIFERS


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Blue & Green Water - perspective

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Precipitation the basic ater resource

GW

GW

GW

GW

GW

A apte from: WP (M. alkenmark), 2003, Water Mana ement an cosystems: Li in ith Chan e


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Blue & Green Water Pathways

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Consumptive water use by terrestrial ecosystems as seen in a global perspective. (Falkenmark in SIWI Seminar 2001).

percenta es


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3. Ground Water Considerations

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Special considerations:

Supply sources are not as temporal as surface aters

Commonly more stable both from a quality an quantity

ie point

Consistent oo quality ith lo treatment costs

Wi esprea a ailability a ay from ri er courses (in oo host rock &climatic settin s)

Practical expansion an e elopment path ay augmente

as nee e Can be in epen ently e elope in its early stages of

e elopment


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3. Ground Water Considerations

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3. Basin & aquifer boundaries: real or political ?

Waters in the past have rarely been managed at basin oraquifer scales.

WHY??

- Politics and power structures

- Professional & Institutional jealousy

- Turf - donor/funding/research/grants

- Laws (archaic and intransigent)

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2. at rsh s ari s a ivi s ?

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Source: Modified from IHP-VI, 2001-ISARM

Country 1

Country 2

Country 3


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3. Basin & aquifer boundaries: real or political ?

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CONCLUSIONS:

1) Actively challenge non-hydrologic boundaries.

2) Ground and surface water boundaries can differ.

Country 1

Country 2Country 3


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WHAT ARE OTHER COMPONENTS

IN THE CYCLETODAY?y Soil water

y Extraction schemes

y Artificial recharge

y Return flow

y Treated water - reuse

y

Instrusion

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What is weather?

y Weather describes thestate of the atmosphere

at any particular time.y Weather can be

described in terms oftemperature,precipitation (snow, rain& hail), wind speed anddirection, visibility andcloud amounts.


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What is Climate?y Climate describes the

average weather of a

particular part of theworld at different timesof the year

y In Britain we wouldexpect cool summers andmild winters withmoderate rainfallthroughout the year


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The Weather Station

y Aweather stationmakes continuousmeasurements ofdifferent aspects of theweather.

y Weather stations use

standard instruments sothat their readings canbe compared.


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Temperature

y Temperature is recordedusing thermometershoused inside aStevenson screen

y Weather stations recordboth air temperature and

the temperature of theground


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Temperature: The Stevenson Screen

y Why is the screenpainted white?

y Why is it raised on legsabove the ground?

y Why has it got louvredsides?


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Precipitationy Rainfall, snow, hail and

fog.

y Rainfall is measured in araingauge.

y Some raingauges recordrainfall automaticallywhilst others areemptied everyday by anobserver


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Windy The direction and

strength of the wind are

both measuredy Awind vane measures

direction

y An anemometerrecords strength

y Wind strength can alsobe measured using the

eaufort Scale


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Pressurey Pressure is the weight of

the atmosphere

y When air rises pressurefalls

y When air sinks pressureincreases

y

Pressure controls thetype of weather

y arometers andbarographs recordpressure


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Recording pressure


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Sunshine

y Anote is made of thenumber of hours ofbright sunshine each day

y Sunshine is traditionallymeasured using aCampbell-Stokes

sunshine recorder


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Cloud

y The amount of the skyobscured by cloud

y Different types of clouds

y Sometimes even thespeed and direction inwhich the clouds are

moving are recordedusing a nephoscope


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Cloud Types - Cumulus


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Cloud Types - Stratus


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Cloud Types - Cirrus

Documents

Module 1- Hydro Logical Cycle(2)