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8/7/2019 Module 1 Foundations
1/12
Foundations: A Very Brief
Overview of Aboriginal Peoples
History in Canada
College of Medicine
University of Saskatchewan
8/7/2019 Module 1 Foundations
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First Nations Indian Act- 1876- Developed to administer
services to Indians and to facilitate their
assimilation
Status or registered or non-status
Registered under Federal Indian Act
Non-status-lost for many reasons or
somehow never received status
Treaty or non-treaty
Traceable to First Nations people who
signed treatys
Administered at community level
Lists kept by each First Nation
Treaty and status not interchangeable
Waldram et al., 2005; Smylie et al., 2000
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Mtis Mtis
Ancestry can be traced to the intermarriage of European menand First Nations women during 17th century.
Distinct language (Michif), culture, and economic roles.
Excluded from treaty negotiations and Indian Act
Mtis Today
CanadianMtis Councils says: Mtis are persons of mixed blood -
European/Aboriginal blood (Indian ancestry); Someone who is
distinct from Indian and Inuit, someone who has genealogical ties to
Aboriginal ancestry.
Mtis do not have Indian status
http://www.canadianmetis.com/Qualifying.htm
Legal status in most ways no different than other Canadians
Waldram et al., 2005; Smylie et al., 2000
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Mtis people post-colonization Canadian Government saw Mtis as a big problem because they impeded
settlement.
1969 Louis Riel and his provisional government created a list of rights for
theMtis that were included in the Manitoba Act of 1870.
Province ofManitoba created and land was set aside forMtis people
(who had already been on their land for centuries) called scrip
1.4 million acres
Most scrip never made it in the hands ofMtis children and families
Dispute of terms of distribution, allotment that did not fit with current
occupancy patterns, sharp dealings by land agents, corruption of
government officials.
Mtis were dispersed, many went west (Batoche). Similar actions of Riel
andMtis people at Batoche as the west opened up further.
1885 Northwest Rebellion, Riel hanged.
Sprague Government Lawlessness in the Administration ofManitoba
Land Claims, 1870-1887,
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Mtis People post
colonization
Too white for Aboriginalrights, too brown to betreated as Canadian
citizens.
Road Allowance
Marginalized
No box to checkoffMtis
No taxes, noeducation
Resiliency
Despite hardships a
rich cultureemerged
Experimental Farms
Poorly planned
Furthered problems
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Inuit
Traditionally live about tree line inCanada
1939- Supreme court stated that Inuitwere included in the term Indian. This
was done for government jurisdiction butthey weren't included in the Indian Act.
They were registered, similarly toIndians.
No legislation in Indian Act definingthem.
Federal government has assumedresponsibility for these people andprovides or delegates many services tothem.
Waldram et al., 2005; Smylie et al., 2000
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Pre-contact health
Remains from many regions in Canada show thatdisease was present prior to contact.
Fungal, parasitic, bacterial infections were present TB, ring/hook worms, dental caries, lice
Often related to human/animal interaction
Affected groups differently dependant on socio-ecological factors For example the Iroquois of Southern Ontario lived in
dense villages with Longhouses housing many people,
and animals.
The current diseases that burden many Aboriginalcommunities are post-contact related.
(Waldram et al., 2006)
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Treaties and
ReservesTreaty Purpose: Remove the
Indians title to the lands, and to
remove Aboriginal people
themselves, to allow for settlement
and exploitation of the natural
resources by European Immigrants(Waldram et al., 2005)
Reserves: Parcels of land held by
Canada on behalf of the First
Nations.
Lack of choice in signing treaties due
to declining health.
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Sociodemographics
Today Rapidly growing
Young
Increasingly urban
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Diversity Among
Aboriginal peoples in Canada are incredibly
diverse in backgrounds, beliefs, and
communities.
Aboriginal people can not be generalized
into simple groupings based on their
government status.
There is a rich diversity in different
communities and families.
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11 Different language families
Saskatchewan has 5 main languages
http://www.sicc.sk.ca/heritage/sils/ourlanguages/cree.html
Cree-most spoken Aboriginal language in Saskatchewan
3 dialects-Swampy, Woodland, Plains
http://www.giftoflanguageandculture.ca/medicalterm-
sample_page.htm
Dene
6,300 Dene people, 5,100 speakers (high retention)
It is a tone language-distinguished means between high and low
tone for same syllable
Mitchif
Blend of Cree and French
Ojibwa- aka Saulteaux
Lakota, Nakota, Dakota (Siouan)
Language
Canadian Plains Research Centre
& Gov. of Saskatchewan (2006)
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Discussion
Questions
Much of the information about
Aboriginal peoples shared with
you so far comes from a non-
Aboriginal sources. What andwho are these sources? What
are the issues surrounding this?
Who are you and who defines
your history and current legal
status?
Canada has two official
languages. Often English and
French patients expect that
their physician cancommunicate with them.
Many of you are going to
communities where you will
likely not speak the language
that some of the people you
interact with do. Analyse how
this affects power imbalances.