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Module-01: Fundamentals of Remote Sensing
Certificate Course on
Basic Training on Remote Sensing
Bangladesh Institute of Planners (BIP)Under the Professional Skill Development Program
By: Md. ESRAZ-Ul-Zannat
Date: 27 September 2013
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Md. ESRAZ-Ul-Zannat
MURP (BUET), BURP (BUET)
MBIP (509), RAJUK Enlisted (RP09004)
GIS & Remote Sensing Specialist
Information & Communication Technology (ICT) Division
Institute of Water Modelling (IWM)
House # 496, Road # 32, New DOHS, Mohakhali, Dhaka-1206
Cell: +8801712688268
Phone (Office): 8824590-91, 8802882205-6, Telex: 117
Fax: 88-02-8827901
Email (Personal): [email protected]
Email (Official): [email protected]
Web: www.iwmbd.org
Signature
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.iwmbd.org/http://www.iwmbd.org/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]7/27/2019 Module-01 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing.pdf
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Outline
Fundamentals of Remote Sensing Electromagnetic energy (spectrum)
Interactions with the atmosphere
Characteristics of images
Resolution: spatial, spectral, temporal and radiometric
Basics of visual image interpretation
Remote Sensing technology.
Overview of different satellites and
Sensors
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Remote sensing is the science and art of
obtaining information about an object, area, orphenomenon through the analysis of data
acquired by a device that is not in contact with
the object, area, or phenomenon underinvestigation.
Definition
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Hearing, seeing, smelling are all remote
sensing, but we will focus on one kind:
Measurement, by satellite-borne sensors, of
the electromagnetic energy reflected or
emitted from objects on the Earths surface.
Remote Sensing
Source of image: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/nicktutor_I-1.html
Collecting information without
being in contact with itMeasurement from a distance
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/nicktutor_I-1.htmlhttp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/nicktutor_I-1.htmlhttp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/nicktutor_I-1.htmlhttp://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/nicktutor_I-1.html7/27/2019 Module-01 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing.pdf
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Definition of Remote Sensing
Measurement from a distance.
Measurement, by satellite-borne sensors, of the electromagnetic energy
reflected or emitted from objects on the Earths surface.
Source of image: http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Intro/nicktutor_I-1.html
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Satellites
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Types of Satellites
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Remote Sensing Satellites
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Whats standing between you and your signal???
The atmosphere
Terrain relief
Season
Sun angle
Partial spectral signatures
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Remote sensing data must be corrected for
atmospheric, topographic, and solar effects if theyare to be compared to a library of spectral
reflectance curves. Furthermore, relative
atmospheric correction is needed if data
signatures from one image date are to becompared to those from another date.
Robert A. Schowengerdt, Remote Sensing: Models
and Methods for Image Processing
Whats standing between you and your signal???
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A common radiometric response is required for
quantitative analysis of multiple satellite images ofa scene acquired on different dates with differentsensor.
Ideally, you want all image to appear as if theywere acquired with the same sensor while
observing through the same atmosphere andillumination conditions.
Hall et al., 1991
Whats standing between you and your signal???
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Types of Satellites Orbits
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Types of Satellites Orbits
l
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Geostationary vs. polar orbiting sensors
Geostationary sensors orbitwith the earth continuallyviewing the samehemispheric area
Polar orbiters, continually
view new areas of the earthas the planet rotatesunderneaththe sensor. Keeps the samegeneral solar time as it cross
the equator on each orbit -called sun synchronous
Polar orbit
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GeostationaryField-of-View (FOV)
The field-of-view (FOV) of a Geostationary satellite (i.e., what itcan see from its vantage point in space) remains the same overtime, and is at most of the Earths surface (90 longitude oneeither side of the sub-orbital point on the equator).
sub-orbital point
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Nadir
Horizon
SolarZenithAngle
Zenith
ElevationAngle
OrbitalGeometry
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0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500
Wavelength (nm)
Radiance(Wm
-2n
m-1
sr-1
)
average shrub
average grass
average soil
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500
Wavelength (nm)
Reflectan
c
average shrub
average grass
average soil
1 2 3 4 5 7
What we
measurein remotesensing?
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Many more:
Temperature Soil moisture
Mineral and rock types
Rainfall
Snow cover, snow depth or snow water equivalent Vegetation type and biomass
Sea ice properties (concentration, thickness, extent,area)
Elevation and change Aerosol, gas types and concentration
You might name a few more?
What we measure in remote sensing?
Th d f Ed i i R i
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The need for Education in Remote Sensing
Pollution, population growth exceeding the
support capability of the land, loss of biodiversityand global climate change are only few of theproblems that face todays and tomorrowsgenerations. Remote sensing and related
technologies can contribute to ourunderstanding of these problems as well as theimplementation of practical solutions
Ad f i
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Advantages of remote sensing
Provides a regional view (large areas)
Provides repetitive looks at the same area Remote sensors "see" over a broader portion
of the spectrum than the human eye
Sensors can focus in on a very specificbandwidth in an image or a number ofbandwidths simultaneously
Provides geo-referenced, digital, data
Some remote sensors operate in all seasons,at night, and in bad weather
ll
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Satellite ImagesAdvantages
Covers large areas
Cost effective
Time efficient
Multi-temporal Multi-sensor
Multi-spectral
Overcomesinaccessibility
Faster extraction of GIS-ready data
Disadvantages
Needs groundverification
Doesnt offer details
Not the best tool forsmall areas
Needs expert system toextract data
R t S i A li ti
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Remote Sensing Applications
Land-use mapping
Forest and agriculture applications Telecommunication planning
Environmental applications
Hydrology and coastal mapping
Urban planning Emergencies and Hazards
Global change and Meteorology
Many more.
l f R
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Application of Remote sensing
Urbanization & Transportation Updating road maps
Asphalt conditions
Wetland delineation
Agriculture
Crop health analysis
Precision agriculture
Compliance mapping
Yield estimation
li i f R i
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Natural Resource Management Habitat analysis
Environmental assessment Pest/disease outbreaks
Impervious surface mapping
Lake monitoring
Hydrology
Landuse-Landcover monitoring
Mineral province Geomorphology
Geology
National Security
-Targeting
- Disaster mapping and monitoring
-Damage assessment
-Weapons monitoring
-Homeland security
-Navigation
-Policy
Application of Remote sensing
A li ti f N ti l P i it
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Agricultural
EfficiencyAir Quality
Water
ManagementDisaster
Management
Carbon
ManagementAviation
Ecological
ForecastingInvasive Species
Coastal
ManagementHomeland
Security
Energy
ManagementPublic Health
Applications of National Priority
l d
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Remotely Sensed Data
Aerial Camera Multispectral Satellite Radar Satellite Hyperspectral Sensor
Landsat/Ikonos/Quickbard Hyperion
P
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Image Processing
Image Pre-Processing
- Image Restoration- Sensor Calibrations
- Atmospheric Corrections
- Solar Illumination Corrections
- Topographic Corrections
- Geometric Corrections
Image processing
- Spatial enhancement
- Spectral enhancement
- Classification
- Feature Extraction
I P i S ft
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Image Processing Software
ERDAS Imagine
ENVI
ILWIS
ArcGIS PCI Geomatica
Nature of Remote Sensing Data
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Nature of Remote Sensing Data
Quantized grid of small
areas on the Earths
surface. The energy of
reflected
electromagneticradiation in each grid
cell is a function of the
characteristics of the
objects in that cell.Landsat
Red = 5 (MIR)
Green = 4 (NIR)
Blue = 3 (Red)
B d
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A set of adjacent wavelengths or frequencies
with a common characteristic. For example,
visible light is one band of the electromagneticspectrum, which also includes radio, gamma,
radar and infrared waves.
Band
El t ti S t
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Electromagnetic waves are radiated through space from somesource. When the energy encounters an object, even a very
tiny one like a molecule of air, one of three reactions occurs.The radiation will be:
(1) reflected off the object,(2) absorbed by the object, or
(3) transmitted through the object.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Some Light Is Reflected
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Some Light Is Reflected
Albedo:
reflective quality of a surface, expressed as percent of incident light reflected.
S
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Sensors Sensors - gather and process information
detect and measure photons.
Most air/space sensors are spectroradiometers
The term spectroradiometer is reserved for sensors
that collect the dispersed radiation in bands rather
than discrete wavelengths.
Spectroradiometry is the measurement of absolute
radiometric quantities in narrow bands of wavelength
All s s s sid l tf
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All sensors reside on a platform
Ground based sensors are
used to compare with infocollected by satellite
sensors.
S T h l
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Sensor Technology
EMR is reflectedor emittedfrom
target, through atmosphere,
monitored by sensor.
Sensors measure photons.
Critical component - the detector.
Ph l i ff (Alb Ei i )
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Photoelectric effect (Albert Einstein)
The release of electrons that occurs when
electromagnetic radiation comes in contact with a
metal.
Plate
EMR
Photoelectric effect
electrons
Signal
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Radiometeris a general term for any
instrument that quantitativelymeasures EMR.
Most sensors are spectroradiometers.
radiation collected in narrow spectral
bands.
Prism or diffraction grating - breaks
radiation into discrete wavelengths.
S S t
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Sensor System Platforms - Ground based ,Airborne , Satellite
Sensor Types
Passive, active
Imaging, nonimaging
Passive Sensors
Photographic
spectroradiometers
Passive microwave systems
Visible, infrared, and thermal imaging systems
Active Sensors - Radar, Lidar
T l ss s f s s s
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Two classes of sensors
Passive - radiation received comes from
external source, Sun.
Active - energy generated from within
sensor system, beamed outward, and
fraction returned is measured.
P ssi S ns s
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Passive Sensors
Sun provides source of energy
reflected (vis, near IR)
absorbed and re-emitted (thermal IR)
Passive sensors can only be used to detect ener
when the sun is illuminating the Earth.
thermal infrared - detected day or night.
A ti
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Active sensors
sensor emits radiation which is directed toward target.
radiation reflected from target is detected and measured
by sensor.
Active sensors
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Active sensors
Advantage
measurements anytime, regardless of time of
day or season.
can be used for examining wavelengths not
sufficiently provided by the sun, such as
microwaves.
Sensors can be
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non-imaging - measures radiation and
reports result as electrical signal
imaging - electrons released are used to
excite or ionize a substance like silver (Ag)
in film or to drive an image producing
device like a TV or computer monitor.
Sensors can be
Electromagnetic Spectrum
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ElectromagneticSpectrum
Source: http://oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS/DIAL.html
Remote Sensing Platforms
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Remote Sensing Platforms
Ground-based Airplane-based Satellite-based
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NASAResearch
Spacecraft
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In remote sensing, we are largely concerned with
REFLECTED RADIATION. This is the radiation that
causes our eyes to see colors, causes infrared film torecord vegetation, and allows radar images of the earth
to be created.
The source of a vast majority of this reflected radiation is
the sun.
Radiant Intensity
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Jensen, 2000
Radiant Intensity
of the Sun
What Does The Detector See?
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What Does The Detector See ?The instantaneous field of view (IFOV) is the cone
angle in which the incident energy on the detectoris focused.
Objective
Detector
Cone of light
Angle = IFOV
Useful conversion: the ground area
a detector sees ifnadir (pointed
straight down) is:
D = H*IFOV, whereD = diameter of circular ground
area viewed by the detector
H = height of the detector above
terrain
IFOV = angle (in radians) of the
systems instantaneous field of
viewD
H
Swath
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Swath
Area imaged on the ground
Imaging swaths for different sensors vary
from tens and hundreds of km wide.
Swath
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Earth is rotating (from west to east).
satellite swath covers new area with each
consecutive pass.
Allows complete coverage of Earth's
surface.
Swath
Describing Sensors
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Describing Sensors
Resolution: the smallest difference/unitsthat is resolvable by a sensor
Extent: the range of units of measurement
that a sensor can resolveFour Types:
1. Spatial
2. Spectral
3. Radiomatric
4. Temporal
Radiometric Resolution
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Spectral Resolution
1-bit8-bits
Landsat
IKONOS
Spatial Resolution
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The detail discernible in an image is
dependent on the spatial resolution of the
sensor.
SpatialResolution
Spatial Resolution
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Pixel size of satellite images
High spatial resolution: 0.5 - 4 m
Medium spatial resolution: 4 - 30 m
Low spatial resolution: 30 - > 1000 m
Landsat spatial resolution = 30m
SpatialResolution
Spatial Resolution
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SpatialResolution
Spatial Resolution
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SpatialResolution
General rule of thumb: the
spatial resolution should be less
than half of the size of the
smallest object of interest.
Spatial Extent
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Spatial Extent
Swath Width
Angular Field of View (AFOV)
Spectral Resolution
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Spectral Resolution
Spectral resolution
The number, wavelength position and width of spectralbands a sensor has
A band is a region of the EMR to which a set of
detectors are sensitive.
Multispectral sensors have a few, wide bands
Hyperspectral sensors have a lot of narrow bands
Spectral Resolution
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Number and position of bands in the
electromagnetic spectrum that the sensor
measures.
High spectral resolution: - 220 bands
Medium spectral resolution: 3 - 15 bands
Low spectral resolution: - 3 bands
Landsat = 7 bands
Spectral Resolution
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Spectral
Resolution
Jensen, 2000
Radiometric Resolution and Extent
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Radiometric Resolution and Extent Radiometric resolution: the difference in signal
strength resolvable by the sensor
Reported in terms of bits: n-bits = 2n levels ofsensitivity.
A 6-bit sensor can record 26 levels ofbrightness, or 64 levels. A 12-bit sensor canrecord 212 levels of brightness, or 4096 levels.
Radiometric extent: the range of brightness values asensor band is sensitive to: While there is a zero point (e.g. zero radiance is
received by the sensor), there is no physical limit onhow bright a pixel can be. Depending on the purposeof the sensor, this maximum is set accordingly. Itcan be controlled by having a smaller IFOV, shortersampling time or narrower bands.
Radiometric Resolution and Extent
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The actual information content in an image.
The sensitivity of the sensor to the magnitude of
electromagnetic energy determines the
radiometric resolution
refers to the smallest change in intensity level that
can be detected by the sensing system.
Radiometric Resolution and Extent
Radiometric Resolution and Extent
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In a digital image, the radiometric resolution is
limited by the number of discrete levels used to
digitize the continuous intensity value.
Digital Number (DN) - each pixel has a discrete
value made by converting the analog signalto
digital values of whole numbers over a finite range.
Landsat system range is 28, 0 to 255
Radiometric Resolution and Extent
Radiometric Resolution
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8-bit
256 greys
6-bit
64 greys
4-bit
16 greys
3-bit
8 greys
2-bit
4 greys
1-bit
2 greys
Radiometric Resolution
Bit Depth
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Bit DepthThe range of values that a particular raster format can store,
based on the formula 2n. An 8-bit depth dataset can store 256
unique values. Range of values by pixel depth.
Bit depth Range of values that each cell can contain
1 bit 0 to 12 bit 0 to 3
4 bit 0 to 15
Unsigned 8 bit 0 to 255
Signed 8 bit -128 to 127
Unsigned 16 bit 0 to 65535
Signed 16 bit -32768 to 32767
Unsigned 32 bit 0 to 4294967295Signed 32 bit -2147483648 to 2147483647
Floating-point 32 bit -3.402823466e+38 to 3.402823466e+38
Bit Depth
Radiometric Extent
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Maximum
brightness = 255
Maximum
brightness = 127
Rad ometr c Extent
Temporal Resolution and Extent
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Temporal Resolution and Extent
Temporal resolution: the shortest amount of timebetween image acquisitions of a given location.
Temporal extent: the time between sensor launch
and retirement.
Important to consider if historical data is necessary.
Temporal Resolution and Extent
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Specifies the revisiting frequency of a satellite
sensor for a specific location.
High temporal resolution: < 24 hours - 3 days
Medium temporal resolution: 4 - 16 days
Low temporal resolution: > 16 days
Landsat = 16 days
Temporal Resolution and Extent
Temporal Resolution
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Temporal Resolution
MISR and MODIS are both on the TERRA satellite:
MISR has a swath width of 360 km. andimages the earth once every 9 days.
MODIS has a swath width of 2,330 km.and images the earth once every 1 to 2
days.
Temporal Extent
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p
The temporal extent of satellites is their launch to
retirement date.
There are continuity missions for certain sensors,
where an older sensor is replaced by a newer onebefore retirement.
LANDSAT sensors (1-7, except 6 which never made it
to orbit) have been operating continuously since 1972.
GOES (8-10) have been operating since 1994.
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PixelSize
Spectral Band Width
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Pixel
Size
Swath Width
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SwathWidth
Repeat Time
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Fundamental Principle of Studies Using Remote Sensing: For any given
material, the amount of radiation that is reflected (absorbed, transmitted)
varies with wavelength. Different materials have different reflectance
characteristics.
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For any given material, the amount of radiation that is reflected
(absorbed, transmitted) varies with wavelength.
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The satellite images, consist of numbers which
are measurements of the amount of energy thathas been reflected from the earth's surface in
different wavelength bands. Some of these bands,
such as the infrared bands which contain so
much information about vegetation growth andcondition, can't be seen with the human eye The
numbers recorded for the different satellite
bands are displayed in red, green and blue colourguns on a computer screen.
Reflectance spectra ofvegetation
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vegetation
--Chlorophyll reflects higherGreen andInfrared, but absorbs more Red
--NDVI is (IR-R)/(IR+R); range is1 to +1
-- NDVI of an actively photosynthesizing leaf
is, e.g. (72-22)/(72+22) = 0.53
Colored lines
approx. represent
TM bands 1-4
Modified from Jensen, J. 2000. Remote Sensing of the Environment. Prentice-Hall
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Land cover
Land use (inside Protected Area(PA) and adjacent lands)
Fragmentation
Vegetation health
Vegetation parameters (NDVI, NPP,LAI)
Frequency of invasive species
Climate change impacts
Air quality Water quality
Streamflow
Inputs (nitrogen, mercury)
Remote Sensing?
Sensor networks?
}Sensor networks?
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Landsat Satellite
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Landsat 1 (originally named Earth Resources Technology Satellite
1): launched July 23, 1972, terminated operations January 6, 1978
Landsat 2: launched January 22, 1975, terminated January 22, 1981Landsat 3: launched March 5, 1978, terminated March 31, 1983
Landsat 4: launched July 16, 1982, terminated 1993
Landsat 5: launched March 1, 1984, still functioning, but severe
problems since November 2011. On December 26, 2012, USGS
announced that Landsat 5 will be decommissioned.
Landsat 6: launched October 5, 1993, failed to reach orbit
Landsat 7: launched April 15, 1999, still functioning, but with faulty
scan line corrector (May 2003)
Landsat 8: Landsat Data Continuity Mission was launched February11, 2013. May 30, 2013 Landsat Data Continuity Mission was
turned over to USGS and renamed Landsat 8
Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsat_17/27/2019 Module-01 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing.pdf
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7 channel sensor mounted on the Landsat platform
sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit
altitude 705 km.
16 day repeat coverage
30 m ground resolution across a swath of 185
km
except for thermal data -120 m ground
resolution.
Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)
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Bands
BLUE (0.45-0.52 m): water body penetration,
coastal water mapping, soil/vegetation
discrimination, forest type mapping, culturalfeature identification.
GREEN (0.52-0.60 m): green reflectance peak
of veg. for discrimination and vigor assessment,
cultural feature identification.
pp
Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)
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RED (0.63-0.69 m): chlorophyll absorption
region aiding in plant species differentiation,
cultural feature identification.
NEAR INFRARED (0.76-0.90 m): determining
vegetation types, vigor, and biomass content,
delineating water bodies, soil moisture
discrimination.
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MID-INFRARED (1.55-1.75 m): vegetation moisture
content and soil moisture, differentiation of snow from
clouds.
FAR-INFRARED (2.08-2.35 m): discrimination of
mineral and rock types, vegetation moisture content.
THERMAL INFRARED (10.4-12.5 m): vegetation
stress analysis, soil moisture discrimination, and thermal
mapping applications.
Sensor Summarization
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Image Processing Services
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g g
Our standard image processing
includes: Orthorectification
Client provided control (GCPs)
RPC (Sensor) Model
Mosaicking and tonal balancing
Cloud patching / haze correction
Colour enhancements
Image compression (ECW/SID)
Elevation Data Generation
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DTM generation from stereo imagery:
DEM (regular grid at 1-5m)
Contours (1m)
Breaklines (including hydrography and
access features) Random mass-points at high and low points
Vertical accuracy of +/- 1 to 1.5m with
surveyed control
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ThankingYou
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