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26-27 September 2012 | Porto – Portugal Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark, October 06 - 09, 2013
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Applied to Integrated Demand Response and DG Resources
Scheduling
Pedro Faria, João Soares, Zita Vale, Hugo Morais, Tiago Sousa
GECAD – Knowledge Engineering and Decision Support Research Group
Polytechnic of Porto
Portugal
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
2
Presentation outline
Introduction / objectives
Developed methodology
Case study
Conclusions
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
3
Introduction
Objectives and motivation
Demand Response (DR) and Distributed Generation
(DG) in smart grids.
Intensive use of Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
and technical and contractual constraints
large-scale non linear optimization problems
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for a Virtual Power
Player (VPP) operation costs minimization
937 bus distribution grid, 20310 consumers, 548 DG
Compare deterministic, PSO without mutation, and
Evolutionary PSO.
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
4
Introduction
VPP operation
Customers response to DR programs
Electricity generation based on several technologies
Participate in the market to sell or buy energy
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
21 ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
1
_ ( , ) _ ( , ) _ ( , ) _ ( , )
_ ( , ) _
DG
SP
NA DG t DG DG t B DG t DG DG t
DG C DG t DG DG t EAP DG t EAP DG t
N
SP SP t SP SP t
SP
RED A L t RED A L t RED B L t RED B L t
RED C L t RED C
Minimize
c X c P
c P P c
c P
Cc P c P
c P
1
1 ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
1
L
S
T
Nt
L L t NSD L t NSD L t
N
Dch S t Dch S t Ch S t Ch S t
S
P c
c P c P
5
Resources dispatch methodology
Objective Function
DG
Quadratic DG costs
Suppliers
DR
NSD
Storage charge and discharge
Cost Power
EAP
Operation cost
Number of periods
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
( , ) ( , ) ( , )
1 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
sin cos
1,.., ; 1,..,
i i iDG SP L
B
N N Ni i i
DG DG t SP SP t Load L t
DG SP L
N
i t j t ij i t j t ij i t j t
j
B
Q Q Q
V V G B
t T i N
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
1 1 1
( , ) _ ( , ) _ ( , ) ( , )
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
cos sin
1,.., ; 1
i i iDG SP S
iL
B
N N Ni i i i i
DG DG t EAP DG t SP SP t Dch S t Ch S t
DG SP S
Ni i i i
Load L t DR A L t DR B L t NSD L t
L
N
i t j t ij i t j t ij i t j t
j
P P P P P
P P P P
V V G B
t T i
,.., BN
6
Resources dispatch methodology
Balance equations
Active power balance
In each period and each bus
Reactive power balance
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
Bus voltage and line capacity
Resources maximum capacity
Storage constraints
7
Resources dispatch methodology
Constraints
Zita Vale, Hugo Morais, Pedro Faria, Carlos Ramos, “Distribution System Operation Supported by Contextual Energy Resource Management Based on Intelligent SCADA”, Renewable Energy, vol. 52,pp. 143-153, April, 2013.
DG
( )
( )
1,.., ; 1,..,
min max
i i t i
min max
i i t i
B
V V V
t T i N
*
( ) ( ) ( ) _ ( )
1,.., ; , 1,.., ; ; 1,..,
max
i t ij i t j t sh i j t Lk
B k
U y U U y U S
t T i j N i j k N
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) ( , )
1,..., ; 1,...,
DGMin DG t DG DG t DG DG t DGMax DG t DG DG t
DGMin DG t DG DG t DG DG t DGMax DG t DG DG t
DG
P X P P X
Q X Q Q X
t T DG N
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
1,..., ; 1,...,
SP SP t SPMax SP t
SP SP t SPMax SP t
SP
P P
Q Q
t T SP N
_ ( , ) _ ( , )
_ ( , ) _ ( , )
_ ( , ) _ ( , )
1,..., ; 1,...,
RED A L t MaxRED A L t
RED B L t MaxRED B L t
RED C L t MaxRED C L t
L
P P
P P
P P
t T L N
DR Suppliers
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
8
Resources dispatch methodology - PSO
Modified PSO
Gaussian mutation
Self-parameterization
Results validation
GAMS
EPSO [Miranda, 2005]
Self-parameterization in EPSO
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
Self-parameterization
The variables with lower price have higher velocities.
If the energy supplier price tends to be cheaper, then the minimum
velocity limits tend to be lower in order to have less load cuts.
9
Resources dispatch methodology - PSO
1.51 ( )i imaxVel Vector of Prices
Number of variablesminVel
Position in price rank
generator marginal cost prices and demand response cut prices
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
Mutation
Only in PSO-MUT
Particles movement
Used in each PSO iteration for diversification in the search process
rather than the standard version using fixed and random weights.
Particle’s (i) weights (wi) changed in each iteration using Gaussian
mutation
All the PSO solutions use an AC power flow in order to consider
the network constraints and the power losses
10
Resources dispatch methodology - PSO
*
i i i i ii inertia i memory i coopv w v w b x w bG x
*
i iw w N 0,1 resulting particle’s
weights after mutation
learning parameter, externally fixed between 0 and 1
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
11
Case study – Scenarios
30 kV distribution network
60/30kV, 90MVA substation
6 feeders, 937 buses, 464 MV/LV transformers
20,310 consumers
Peak power demand is 62,630 kW
DR levels of 10% (RedA), 5% (RedB), 5% (RedC)
Type of consumer Reduction capacity (kW) Reduction costs (m.u./kWh)
RedA RedB RedC RedA RedB RedC
Domestic 936.9 468.47 468.47 0.16 0.20 0.24
Small Commerce 798.3 399.17 399.17 0.15 0.19 0.22
Medium Commerce 1125.4 562.74 562.74 0.18 0.20 0.26
Large Commerce 1088.0 544.02 544.02 0.17 0.24 0.26
Industrial 2314.2 1157.1 1157.1 0.17 0.26 0.28
Total 6262.8 3131.5 3131.5 - - -
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
12
Case study – Scenarios
Demand Response Capacity Programs Characterization
Resource Price
(m.u./kWh)
Capacity
(kW)
Units
#
PV 0.2 7061.2 208
Wind 0.05 5866.0 254
CHP 0.08 6910.1 16
Biomass 0.15 2826.5 25
MSW 0.11 53.1 7
Hydro 0.15 214.0 25
Fuel cell 0.3 2457.6 13
Supplier1 0.05 3000.0 -
Supplier2 0.07 3000.0 -
Resource Price
(m.u./kWh)
Capacity
(kW)
Supplier3 0.09 3000
Supplier4 0.11 3000
Supplier5 0.13 3000
Supplier6 0.15 3000
Supplier7 0.17 3000
Supplier8 0.19 3000
Supplier9 0.21 10000
Supplier10 0.23 10000
Total - 69388
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
13
Case study – PSO parameters
Learning parameter = 0.8
62046 variables
20 particles
150 iterations
No benefit for more iterations /particles
Parameters PSO Methodologies
PSO PSO-MUT / EPSO
Inertia Weight 1 Gaussian mutation
weights Acceleration Coefficient Best Position 2
Cooperation Coefficient 2
Initial swarm population Randomly generated between the upper and
lower bounds of the variables
Stopping Criteria 150 iterations
Max. velocity Refer to Section III
Min. velocity Refer to Section III
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
14
Case study – Results
Energy resources schedule
PSO schedules all the resources but not all the available capacity
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
15
Case study – Results
Feeder 1 MC consumers schedule in RedA program
Some of the consumers are not scheduled by PSO
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
16
Case study – Results R500 and R800
Resources schedule costs
Differences between methods related to the resources schedule
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
17
Case study – Results R500 and R800
Average solutions evolution in PSO
Time comparison
Method
Execution time Objective function
(s) (%) Best Worst Average
Standard
deviation
(m.u.) (%) (m.u.) (%) (m.u.) (%) (m.u.)
GAMS 1510 100 8662.6 100 - - - - -
PSO 59 3.9 8768.2 101.
1
8876.6 102.
5
8831.3 101.
9
24.8
EPSO 127 8.4 8745.1 101.
0
8870.8 102.
4
8816.1 101.
8
29.3
PSO-MUT 68 4.5 8726.2 100.
7
8876.9 102.
5
8809.2 101.
7
22.5
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
18
Conclusions
Future context of operation of distribution networks will
accommodate large amounts of distributed generation.
Computational intelligence methods very important in
this field.
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is applied to the
schedule of several energy resources, minimizing the
operation costs from the point of view of a VPP.
Gaussian mutation of the strategic parameters and
self-parameterization of the maximum and minimum
particle velocities.
Real 937 bus distribution network. PSO-MUT with best
average solution; execution times slightly higher than
PSO.
26-27 September 2012 | Porto – Portugal Lyngby, Copenhagen, Denmark, October 06 - 09, 2013
THE 4TH EUROPEAN INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES
Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Applied to Integrated Demand Response and DG Resources
Scheduling Pedro Faria, João Soares, Zita Vale, Hugo Morais, Tiago Sousa
This work is supported by FEDER Funds through the “Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade – COMPETE” program and by National Funds through FCT “Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia” under the projects FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER: PEst-OE/EEI/UI0760/2011, PTDC/EEA-EEL/099832/2008, PTDC/SEN-ENR/099844/2008, and PTDC/SEN-ENR/122174/2010.