Modes of Modes of TransportationTransportation

Dr. TALEB M. AL-ROUSANDr. TALEB M. AL-ROUSAN

Modes of Modes of TransportationsTransportations

1.1. HighwaysHighways2.2. Urban TransitUrban Transit3.3. AirAir4.4. RailRail5.5. WaterWater6.6. PipelinesPipelines7.7. Other Modes (Cable & built systems, Other Modes (Cable & built systems,

magnetic levitation in conjunction magnetic levitation in conjunction with linear induction motors for high with linear induction motors for high speed ground transportation).speed ground transportation).

Modes of TransportationModes of TransportationMode Classification SchemeMode Classification Scheme

FreightFreightPassengerPassenger

UrbanUrbanTruck (highway)Truck (highway)Private Auto Private Auto (highway)(highway)

Transit (Highway/ Transit (Highway/ Rail)Rail)

IntercityIntercity

((between between urban urban areasareas))

Truck (highwayTruck (highwayPrivate Auto Private Auto (Highway)(Highway)

Bus (Highway)Bus (Highway)

RailRailRailRail

Ocean ShippingOcean ShippingWaterWater

Inland waterInland waterWaterWater

PipelinePipeline

AirAirAirAir

Special Special PurposePurpose

Conveyor BeltConveyor Belt

Cable SystemCable System

Intercity Travel:

Short trips

<(160 km.)

Medium trips (160 – 800 km).

Long trips (> 800 km).

Advantages & Complementary Advantages & Complementary of Modesof Modes

Each of the modes usually complements the others Each of the modes usually complements the others in carrying the nation’s freight and passengers.in carrying the nation’s freight and passengers.

Business trip around the country: taxi……airplane….. Business trip around the country: taxi……airplane….. Auto….Auto….

Freight transport: trucks (for pick up and delivery)Freight transport: trucks (for pick up and delivery)…….railroads for long distance hauling.…….railroads for long distance hauling.

Each mode has inherent advantages of: Cost, travel Each mode has inherent advantages of: Cost, travel time, convenience, and flexibility that make it “ Right time, convenience, and flexibility that make it “ Right for the job” under a certain set of circumstances.for the job” under a certain set of circumstances.

Example: Example: – Automobile: reliable, comfortable, flexible, and ubiquitous.Automobile: reliable, comfortable, flexible, and ubiquitous.– Air transport: When distance are great and time is premium.Air transport: When distance are great and time is premium.– intercity bus :When cost is important and time is not, or auto intercity bus :When cost is important and time is not, or auto

is not available.is not available.

Modes of Modes of Transportations ContTransportations Cont..

Effectiveness of modes is described in terms of Effectiveness of modes is described in terms of accessibility of the mode, level of mobility it accessibility of the mode, level of mobility it provides, and its productivity.provides, and its productivity.

Accessibility: Cost of getting to and from the mode Accessibility: Cost of getting to and from the mode in question and depend primarily on geographical in question and depend primarily on geographical extensiveness. extensiveness.

Mobility: Described in terms of speed or travel time.Mobility: Described in terms of speed or travel time. Productivity: Measure of the total amount of Productivity: Measure of the total amount of

transportation (product of the volume of goods or transportation (product of the volume of goods or passengers carried and distance) provided per unit passengers carried and distance) provided per unit time. (ton-miles/yr) or (passengers-kilometers/ day).time. (ton-miles/yr) or (passengers-kilometers/ day).

Cost (capital and operating).Cost (capital and operating).

Modes of Modes of Transportation/ Transportation/ Highway SystemHighway System

Dominant Transportation mode.Dominant Transportation mode. Used by private vehicles, truck lines, Used by private vehicles, truck lines,

and bus lines.and bus lines. High accessibility to almost all High accessibility to almost all

potential destinations.potential destinations. Direct service with very low door-to-Direct service with very low door-to-

door travel times.door travel times. Moderate line-haul speeds.Moderate line-haul speeds. Moderate capacities.Moderate capacities.

Modes of Modes of Transportation/ Transportation/ Highway SystemHighway System

Capital cost of physical facilities vary a Capital cost of physical facilities vary a great dealgreat deal depending on type and depending on type and capacity of roadway, but as an overall its capacity of roadway, but as an overall its Moderate.Moderate.

Vehicles are relatively small which make Vehicles are relatively small which make them cheaper and available more than them cheaper and available more than other modes.other modes.

Operating cost tend to be relatively high.Operating cost tend to be relatively high. High environmental impact.High environmental impact.

Modes of Transportation/ Modes of Transportation/ Urban Transit SystemUrban Transit System

Includes traditional mass transit modes Includes traditional mass transit modes (buses, street cars (taxi), light rail and rail (buses, street cars (taxi), light rail and rail rapid transit).rapid transit).

Transit passengers:Transit passengers:– Commuters or Choice riders: Persons making Commuters or Choice riders: Persons making

work trips into dense central business districts work trips into dense central business districts (CBD).(CBD).

– Captive riders: Persons without access to Captive riders: Persons without access to automobiles (school children, senior citizens, automobiles (school children, senior citizens, single-auto families, others with economically or single-auto families, others with economically or physically disadvantaged).physically disadvantaged).

Modes of Transportation/ Modes of Transportation/ Urban Transit SystemUrban Transit System

Line-haul speed vary a great deal depending on the Line-haul speed vary a great deal depending on the mode used but generally lower than automobiles mode used but generally lower than automobiles except in CBD and for rail rapid transit.except in CBD and for rail rapid transit.

Greater travel times except in cases mentioned Greater travel times except in cases mentioned above.above.

Accessibility is less than autos.Accessibility is less than autos. High capacities.High capacities. Capital cost for rail are high and for buses are Capital cost for rail are high and for buses are

comparable to autos.comparable to autos. Moderate operating cost.Moderate operating cost. Environmental impacts are lower than autos.Environmental impacts are lower than autos.

Modes of Modes of Transportation/ Transportation/

Air Transportation Air Transportation SystemSystem Includes: Commercial airlines, airfreight Includes: Commercial airlines, airfreight

carriers, and general aviation (private carriers, and general aviation (private aircraft).aircraft).

Major market: Intercity long-distance travel.Major market: Intercity long-distance travel. High line-haul speed.High line-haul speed. Limited accessibility.Limited accessibility. Moderate capacity.Moderate capacity. High productivity.High productivity. High capital and operating costs.High capital and operating costs. Environmental impacts are significant (noise) Environmental impacts are significant (noise)

but of much less concern than highway but of much less concern than highway system. system.

Modes of Transportation/ Modes of Transportation/

Rail Transportation Rail Transportation SystemSystem Prime market: intercity freight.Prime market: intercity freight.

Passenger rail trips are short to Passenger rail trips are short to intermediate.intermediate.

Moderate speed.Moderate speed. Moderate accessibility.Moderate accessibility. High capital cost.High capital cost. Productivity is low.Productivity is low. Operating cost per ton-mile are low.Operating cost per ton-mile are low. Environmental impact is relatively low.Environmental impact is relatively low.

Modes of Transportation/ Modes of Transportation/

Water Transportation Water Transportation SystemSystem Consist of coastwise ocean shipping and Consist of coastwise ocean shipping and

barge lines operating on inland waterways.barge lines operating on inland waterways. Major types of oceangoing freighters Major types of oceangoing freighters

include:include:– Container shipsContainer ships– Bulk cargo carriersBulk cargo carriers– Oil tankers.Oil tankers.

Market : intercity freight.Market : intercity freight. Inland waterways and coastwise shipping Inland waterways and coastwise shipping

specialize in bulk goods.specialize in bulk goods.

Modes of Transportation/ Modes of Transportation/

Water Transportation Water Transportation System Cont.System Cont. Low speed.Low speed.

Low accessibilityLow accessibility High capacity.High capacity. Capital cost is high.Capital cost is high. Operating cost per ton-mile are Operating cost per ton-mile are

extremely low.extremely low. Environmental impact is relatively low Environmental impact is relatively low

but water pollution is a significant but water pollution is a significant problem.problem.

Modes of Transportation/ Modes of Transportation/ Pipeline Transportation Pipeline Transportation

SystemSystem Highly specialized freight transportation Highly specialized freight transportation

system.system. Market: Crude oil, petroleum products, Market: Crude oil, petroleum products,

and natural gas.and natural gas. Low speed.Low speed. High capacity.High capacity. Continuous flow.Continuous flow. Low cost (capital cost is 80% of total cost Low cost (capital cost is 80% of total cost

and operating cost is very low depending and operating cost is very low depending on pumping cost).on pumping cost).

Low environmental impact. Low environmental impact.

Modes of Modes of Transportation/ Transportation/

Other ModesOther Modes Not Major Players in transportation system.Not Major Players in transportation system.

1.1. Cable & built systems: Cable & built systems: Transporting freights within industrial complexes.Transporting freights within industrial complexes. Transporting passengers (ski lefts and moving Transporting passengers (ski lefts and moving

belts in airports)belts in airports)

2.2. Novel modes under development: Magnetic Novel modes under development: Magnetic levitation in conjunction with linear induction levitation in conjunction with linear induction motors for high speed ground transportation.motors for high speed ground transportation.

Public TransportationPublic Transportation

All the family of transit services All the family of transit services available to urban and rural residents.available to urban and rural residents.– Mass transit: fixed routes, published Mass transit: fixed routes, published

schedules, vehicle such as buses and light schedules, vehicle such as buses and light rail, or rapid transit with specific stops.rail, or rapid transit with specific stops.

– Para transit: more flexible and Para transit: more flexible and personalized service than mass transit in personalized service than mass transit in route and schedule, available on demand route and schedule, available on demand by subscription or on a shared-ride basis.by subscription or on a shared-ride basis.

– Ridesharing: two or more persons Ridesharing: two or more persons traveling together by prearrangement traveling together by prearrangement such as carpool, vanpool, buspool, or such as carpool, vanpool, buspool, or share-ride taxi. share-ride taxi.

Public Transportation Public Transportation Cont.Cont.

It can provide high capacity, energy It can provide high capacity, energy efficient movement in densely traveled efficient movement in densely traveled corridors.corridors.

It serves medium and low density areas It serves medium and low density areas for both choice and captive riders.for both choice and captive riders.

Transit ridership declined due to:Transit ridership declined due to:– Increased auto ownership, Increased auto ownership, – shifts to low density suburbs,shifts to low density suburbs,– relocation of industry and commerce a way relocation of industry and commerce a way

from the central city from the central city – changing in life stylechanging in life style

Potential Changes Potential Changes Influencing Transit Influencing Transit

UsageUsage Bad for transitBad for transit

– Growth of suburbGrowth of suburb– Industry or employmentIndustry or employment moving from the moving from the

central city.central city.– Growth in private vehicle ownership.Growth in private vehicle ownership.– Increased diversity in in vehicle types such Increased diversity in in vehicle types such

as SUV’s, pickup trucks, and RV’s.as SUV’s, pickup trucks, and RV’s.– High labor costHigh labor cost– high cost per mile to construct rail-transit high cost per mile to construct rail-transit

lines.lines.

Potential Changes Potential Changes Influencing Transit Influencing Transit

UsageUsage Good for transitGood for transit

– Emphasis by federal government on air Emphasis by federal government on air quality.quality.

– Higher prices of gasolineHigher prices of gasoline– Locating of Mega centers in suburbsLocating of Mega centers in suburbs– Increased number of seniors who cannot Increased number of seniors who cannot

or choose not to drive.or choose not to drive.– Trends toward higher density living.Trends toward higher density living.– need for airport access and circulation need for airport access and circulation

within airports.within airports.

Potential Changes Potential Changes Influencing Transit Influencing Transit

UsageUsage Neutral for transitNeutral for transit

– Increase in telecommuting may require less Increase in telecommuting may require less travel to a work site.travel to a work site.

– Internet shopping or commerce could reduce Internet shopping or commerce could reduce shopping trips.shopping trips.

– Changes in work schedule to accommodate Changes in work schedule to accommodate child carechild care could increase trip chaining. could increase trip chaining.

– Staggering work hours, flex-time, and four-Staggering work hours, flex-time, and four-day work weeks reduce peak-hour day work weeks reduce peak-hour congestion.congestion.

– Aging population, not transit users, may Aging population, not transit users, may continue to drive.continue to drive.

– Increased popularity in walking and biking Increased popularity in walking and biking could be a substitute for transit riding.could be a substitute for transit riding.