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Modes of generalizing from a case
A. Logic of replication
B. Theory generating
C. Naturalistic generalisation
Logic of replication
Case 1
Hypothesis H1 tested in the case and verified
Logic of replication
Case 1
Hypothesis H1 tested in the case and verified
Case 2
Hypothesis H1 tested in a critical case and verified
OR
falsified
Logic of replication
Case 1
Hypothesis H1 tested in the case and verified
Case 2
Hypothesis H1 tested in a critical case and verified
OR
falsified
Revised hypothesis H2 tested in a critical case and verified
OR
falsified
Case 3
THEORY
(HYPOTHESIS)
THEORETICAL
CONSEQUENSE
Deduction
1. A conceptual experiment
THEORY
(HYPOTHESIS)
THEORETICAL
CONSEQUENSE
CASE (EXPERIMENT)
EMPIRICAL
FACT
Deduction
2. An empirical experiment
THEORY
(HYPOTHESIS)
THEORETICAL CONSEQUENSE
CASE (EXPERIMENT)
EMPIRICAL FACT
THEORY
(is valid or not valid in this
case)
Deduction
Deduction 3. Comparison
Modes of generalizing from a case
A. Logic of replication
The domain of the theory
THEORY (Hypothesis)
+
CASE
CASE
FACTS
Theory generating
CASE
THEORY
FACTS
Induction
Theory generating
Modes of generalizing from a case
B. Theory generating
THEORY
CASE
+
FACTS
Abduction
“The surprising fact, C, is observed;
But if A were true,
C would be a matter of course,
Hence, there is reason to suspect that A is true”
Charles Sanders Peirce
Abduction
“[Abduction] is where we find some very curious circumstance, which would be explained by the supposition that it was a case of a certain rule, and thereupon adopt that supposition”.
Charles Sanders Peirce
FACT
FACT
THEORY
FACT
THEORY CASE
Abduction
FACT
THEORY CASE
Abduction
Abduction
“[Abduction] is where we find some very curious circumstance, which would be explained by the supposition that it was a case of a certain rule, and thereupon adopt that supposition. Or where we find that in certain respects two objects have strong resemblance, and that they resemble one another strongly in other respects”
Charles Sanders Peirce
Abduction
Naturalistic generalisation
Reflection-in-Action
“When someone learns a practice, he is initiated into the traditions of a community of practitioners and the practice world they inhabit. He learns their conventions, constraints, languages, and appreciative systems, their repertoire of exemplars, systematic knowledge, and patterns of knowing-in-action.”
Donald Schön
Modes of generalizing from a case
C. Naturalistic generalization
An actual problem situation
CASE
CASE
CASE
…
A repertoire of cases
Modes of generalizing from a case
B. Theory generating
THEORY
CASE
+
FACTS
A. Logic of replication
The domain of the theory
THEORY (Hypothesis)
+
CASE
C. Naturalistic generalization
An actual problem situation
CASE
CASE
CASE
…
