MODERN RUBBER CHEMICALS, COMPOUNDS AND RUBBER GOODS TECHNOLOGY

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DescriptionAdditional ImagesReviews (0)Related Books The book covers Natural Rubber, Basic Concepts of Synthetic Rubber, Styrene Butadiene Rubber, Polybutadiene, Polychloroprene and Polyisoprene Rubbers, Butyl and Nitrile Rubber, Miscellaneous Rubbers, Latex Product Manufacturing Technology, Foam Products Manufacturing Technology, Plasticisers, Factice and Blowing Agents, Moulding and Finishing of Rubber Components, Compounding Ingredients and Compound Design, Footwear Technology, Conveyor Belt Technology, V-Belt and Fan Belt Manufacturing Technology, Hose Technology, Rubber Sports Goods Manufacturing Technology, Cable Technology, Rubber-To-Metal Bonding Components, Rubber-Covered Rolls, Sealing Technology, Nitrile Rubber and Its Application in Construction Industry, Rubber-Resin Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Tape Technology, Test Methods in Rubber Industry, Recycling of Wastes from Rubbers and Plastics.

MODERN RUBBER CHEMICALS, COMPOUNDS AND RUBBER GOODS TECHNOLOGY NATURAL RUBBER Introduction Sources and the Plantation Economy Tapping of Natural Rubber (NR) Latex Recovery of Natural Rubber from Latex Coagulation, Processing of the Coagulate, Sheets, and Crepe Smoked Sheets Pale Crepe Special Grades Oil Extended Natural Rubber (OE-NR) Deproteinated Natural Rubber (DP/NR) Heveaplus MG Grades Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) Thermoplastic NR Depolymerised NR Powdered or Particulate NR Peptised NR Classification of Hevea Rubber (TSR) Technically Classified NR (TC) Standardised Malaysian Rubber (SMR)

Other Technically Specified Rubbers (TSR) Other Types of Caoutchouc Guayule Kok-saghyz Ficus Elastica Guttapercha and Balata Structure, Composition and Properties of natural Rubber (NR) Physical and Technological Properties of Natural Rubber (NR) (Raw Rubber and Vulcanisates) Physical Properties Processibility Behaviour in Solvents Compounding of Natural Rubber (NR) Blends with Natural Rubber (NR) Vulcanisation Chemicals Metal Oxides Activators Vulcanisation Inhibitors Protective Agents Fillers Softeners and Resins Softeners Resins Factices Process Aids Process Aids Processing of Natural Rubber (NR) Mastication Mixing Mixing in Internal Mixers Cooling Mills Further Processing Pre-warming Processing in Extruders Processing on Calenders Vulcanisation Properties of NR Vulcanisates Mechanical Properties Hardness Tensile Strength Elongation at Break Tear Resistance Elastic Rebound Damping Properties, Dynamic Fatigue Resistance Heat and Ageing Resistance Heat Resistance Ageing Resistance Weather and Ozone Resistance Low Temperature Flexibility Compression Set Swelling Resistance Electrical Properties Uses of Natural Rubber (NR) Derivatives of Natural Rubber (NR) Effect of Storage on Properties of Natural Rubber Experimental Results and Discussion Raw Rubber Properties Visual Observation Breakdown Characteristics

Technical Properties Natural Rubber Latex Protein: A Concomitant Manufacturing Material Manufacturing Material Requirements Production Protein Tests Building, Equipment and Environment cleaning and Sanitation Different Equipment Die Swell and Wall Slip Behaviour of Natural Rubber Die Swell Wall Slip Procedure Crafting of Vinyl Monomers onto Natural Rubber Formation of Graft Polymer Procedure Effect of Initiator Concentration Effect of Temperature Effect of Reaction Medium Competitive Products BASIC CONCEPTS OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER Introduction Basic about the Production of SR Monomers for SR Production Some Basics about polymerisation Emulsion Polymerisation Ionic Polymerisation Co-ordination Polymerisation or Metal Complex Polymerisation Solution Polymerisation Suspension Polymerisation Some Fundamentals about Polyaddition and polycondensation Reactions Structure of Polymers and the Determination of Structure Repeat Unit Structure of Polymer Chains Mlecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution Linearity Branching Monomer Sequence in Co-polymers STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER Introduction Manufacture of SBR E-SBR (Cold Rubber) OE-E-SBR, Carbon Black Masterbatch Hot Rubber L-SBR Structure of SBR and its Influence on Properties L-SBR with Higher 1,2 Content Random L-SBR Segmented L-SBR Tri-block L-SBR Comparison of Solution and Emulsion SBRs Compounding of SBR Blends Protective Agents Fillers Softeners Factices Resins Process Aids

Processing of SBRProperties of SBR Vulcanisates Properties of E-SBR Vulcanisates Mechanical Properties Dynamic Properties Ageing Resistance, and Abrasion Resistance Electrical Properties Resistance to Fluids Properties of L-SBR Vulcanisates Vulcanisates from L-SBR with a Random Distribution of Styrene Vulcanisates from L-SBR with a Blocky Monomer Distribution L-SBR with SBS Triblocks Properties of Vulcanisates from OE-SBR and Black Masterbatches OE-SBR (Oil Extended SBR) Carbon Black Masterbatches Uses of SBR E-SBR Random L-SBR Blocky L-SBR Thermoplastic SBR Styrenic Block Co-Polymer Compounds Applications High Temperature TPE Application High Clarity TPE Application High Flow Injection Moulding Over-Moulding/Two-Shot Moulding Competitive Products POLYBUTADIENE, POLYCHLOROPRENE AND POLYISOPRENE RUBBERS Introduction Polybutadiene Manufacture of Polybutadiene (BR) Ti-BR Co-BR Ni-BR Nd-BR Li-BR Alfin-rubber Structure of BR and its Influence on Properties Macro-structure Micro-structure Compounding of ER Blends Vulcanising Agents Protective Agents Fillers and Plasticisers of Softeners Processing of BR Properties of BR Vulcanisates Mechanical Properties Dynamic and Ageing Properties Traction Uses of BR Tyres Technical Rubber Goods Liquid Reactive BR Grades Impact Modifiers for Plastics Competitive Products Polychloroprene Rubber (CR) Compound Design Manufacture of Polychloroprene (CR)

Structure of CR and its Influence on Properties Viscosity Micro Structure Chlorine Concentration Compound of CR Blends Vulcanising Agents Peroxide Cures Protective Agents Fillers Softeners Factice Process Aids Processing of CR Properties of CR Vulcanisates Mechanical Properties Heat and Ageing Resistance Flammability Low Temperature Properties Tendency Towards Crystallisation Resistance to Solvent and Chemicals Permeation Electrical Conductivity Use of CR Competitive Products Polyisoprene (Synthetic Natural Rubber) Manufacture of IR Ti-IR Li-IR Structure of IR and its Influence on Properties Ti-IR Li-IR Compounding of IR Ti-IR Li-IR Processing of IR Properties of IR Vulcanisates Ti-IR Li-IR Uses of IR Competitive Products Halogenated Co-Polymers from Isoprene and Isobutylene (Ciir and Biir) Manufacture of Ciir and Biir Structures of Ciir and Biir, and their Influence on Properties Compounding of Ciir and Biir Processing of Ciir and Biir Properties of Ciir and Biir Vulcanisates Uses of Ciir and Biir Competitive Products BUTYL AND NITRILE RUBBER Introduction Manufacture of Butyl Rubber (IIR) Structure of IIR and its Influence on Properties Macro structure Unsaturation Stabilisers Compounding of IIR

Blends Vulcanisation Systems Protective Agents Fillers Softeners Process Aids Processing of IIR Properties of IIR Vulcanisates Mechanical Properties Heat and Ageing Resistance Low Temperature Flexibility Permeation Use of IIR Competitive Products of Butyl Rubber (IIR) Nitril Rubber (NBR) Manufacture of NBR Structure of NBR and its Influence on Properties Viscosity Polymerisation Temperature Microstructure Pre-crosslinking Acrylonitrile Content Acrylic Acid Terpolymers (X-NBR) Stabilisers Thermoplastic NBR Compounding of NBR Blends Vulcanising Agents Protective Agents Fillers Plasticisers Factices Process Aids Processing of NBR Properties of NBR Vulcanisates Mechanical Properties Heat and Ageing Resistance Low Temperature Flexibility Swelling Resistance Permeation Other Properties Hydrogenated NBR (H-NBR or ENM or HSN) Uses of NBR Competitive Products of NBR MISCELLANEOUS RUBBERS Introduction Acrylates Manufacture of Acrylic Rubber (ACM) Structure of ACM and its Influence on Properties Influence of Acrylate Co-Monomers Saturation Compounding of ACM Blends Vulcanising Agents Stabilisers Fillers

Softeners Process Aids Proporties of ACM Vulcanisates Mechanical Properties Ageing heat and Ozone Resistance Swelling Resistance, Resistance to Chemicals Low Temperature Flexibility Uses of ACM Competitive products Ethylene/Acrylate Copolymers (EAM) Chlorinated Polyethylene (CM) Manufacture f CM Structure of CM and its Influence on Properties Compounding of CM Blends Vulcanising Agents Stabllisers and Protective Agents Fillers Softeners Process Aids Processing of CM Properties of CM Vulcanisates Uses of CM Competitive product Chlorosulphonated Polyethlene Manufacture of CSM Structure of CSM and its Influence on Properties Compounding of CSM Vulcanising Chemicals Antioxidants Fillers, Plasticisers Processing of CSM Properties of CSM Vulcanisates Use of CSM Competitive Products Polynorbornene (PNR)Structure of Properties Compounding Processing Properties of Vulcanisates Uses of PNR Other Polymers Special Butadiene Co-polymers Vinylpyridine Rubber Piperylene Rubber Special Isoprene Co-polymers Dimethylbutadiene Polymers (Methyl Rubber) Special Polymers from Ringopening Polymerisations Trans polypentenamer (TPA) Trans polyoctenamer (TOR) Alkylenesulphide Rubbers (ASR) Cross-Linkable Polyethylene (X-LPE) Recently Developed Novel Elestomers Polyphosphazene Rubber Propylene Oxide Rubber (PO and GPO) Polysulphides Rubber (TM) Manufacture of TM Structure of TM and its Influence on Properties Influence of Monomers End Groups

Molecular Weight Sulphur Content Compounding of TM Vulcanising Agents Fillers Softeners Process Aids Processing of TM Properties of TM Vulcanisates Use of TM Hot vulcanisable TM Competitive products Polyester and Polyether Rubber (OT) Paraplex (07) Norepol Polyesters Based on Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polyethylene Glycol (Polyetheresters) (TPE-E) Polyether Amides (TPE-A) Competitive Products Nitrosofluoro Rubbers LATEX PRODUCT MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY Introduction Production and Testing of Latex Concentrate Natural Rubber Latex Synthetic Rubber Latex Principles of Latex Compounding Stabilisers Vulcanisation System Anti-degradive system Fillers Processing Additives Gelling System Pigments Dipped Product Manufacture Straight Dipping Coagulant Dipping Heat-Sensitive Dipping Nitrile Latex-A Speciality Latex Composition and Types of Nitrile Latex Manufacturing of Latex Application Elastomeric Thread production Stage 1:Latex Compound Preparation Stage-2 Latex Extrusion Stage 3:Drying and Vulcanisation Stage 4:Finishing Latex Foam Rubber Processes Used in the Manufacture of Latex Foam Carpet Backing Applications Latex Binders Rubberised Hair and Coir Leatherboard and Fibre Board Paper Non woven Fabric Latex Adhesives Miscellaneous Latex Applications Latex Cement Mixtures Bitumen Mixes

Rubber Films Latex Tubing Latex Casting Textile Uses FOAM PRODUCTS MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY Introduction Processes for Foam Manufacture Batch Process Continuous Foaming Process Talalay Process Compound Design and Production of Foam Through the Dunlop Process Gelling Agents Formulations of Foam Rubber Based on Polychloroprene (Neoprene) Latices Principles of Gelation Delayed-Action Gelling Systems Mechanism of Delayed Action Gelling by the Fluoro Complexes Gelling Properties of Special Latices Physical Characteristics of Gelling Defects Occurring in Foam Production and Remedial Measures Testing and Quality Control of Foam Identation Hardness Index Compression Set Colour Odour Flexing Test Ageing Test Metallic Impurities Environment Friendly Expandable Graphite A New Kind of Flame Retardant for Rubber Latex Foam Expandable Graphite Mechanism of Expansion Expandable Graphite Work as a Flame Retardant Exploring the Need Selection of Effective Flame Retardant EG on the basis of Expansion Materials and Methods Test Methods Preparation of Foam Discussion PLASTICISERS, FACTICE AND BLOWING AGENTS Introduction Plasticisers and Processing Aids Classification Mineral Oil Plasticisers Paraffines and Ceresine Cumarone and Indene Resins Petroleum Distillation Residues Fatty Acids, Fatty Acid Derivatives, process Aids Fatty Acids Metallic Soaps Fatty Acids Esters and Fatty Alcohol Pentaerythritol Tetrastearate Emulsion Plasticisers Polyethyleneglycol Fatty Alcohol Ethers Animla and Vegetable Fats, Oils and Resins Raw Wool Fat (Lanolin) Fat Emulsions Vegetable (Plant) Oils

Tall Oil Animal Glue Rosins Abietic Acid Coal Tar Pitch Zewa Resins Synthetic Plasticisers Ether Plasticisers Polyether and Polyether Thioethers Thioether Esters Ester Plasticisers Phthalic Acid Esters Adipic Acid and Sebacic Acid Esters Trimellitates Phosphoric Acid Esters Other Ester Plasticisers Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Polycondensation and Polymerisation Products Polyester of Adipic Acid Sebacic Acids and 1,2-Propyleneglycol Alkyd Resins Polymerisation Products from Croten Aldehyde Liquid BR, SBR, NBR and EPDM Tackifiers Factice Use and Properties Advantages Selection Influence on Properties Application Areas Oxygen Factice Isocyanate Fatice Specialty Factices Liquid Sulphur or Sulphurchloride Fatices Blowing Agents Inorganic blowing Agents Organic Blowing Agents Aza Compounds Diazoamino compounds Azonitrile Azodicarbonamide (ADC) Hydrazine Derivatives Benzenesulphohydrazide (BSH) Benzene 1-3 disulphohydrazide Diphenyloxide 4,4 disulphohydrazide p-Toluenesulphonic Acid Hydrazide N-Nitroso Compounds N,N Dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine (DNPT) N,N' Dimethyl-N,N' Dinitrosophthalamide Comparison of Important Blowing Agents MOULDING AND FINISHING OF RUBBER COMPONENTS Introduction Blank Preparation Blank Heating Water Baths and Ovens High Frequency and Microwave heating Compression Moulding Compression Clamp Moulding

Transfer Moulding Within Mould Transfer Transfer Press Moulding Flashless Moulding Injection Moulding Moulding Shrinkage Basic Principle Determination of the Degree of Shrinkage Mould Jurication Materials for Special Effects Mould Release Agents Permanents Release Agents Semi-Permanent Release Systems Curing Cycles Achieveable without Cleaning any Mould Mould Cleaning Finishing or Rubber Components Flash and Spew Removal Hand Trimming Machine Trimming (Roller Trim) Buffing Low Temperature Tumbling Punching Grinding Shot Blasting Painting and Lacquering Polyurethane Lacquer Influence of Composition on Lacquer Coatings Drying Oils Chemical Surface Treatment Computer-Aided Mould Design Simple Moulds More Intricate Moulds Computer Programmes COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS AND COMPOUND DESIGN Introduction Ingredients and formulation of a Mix Objective in Using a Particular Ingredient Relative Rating of Typical Polymer Vulcanisates Cross Linking System Selection of Ingredients Compatibility The Solublity Parameter Concept Compound Design Experimental Design Single Ingredient Variability Two Ingredient Variability Multi Ingredient Variability Management of Compound Related Data Summary of Compound Related Data Formulation Weighing Instructions Mixing Instructions Quality Control Compound Properties Ingredients Storage Techniques FOOTWEAR TECHNOLOGY

Introduction Types of Footwear Plimsolls Components and Their Treatment Operations Required to Build up Plimsolis Built up shoes DVP Shoes Dip Shoes Plastic Footwear Slush Moulding Injection Moulded PVC Shoes Hand Assembled and Hot Air Vulcanised Product Compression Moulded Industrial Rubber Boots Direct Moulded process for Shoe Bottoming Cellular Rubber Soled Footwear Solid Rubber Soled Footwear Injection Moulded Rubber Sole and Heel Units Resin Rubber and Microcellular Soling Adhesive Attachment Special Purpose Footwear Safety Footwear Conductive and Antistatic Footwear General Compounding of Footwear Compounds Types Expanded Microcellular Soling Hawai Slippers Medium Hard Microcellular Soling Hard Microcellular Soling Selection of Compounding Ingredients Elastomers Fillers Method of Manufacturing Slings Quantity of Blowing Agent Volume Loading of Mould Cavity Time and Temperature of Pre-cure Moulding Pressure Applied During Vulcanisation Post cure Quality Control of Raw Materials Natural Rubber Synthetic Rubber Crump Fillers Processing Aids Blowing Agent Accelerator/Antioxidants Sulphur Trouble Shooting Guide Testing of Finished Product Specific Gravity or Relative Density Hardness Test IRHD (International Rubber Hardness Tester) Heat Shrinkage Compression Set Split Tear Strength Ross Flex Testing Safety Measures Recent Developments in Footwear Technology Material Process Micro cellular

Adhesives Polyurethane CONVEYOR BELT TECHNOLOGY Introduction Materials Carcass Reinforcement Cotton Rayon Polyamide (Nylon) Polyester Aramid Steel Polymers Natural Rubber (NR) Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Polyisoprene (IR) Polybutadiene (BR) Butyl (BR) Nitrite (NBR) Chloroprene (CR) Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Polyurethane (PU) Belt Constructions Light Belting Multiply Straight Warp Solid Woven (SW) Steel Cord Steel Woven Fabric Breakers Properties of Belt General Specified Application Troughability Pulley Diameters Take up Allowance Belt Growth Transition Distance Vertical Curves Impact Resistance Load Support Belt Quality Grades General Purpose heat Resistance Oil Resistance Ozone Resistance Cover Gages Fire Resistance (FR) Steel Cord Belt Selection Belt Strength Calculations Elective Tension Driving or Slack Side Tension Safety Factors (SF) Conveyor System

Belt Installations Manufacturing Lightweight Belting Plied Textile Belting Solid Woven Steel Cord Vulcanisation Quality Issues Quality Control Quality Assurance Total Quality Management Belt Joining Mechanical Fasteners Spliced Joint Steeped ply Finger Splice Steel Cord V-BELT AND FAN BELT MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY Introduction Components and Function of Power Transmission Belts Fundamental Manufacturing Process Materials in V-Belt Composition Outline of Materials processing Rubber Processing Main Points in Rubber Processing for V-Belts Characteristics and Control Factors of Short Fibre Reinforced Rubber (SFRR) Accuracy and Control Factors for Sheet Thickness Material Processing Conditions Apparatus Practice of Rubber Processing Mixing Sheeting Transfer and Storage Preparation for Determining Vulcanising Conditions Cord Processing Main Points in Cord Processing for V-Belts Cord Properties Mechanical Properties Adhesion Property Post Processibility Practice of Cord Processing Selection of Yarn Yarn Twisting Adhesion and heat Treatments Post processing Canvas Processing Rubber Coating Method for Processing Wrapped V-Belts Building Skiving Wrapping Vulcanising Type of Vulcanisation Wrapped V-Belt Vulcanisation Sleeve Vulcanisation

Continuous Vulcanisation Marking Moulding Method Printing Method Methods for processing Raw Edged V-Belts Building Vulcanisation Cutting Drum Cutter Two Roll Cutting Detection of Slab Position and Feedback Control Belt Cutting Conditions Method for Processing V-Ribbed Belts Control Factors of Grinding Resistance Grinding Resistance Practice of Grinding Types of Grinding Stone HOSE TECHNOLOGY Introduction High Pressure Hydraulic Hose Wire Braid Hoses Spiral Hoses Hot Water Washing Hose Water Blast Hose Thermoplastic Hydraulic Hose Automotive Hose Coolant Hoses Power Steering Hoses Fuel Hoses Air Brake and Vacuum Brake Hose Brake Hoses Turbocharger Hose Oil Cooler Hoses Industrial Hose Air, Water and Welding Hose Steam Hose RUBBER SPORTS GOODS MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY Introduction Golf Balls Specification Wound Golf balls Golf Ball Centres Thread and Winding Cover Moulding Finishing Nonwound Golf Balls Solid Balls Two Piece Balls Golf Ball Moulds Tennis Balls Specification Modern Manufacturing Technology Half shell Moulding Core Manufacturing Melton Cloth

Core Covering Covered Ball Moulding Testing and Marking Future Developments Squash Balls Specifications ISRF Ball (softball) USSRA Ball (hardball) Squash Ball Manufacture Table Tennis Bat Rubbers CABLE TECHNOLOGY Introduction Constructional Elements of Polymer Insulated Cables Metallic Conductors Polymeric Materials for Cable Insulation Crosslinkable Polythylene (XLPE) Enthylene Propylene Rubber(EPR) Silicone Rubber Protective Sheaths Thermoplastic Sheaths Polyamide (PA) and polyurethane (PU)Elastomer Sheath Amour Electrical Screening Semiconducting Shields Metallic Screening Designation of Cables Voltage Designation Additional Symbols for Cables Cable Design Current Carrying capacity and Selection of Conductor Cross sectional Area Electrical Strees and Insulation Thickness Dielectric Properties Compound Design Manufacturing Techniques Conductor Forming: Copper Wire Drawing and Annealing Extrusion Curing processes Batch Curring Continuous Curing Mitsubishi Dainichi Continuous Vulcanisation (MDCV) Long Land Die Process Liquid Curing Infrared Curing Special Purpose Elastomeric Cables Survival (FS) Cables Silicone Rubber Insulated FS Cables Mica/Glass and EPR Insulated FS Cables Radiation Resistant Cables RUBBER TO METAL BONDING COMPONENTS Introduction Materials Elastomers Metals and Other Ragid Substrates Manufacturing Methods Metal Preparation

Adhesive Application Moulding Adhesives Broad Purpose Adhesives Specially Elastomer Adhesive Thermoplastic Elastomer Adhesives Testing Primary Bond Environmental Resistance RUBBER-COVERED ROLLS Introduction Design of Rubber Rolls and Choice of Materials Chemical Resistance Solvent Swelling Chemical Attack Heat Resistance Physical Properties Hardness and Thickness of Rubber Economic Factors Process of Rubber Roll Manufacturing Preparation of Core and Rubber to - Metal Bonding Forming of Rubber Covering Curing Allowance for Core Allowance for Ebonite Allowance for Rubber Covering Grinding and Finishing Surface Treatment Special Comments Dimensional Standards Crown Static Balance Dynamic Balance Kinematic Balance Speciality Rubbers Industrial Rolls Paper Mills Rolls Steel Mill Rolls Printing Rolls Appropriate Strength Resistance to Oils and Solvents Resistance to Glaze Correct Dimensional Accuracy Tanning Industry Rolls Rolls for Plastic Industry Polyethylene Extrusion and Lamination Polyethylene Printing PVC Processing Textile Mill Rolls Rolls for Foodstuff Industry Other Applications SEALING TECHNOLOGY Introduction Physical and Chemical Considerations Selection of Elastomer

Sealing Configurations O-ring The Operating Environment Friction Wetting Phenomenon Lewis Acid-Base Considerations Fillers Environmental Considerations Elastomer Interactions Liquid-Elastomer Interactions Gas Elastomer Interactions Heat Cold Dynamic Mechanical Properties Relaxation processes Compression Set Ageing The Moulding process NITRILE RUBBER AND ITS APPLICATION IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Introduction Rubber in Concrete Selection Criteria for a Good Liner Material Experimental Operations Experimental Trials Results and Discussions Observations from the Experiments Conducted on NRL and NBR Assumptions RUBBER RESIN PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVE TAPE TECHNOLOGY Introduction Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Components Tackifying Resins Plasticisers Curing Agents Antioxidants Fillers Solvent based Natural Rubber Adhesives Backings Dynamic Properties of Rubber Resin Mixtures Test Methods TEST METHODS IN RUBBER INDUSTRY Introduction Standardisation in Various Countries U.S.A. Great Britain Germany Other Countries Part-1, Natural Rubber Latex Physical Tests Density Total Solids Dry Rubber Content (DRC)

Non Rubber Solids Sludge Viscosity Surface Tension Mechanical Stability KOH Number VFA Number Nitrogen Total Ash Metallic Constituents Boric Acid Part-II Synthetic Latices Bound Styrene Content Total Bound Styrene for Styrene Reinforced SBR Bond Acrylonitrile Content Part-III Test Methods in Rubber Industry Natural Rubber (Raw) Chemical Tests Volatile Matter Dirt Ash Solvent Extract Nitrogen Copper Manganese Iron Physical Properties Viscosity by the Shearing Disc Viscometer Rapid Plasticity of Raw Rubber and Unvulcanised Compounded Rubber Plasticity Retention Index (PRI) Colour Part IV-Test Methods in Rubber Industry (Raw Synthetic Elastomers) Moisture Ash Determination of Organic Acid Soap and Solvent Extract Determination of Bound Styrene Content Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Volatile Matter Solvent Extract Organic Acid Soap Ash Aerylo nitrile content Volatile Matter Ash Butadiene Rubber Volatile Matter Ash Determination of 2,6-di-tert-butyl14-methyl phenol Determination of Micro-structure Determination of Unsaturation Curing Characteristics of Natural and Synthetic Elastomers Rubber Mixed with Vulcanising Agent Uniformity in Natural Rubber Styrene Butadiene Rubber Emulsion Polymerised General Purpose Types Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) Oil Extended non-pigmented, Emulsion polymerised, General Purpose, 1700 Series B.S. 3650-1976 Raw Chioroprene Raw Chloroprene Raw ISO-Buteneisoprene Rubber (IIR of Buty) B.S. 4470-1980

Raw Non-oil Extended Isoprene Rubber Vulcanisation Characteristics of B.S. 5474-1977 Reclaim Rubber -IS 7490-1974 Part V-Test Methods on Compounded and Vulcanised Elastomers Tensile Stress Strain Properties Determination of Tension Tear Resistance Ply Separation Cut Growth Hardness Methods for Curved Surfaces Hysteresis Loss Rubber Deterioration Surface Cracking Resistance to Ozone Cracking Under Statioconditions Abrasion Resistance Swelling in Oil, Rubber Deterioration by Heat and Oxygen Oxygen Pressure Method Rubber to Metal Bond Strength Extraction Methods for Vulcanised Rubber BS Chloroform Extract Alcoholic Potash Extract Determination of Rubber (Polymer) Natural Rubber Acrylo Nitrile Rubber Chloroprene polymers Determination of Sulphur Extractable Sulphur Total Sulphur Rubber Combined Sulphur Determination of Ash and Zinc Oxide Zinc Oxide Determination of Carbon Black Electrical Tests Surface Resistivity of Insulating Soft Vulcanised Rubber and Ebonite Permittivity and Power Factor Power Factor Determination of Electric Strength of Insulating Soft Vuclcanised Rubber and Ebonite Determination of Plastic Yield of Ebonite Impact Strength of Ebonite Some Useful Data Conversion of Tensile Strength Sulphur Tetra methyl Thiuram Disulphide (TMTD) RECYCLING OF WASTES FROM RUBBERS AND PLASTICS Introduction Materials Thermo Plastic Polymers Thermoset Polymers Rubbers Natural Rubber Synthetic Rubbers Compounding Ingredients Processing Compounding Fabricating Finishing Sources of Waste

Industrial Waste Used Products Quality and Nature of Waste make Cheaper Compounds Rubbers Thermoset Plastics Thermoplastic Opportunities for Re-use Tyres General Rubber Goods Thermoset Thermoplastic Polymers Factory Waste Consumer Waste Ultimate Disposal Landfill Reversion to Base Materials Conversion to Heat